A PROJECT REPORT ON COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON ENERGY MANAGEMENT Submitted in the partial fulfillment for the award of degree of Bachelor

of technology In ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

H.C.T.M TECHNICAL CAMPUS, KAITHAL

SUBMITTED TO:SUBMITTED BY:Er. VINOD KUMAR MANISH UPPAL (1709731) ASSISTANT PROF. HIMANSHU CHANCHAL (1709742) (1709744)

EEE DEPARTMENT

MOHIT GIRDHAR

H.C.T.M TECHNICAL CAMPUS, KAITHAL

KURUKSHETRA UNIVERSITY KURUKSHETRA

CANDIDATE's DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the work which is being presented in this project entitled "
COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON ENERGY MANAGEMENT" in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of bachelor of technology in the field of Electrical & Electronics Engineering submitted to HCTM TECHNICAL CAMPUS , Kaithal is an authentic record of my work carried out under the guidance of Er. Vinod Kumar , Assistant Professor , in the Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering , HCTM TECHNICAL CAMPUS , Kaithal .

Date : Place : Kaithal

Manish Uppal (1709731) Himanshu Chanchal ( 1709742) Mohit Giridhar ( 1709744) B.Tech. ( Electrical & Electronics

Engineering)

Certificate
This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of my knowledge and belief.

Er. Vinod Kumar Assistant Professor Department of Electrical& Electronics Engineering HCTM Technical Campus , Kaithal

Er. Vivek Phawa Professor & H.O.D. Department of Electrical& Electronics Engineering HCTM Technical Campus , Kaithal

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

As the saying goes WE set ourselves to bite the hands that feed us if we fail to thank such of those to whom our thanks are really due. In view of the help extended and opportunities given to us to work on this study based project on "Energy Management" , we are compelled to thank to all those who took an initiative and helped us in providing input for the project. First of all , we consider this an utmost duty to extend our heartiest thanks to the HOD (EEE Dept) , Mr.Vivek Pahwa for necessary co-operation / consideration for our successful completion of this project. Above all we would like to convey our esteemed thanks to Er. Vinod Kumar , Assistant Professor ( EEE Dept) , for providing necessary guidelines and nourishing us thorough out with his best experiences in the field of power system and energy management. At last but not the least, we would like to extend our thanks to all staff members and officers of the concerned department of HPSEBL for providing necessary material for successful completion of the project.

Manish Uppal (1709731) Himanshu Chanchal ( 1709742) Mohit Giridhar ( 1709744) B.Tech. ( Electrical & Electronics Engineering)

ABSTRACT
Energy management is a vital issue in the present scenario when the system under integration mode runs under deficit or surplus conditions. The term energy management includes planning and operation of energy & its consumption. The application of energy management is well visualized when an organization receives energy from outside the state as well as from its own generation within the state. In the modern era, when the energy is available from renewable energy sources in the pure form and its disposal to the beneficiaries in the bundled form, uses intensive application of energy management methodologies. This study based project is a comprehensive study on Energy Management. The basic idea of this project is to get awareness of the energy management methodologies when some states are surplus in power and some states are deficit in power. Mostly, the snow fed states like Himachal have less generation during winters and due to melting of snow during summer, have maximum flow of water in the rivers which ultimately attributes to enhanced generation during summers. This project also focuses on under drawal and overdrawal under different frequency conditions under UI regime. In order to approach step by step hierarchy of energy management, the project has been divided into two sections. Section-I focuses on role of energy management in power system and general approach towards energy management methodologies and Section II is a special case study on energy management in Himachal Pradesh. Section-I comprises 8 Chapters. The first chapter gives introduction on the necessity of Energy management when the system is passing through abnormal conditions. The second chapter stresses the importance of SLDC as an essential tool to energy management. The third chapter puts light on the very important feature of energy management i.e. Availability Based Tariff (ABT) , which apprises about the scheduling of power by the utilities as special feature and importance of ABT in energy management.The fourth chapter gives knowledge about the role of frequency in energy management under different frequency conditions.The fifth chapter presents very important aspect of energy management as to how the energy is managed when deviates from the schedule. The sixth chapter provides , how the trading opportunities are available both for Generator as well as Beneficiary under the shadow of energy management.The seventh chapter has its

importance as without this tool of energy management it is not possible to make trading with the utilities who are available at some other places. Apart from above , now Indian Exchange is also one of the players available in the market to take care of disposal / procurement of power on day to day basis and eighth chapter provides special features of power Exchange established in India. Section-II is very important section which deals with Himachal Pradesh as a special case of Energy Management and puts light on the tools and methodology being adopted by Himachal Pradesh for disposal of its surpluses and mitigating deficits.This section comprises three chapters. The first chapter focuses on status of SLDC in HPSEBL and second chapter highlights utility of SLDC as an essential tool for energy management. This provides inputs of different components used in establishing SLDC units , thus gave an ease to manage energy transactions in effective manners. The third chapter highlights Himachal Pradesh as a special case of Energy management and provides details of share of H.P in different sources and modes of energy management . .

CONTENTS SECTION -I ROLE OF ENERGY MANAGEMENT IN POWER SYSTEM OPERATION

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Vital Role of Energy Management 1.2 1.3 Basics of Energy Management Constraints in Energy Management

CHAPTER 2

SLDC AN ESSENTIAL TOOL TO ENERGY MANAGEMENT

2.1 Introduction 2.2 Load Dispatch Centers in Northern India 2.3 Real Time Dynamic Security Assessment

CHAPTER 3 AVAILABILITY BASED TARIFF(ABT)

3.1 3.2 3.3 Introduction Details about ABT Scheduling 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.4 Introduction Day Ahead Scheduling

Features of ABT

CHAPTER 4 ROLE OF FREQUENCY IN ENERGY MANAGEMENT

4.1 4. 2 4.3 4.4 Frequency is good and High and the state is overdrawing. Frequency is good and High and the state is Underdrawing. Frequency is Low and the state is overdrawing. Frequency is Low and the state is Underdrawing.

CHAPTER 5 DEVIATIONS FROM SCHEDULE

5.1 5.2 5.3 Unscheduled Interchange (UI) UI rate determination Unscheduled Interchange (UI) Vs Marginal Cost.

CHAPTER 6 A TRADING OPPORTUNITY UNDER THE SHADOW OF ENERGY MANAGEMENT

6.1 6.2 Trading Opportunity to be Availed by the GENERATOR Trading Opportunity to be Availed by the BENEFICIARY

CHAPTER 7 OPEN ACCESS , WHEELING AS AN IMPORTANT TOOL OF ENERGY MANAGEMENT .

7.1 Open Access and Wheeling 7.2 Issues Involved in the Transactions

CHAPTER 8 POWER EXCHANGE IMPLEMENTATION IN INDIA

8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 Introduction Regulatory Framework for power exchange Implementation Power Exchange Implementation in India Functional Power Exchange

8.5

Competition among Exchanges

8.6 Information Exchange between NLDC and Power Exchanges 8.7 Regulations governing the process of Energy Management

SECTION -II ENERGY MANAGEMENT IN HPSEBL AS A SPECIAL CASE

CHAPTER 1
0 1.2

STATUS OF SLDC in HPSEBL

Setting up SLDC/SUB-LDCs in Himachal Pradesh Sub-LDC at Kunihar

1.3 Sub-LDC at Hamirpur 1.4 Interconnectivity of SLDCSUB-LDCs of H.P.

CHAPTER 2 SLDC AN ESSENTIAL TOOL TO MANAGEMENT

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Introduction OPGW and its Installation Testing of Optical Fiber Links. Monitoring of Status of OPGW PLCC System PABX System

ENERGY

2.7 2.8

RTU (Remote Terminal Unit) UPS (Uninterrupted power supply)

CHAPTER 3

ENERGY MANAGEMENT A "SPECIAL CASE" OF HIMACHAL PRADESH.

3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7

Introduction Grid Diagram of Himachal Pradesh Modes for Managing Energy Deficits Description Of Different Modes of Energy Management HPSEBL Share in different Projects STATUS of Energy Managed from different sources in FY 2010-11 STATUS of Energy Managed different sources in FY 2011-12

Conclusion Future Scope References

LIST OF TABLES

Table No. 1. 2. 3.

Description
HPSEBL Share in different Projects STATUS of Energy Managed in FY 2011-12 STATUS of Energy Managed in FY 2012-13

Page No.

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. No.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

Description
Hierarchical Structure of Load Dispatch Centres in Northern India. Relationship between UI rate and Grid Frequency Location of SLDC and Sub-LDCs in Himachal Pradesh Hierarchical Structure of SLDC & Sub- LDCs SUB-LDC KUNIHAR (Connectivity of RTUs) SUB-LDC HAMIRPUR (Connectivity of RTUs) Inter Connectivity Diagram Of SLDC , Sub -LDCs of H.P. Combined Connectivity Diagram OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Types of Fibre Connectors. Test Diagram for Monitoring of Status of OPGW Map of Network Elements of Different Locations Connectivity Between RTU and SUB-LDC Kunihar &Solan PABX Room In SLDC Shimla

Page No.

15. 16. 17. 18. 19.

Connectivity of PABX Exch. at SLDC with MDF& Console RTU at 132 KV substation Jutogh General Outlook of UPS About Status Of Himachal Pradesh Grid Diagram of Himachal Pradesh

SECTION -I ROLE OF ENERGY MANAGEMENT IN POWER SYSTEM OPERATION

CHAPTER 1
1.1

INTRODUCTION

Vital Role of Energy Management

Energy management is a vital issue in the present scenario when the system under

integration mode runs under deficit or surplus conditions. The term energy management includes planning and operation of energy & its consumption. The application of energy management is well visualized when an organization receives energy from outside the state as well as from its own generation within the state. In the modern era, when the energy is available from renewable energy sources in the pure form and its disposal to the beneficiaries in the bundled form, uses intensive application of energy management methodologies. Although, many issues such as energy procurement, disposal, consumption, and its saving falls under the preview of energy management but this comprehensive study mostly focuses on the energy management of bulk power procurement under different conditions such as through nuclear, hydro, thermal based stations, and from REC(Renewable Energy Certifications). Energy management study of this project focuses on the status of the states which have surplus power during summer and deficit power during winter months. Mostly, the snow fed states have less generation during winters and due to melting of snow during

summer, have maximum flow of water in the rivers which ultimately attributes to enhanced generation during summers. Such states which have surplus power during summer months, their organizations tie up with the states which have deficit power in summer and provide assistance to these states to mitigate their shortages by either selling the power or making arrangement under banking which is one of the important aspects of energy management. Mostly, the organizations prefer disposal/procurement of power under banking arrangement as this being considered as cashless transaction. However, even under banking arrangements also, certain rates are kept so as to settle the accounts on account of unadjusted quantum, if any, by the end of banking cycle. This project shall mainly focus on the energy management methodologies being adopted by Himachal State for disposal/procurement of power under different modes.

1.2

Basics of Energy Management

Most of the states uses following modes for mitigating the shortages of power: 1, By availing free power entitlement of their own states in Central sector / Joint sector projects . 2. 3. By availing equity power entitlement of their government if any. Through banking arrangements.

4. Unscheduled Interchanges (Over Drawl) transactions under real time operation. 5. Unallocated quota allotted by Govt. of India for deficit months. In the above stated arrangements, the power from Central Sector Projects is managed under the guidelines of CERC regulations. This power is initially made available at generator terminal and is wheeled through Power Grid system to make it available at HP periphery. Similarly, the free power entitlement of GoHP (Govt. of H.P.) is availed through traders appointed by the government for this purpose. The banking arrangement is made with different neighboring utilities. Many states also manages power deficits through perforce transactions, i.e. under UI (Unscheduled Interchange) arrangements.

a. Central Sector Projects:

Utilities receive power from central sector projects in proportion to their entitlement in line with guide lines as per CERC regulations. This power is made available at generator terminal of the respective projects and is wheeled through Power Grid system till it is made available at their respective periphery. The bills in respect of generator comprises two parts . One part is energy availed at generator terminal and the other part of the bill is raised by Power Grid on account of wheeling of power through their system up to the state periphery. The quantum of energy which reflects in a monthly bills is based on the Regional Energy account prepared by NRPC (Northern Regional Power Committee).

b. Free power Entitlement:

Every state has free power Entitlement in all those projects which have been water usage rights of the

commissioned in their respective territory . This entitlement is due to home state benefits on account of sacrificing its potential as well as people of that state. In addition to above free power entitlement of the state , the utilities also
avail equity power entitlements if any which is at the discretion of the respective governments and is given to the state as first right to mitigate the shortages during deficit months.

c.

Through Banking :
Transaction / procurement of Power through Banking is also one of the modes which is
considered as a cashless transaction and this energy exchange arrangement is on equal basis i.e. the obligation of the state to return the banked energy is restricted to the extent to which the energy has been banked with it during the deficit months. The average rate as agreed as per agreements (Unscheduled Interchange rates based on prevailing grid frequency conditions at that point of time) are kept to account for unadjusted quantum at the end of banking cycle. This arrangement facilitates when there is large variation in demand pattern during deficit months on account of fluctuating weather conditions and provides real time operation and increase or decrease of quantum with the mutual consent of both the parties without any financial implications on either party. With the above arrangement the surplus power available during the monsoon months is returned for meeting the previous year banking obligations as well as for Advance Banking (contra banking) arrangements.

d.

Unscheduled Interchange (UI):

This does not fall under any category of mode of transaction of power, but under

prevailing grid frequency conditions, power does flow perforce which also provides additional assistance to mitigate the instantaneous shortage of power. This perforce transaction of power is regulated as per CERC regulation on Unscheduled interchange of power issued by Central Electricity Regulatory Commission from time to time. However, the under drawl/over drawl of power should not exceed the specific limit or otherwise, the same shall lead to the collapsing of grid. It is also added that any violation through UI against the prescribed norms shall lead to penalty concerned utility. to the

e. Transaction of power through energy exchange:

In this mode of transaction of power, the surplus power available on day-ahead basis is disposed off through exchange on the available rates. Similarly through this mode, procurement of power is also carried out to meet the immediate demand of shortages.

f. Sale/ purchase of power through Tendering process:

In this mode of transaction, bids are invited from different utilities for their participation in the tendering process and the bidder who qualifies the desired terms and conditions is given order for supply of power.

1.3

Constraints in Energy Management

In the real time operation generally power system is encountered with

situations which cannot be foreseen and tied up for sale/purchase arrangements due to unexpected variations in demand and supply position. This is more predominant in the case of states where on one hand load is dependent upon the weather conditions and on the other hand on own generation, which is purely hydro based through run of the river schemes, depends upon the inflows that can also not be very accurately predicted. Under such conditions the utilities have to rely upon their thermal power shares which are costlier than hydro power and affects the economy of the state. Some surplus power perforce, under real time operation gets transacted through Unscheduled Interchange mode (Under Drawl) and exporting utilities are paid for this unscheduled energy in accordance with the prevailing frequency conditions in the grid under UI mechanism.

A part of energy assessed surplus on day a head basis (24 hrs) is sold through Energy Exchange on the best available rates which are more or less influenced by the frequency prevalent in the grid. ---------------X--------------------X-------------

CHAPTER 2 SLDC AN ESSENTIAL TOOL TO ENERGY MANAGEMENT

2.1 Introduction
SLDCs (State Load Dispatch Center) have brought a revolution in the field of Energy management . In fact it has proved its worth in giving clear picture of day to day energy transactions.

Communication

System is considered as backbone of the SLDC which

provides support to the SCADA system and plays a vital role to ensure interconnectivity of various control centres. The various modes of communication have given birth to SLDC centres and fulfilled many dreams which were impossible before the establishment of such centres. They have given us the following gifts: 0 1 2 3 4 Created Grid Discipline. Improved voltage profile and frequency. Reduced frequent Grid failures. Optimum utilization of available resources. Visualization of real time availability of data/ events occurrence. Efficient Power System Operation & Load Management. Reduced gap in Demand - Supply position (Better regulation). Better voltages at Consumer end. Low per Unit cost. In fact the above stated gifts have given wide opening to a very important aspect i.e energy management in an efficient manners. The energy management is an ultimate goal for an electrical utility which could be achieved effectively with the birth of SLDC. Thus SLDC

has made possible all kinds of developments in the field of power system such as development of trading market, power exchange , effectiveness in power transactions through different modes. Application of SLDC/NRLDC made possible , quick restoration of the system during transaction of power, when there is a chance that the system may have to face instability which ultimately leads to collapsing of the grid owing to over drawl by some utilities under low frequency conditions attributing to grid indiscipline and violation of regulations.

2.2 Load Despatch Centres in Northern India

As per the decision of Govt. of India it became mandatory to set Regional Load Despatch Centers and State Load Despatch centres alongwith Sub-Load Despatch Centres with ultimate aim of National Grid. In compliance to above orders of Govt. of India, under ULDC scheme (Unified load Despatch Centre), all the states established SLDCs as well as SUB-LDCs in line with terms and conditions of MOU(Memorandum of Understanding) signed between the all concerned utilities which are as under: 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Regional Despatch Centre at Delhi SLDC at HPSEBL Shimla SLDC at HVPNL Panipat SLDC at UPPCL Lucknow SLDC at DTL Delhi SLDC at BBMB Chandigarh SLDC at PSPCL Patiala SLDC at RSEB Rajasthan SLDC at JKPPD Gladni

With the increasing demand and utilization of electricity, an electrical engineer should be well versed or at least acquainted with the various

aspects of generation, transmission and distribution of electricity, and at the same time must be capable of analysing energy management aspects. The introduction of SLDC units in the states have made it possible to ascertain the eventualities in an effective manner and has given a wide opening for energy management as a tool. In this scenario of integrated system it has become essential to have SLDC unit in every state of the country which provides economical despatch and regulation of power. This system uses an application of optical fibre ground wire as a mode of communication , PLCC system, SCADA system. Above all, UPS also plays an important role to provide uninterrupted power supply to the power system and ensures reliable system. The installation technique of fibre optics is critical one in the commissioning process. The special connectors and techniques are used for joining fibres. The tool used for splicing purpose is special one. That instrument is known as splicer In the Northern Region , SLDCs have been established in the following hierarchi and each SLDC unit collects data from remote with the help of RTUs (Remote Terminal Unit) . To facilitate effictive collection of data , each SLDC is further classified into Sub LDCs.

The hierarchical structure of above stated units is as shown in the fig below :

Fig. 1

Hierarchical structure of Load Dispatch Centres in Northern India

2.3

Real Time Dynamic Security Assessment

The Electrical Grid changes constantly with generation plants frequently coming online or off-line as required to meet electrical demand. In state of the art electric utility control centres, grid operators use energy management systems (EMS) to perform network and load monitoring. Limits to flows and voltages are assigned on the basis of transmission line thermal limits and off load studies of voltage and transient dynamic stability. The assumptions that the grid power flows settle down to steady state condition is reexamined

in real time as the transmission grid conditions change in real time. In real time operation it becomes essential to watch grid discipline under dynamic conditions. A software designated as Dynamic Security Assessment is used to simulate the impact of the potential of electric fault conditions and grid disturbances. The SLDCs (Load Dispatch Centres) have made it possible to run such models attributing to dynamic grid security and hence, contributed maximum towards grid discipline under real time operations. All these functions perform effectively after the establishment of SLDCs. These load despatch centres have given birth to power exchange and development of power trading market . With grid frequency point of view , any action taken by SLDC shall depend on the grid frequency. This action is initiated by SLDC only when there is a change in the system status i.e tripping of generating station . A load crash within the state or a frequency change due to imbalance in load- generation.

CHAPTER 3 AVAILABILITY BASED TARIFF (ABT)

3.1 Introduction

The term Availability Tariff stand for a tariff structure for power spply from generating stations on contracted basis . The power plants have fixed and variable cost . The fixed cost elements are interest on loans , return on equity , depreciation , O&M expenses , insurance , taxes and interest on working capital. The variable cost comprises of the fuel cost i.e coal and oil in case of thermal plants and nuclear fuel in case of nuclear plants . In the availability based tariff mechanism , the fixed and variable cost components are treated separately . The payment of fixed cost to generating stations is linked to a availability of the plant , i.e its capability to deliver MWs on a day - by- day basis. The total amount payable to the generating company over a year towards the fixed cost would depend on the average availability of the plant over the year.In case the average actually achieved over the year is higher than the specified norm for the plant availability , the generating company would get a higher payment . In case the average actually achieved over the year is lower than the specified norm for the plant availability , the generating company would get a less payment . Hence, name Availability Tariff. This is first component of Availability Tariff and is termed as capacity charges. The second component of ABT is the energy charge and this would comprise of variable cost of power plant for generating energy as per the given schedule. The third component attributes towards schedule at a rate dependent on system conditions. Initially, ABT was made applicable only to the central generating stations which were having more than one beneficiary. But with its application, Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC), found its suitability towards quality improvement of power and thought of its expansion to cover even Intrastate systems as well as. ABT has shown improvement towards following disruptive trends in power sector: a. Rapid and high frequency deviations causing damage and disruption to large scale indusrial consumers. b. Frequent grid disturbances resulting in generators tripping, power outages and power grid disintegration. payment for deviations from

3.2

Details about ABT

Availability for the purpose of ABT means the readiness of the generating stations to

deliver ex-bus output expressed as % of its related output capability as per rated capacity. Availability of thermal generating station for any period shall be the percentage ratio of average Sent Out Capability for all the time blocks during that period and rated Sent Out Capability of the generating station. Availability based tariff includes : a. CAPACITY CHARGES a function of the Ex- bus MW availability of power plant for the day b. ENERGY CHARGES MWh for the day as per ex- bus drawal schedule for the utility. c. ADJUSTMENT FOR DEVIATIONS (UI Charges) (Actual energy interchange in a 15 min time block- scheduled energy Interchange for the same time block) x UI rate for that time block.

Total payment for the day = a + b (+/-) c

3.3 Scheduling

3.3.1 Introduction
The following procedure is adopted for scheduling: 0 Each day of 24 hrs starting from 00.00hrs is divided into 96 time

blocks of 15 minutes each. 1 The generating stations make advance declaration of their capacities for generation in terms of MWh delivery of power for each time block of the next day. 0 While declaring capability , the generator should ensure that the

capability during peak hours should not be less than that during other hours. 1 Based upon such declaration , the Regional Load Dispatch Centre

(RLDC) shall communicate to the various beneficiaries their respective shares of the available capability. 2 After the beneficiaries give their requisition for power based on the

generation schedules , the RLDC shall prepare the generation schedules and drawl schedules for each time block after taking into account technical limitations and transmission constraints. 3 The schedule of actual generation is quantified on ex- bus basis ,

whereas for beneficiaries , scheduled drawls shall be quantified at their receiving points. 4 For calculating the drawal schedule for beneficiaries , the

transmission losses shall be apportioned in proportion to their drawls. In case of any forced outage of the unit, or in case of any transmission bottleneck , RLDC will revise the schedules. The revised schedules shall become effective from the 4th time block, counting the time block in which the revision is advised by the generator, to be te 1st one.

3. 3.2 Day Ahead Scheduling

10 A.M Central Generating stations advise foreseen plant-wise bus MW, MWh availability for next day. 11 AM RLDC advises SEBs their MW , MWh shares in the foreseen availability of central plants. 3 PM SLDCs furnish their time-wise MW requisition from the above, and schedule of bilateral exchanges, if any. 5PM RLDC complies these and issues generation schedules for central plants and drawl schedules for SEBs, for the next day starting at midnight. 10 PM Revision of the above, if required , by any new development during the day. 11 PM Schedules frozen for the next day. ex-

3.4

Features of ABT

The availability based tariff has the following features. 0 0 1 2 1 2 It brings about enhanced grid discipline. Economically viable power with right pricing. Encourages usage of Merit Order Dispatch / Economic Dispatch in India. It helps in addressing grid disturbance issues It helps observing any kind of gaming and avoiding the same. It requires special meters , remote metering and communication

mechanisms to facilitate reading of the meters in time. 3 4 Facilitates addressing regularity assets. It acts as an interface with various stakeholders to enable

implementation and benefits to all.

CHAPTER 4 ROLE OF FREQUENCY IN ENERGY MANAGEMENT

4.1 Frequency is good or high and the state is Overdrawing.
- No Problem and No. Action RequiredHowever for enhanced Optimization may resort to following : i. Reduce own generation to the extent possible and increase overdrawal so long as frequency is above 49.8 Hz. ii. Restore consumer load that had been shed, provided Tariff/ Realization rate is higher than current UI rate. iii. Increase, CGS requisition , if some part of the entitlements had not been requisitioned earlier.

4.2 Frequency is good or High and the state is Underdrawing.

Action required is as under: i. ii. iii. Reduce own generation to the extent possible , if the frequency is above about 49.8 Hz. Restore consumer load that had been shed, and reduce under-drawn Reduce CGS requisition, provided the previous two actions have been taken and the frequency continues to be above 50.2 Hz, bialateral sale to the needy neighbour can be tried.

4. 3

Frequency is Low , and the state is Overdrawing.

Action required is as under:

i
ii.

Increase own generation to the maximum possible extent. Curtail consumer load . Load shedding to be graded balancing between UI price and consumer category .

iii.

Increase CGS requisition to full entitlement( If not requisitioned fully earlier ) and

arrange for bilateral purchase from another SEB/CGS.

4.4

Frequency is Low and the state is Underdrawing.

Increase own generation to the extent possible, provided the frequency is below about 49.5 Hz (comparing variable cost with current UI price).

i.
ii.

Curtail consumer load, by shedding low priority load (provided UI earning for SEB justifies such load shedding). This is totally optional, and helps the grid.

the

iii.

Increase C GS requisition to full entitlement ( if not requisitioned fully earlier) and earn UI or sell the surplus through a bilateral agreement)

The above scenarios shows that action to be taken for managing energy turbulences depends upon the prevailing frequency and is independent of whether over-drawing or underdrawing .

CHAPTER 5 DEVIATIONS FROM SCHEDULE

5.1

Unscheduled Interchange (UI)

The energy actually supplied by the generator may differ from what was scheduled . If the actual energy supplied were higher than scheduled , the generating station would be entitled to receive a payment for excess energy (deviation from schedule, termed as Unscheduled Interchange(UI) ) at a rate dependent on frequency at that time. I f the energy actually supplied is less than what is scheduled , the generating station shall have to pay back for the energy shortfall, at the same frequency . The relationship between the above UI rate and grid frequency for interstate system is specified by CERC. The relationship between n UI and Frequency is as shown in the fig. below.
600

400

200

)h W k / as i aP ( e t a RI U

0 48.8 50.2 49 50.4 49.2 50.6 49.4 49.6 49.8 50

Frequency (Hz)

Fig. 2.

Relationship between UI rate and Grid Frequency

It is seen from the above figure that when the frequency is 50.5 Hz or higher , the UI rate is zero , which means that the generating station would not get any payment for the extra energy supplied . It would burn fuel for producing this extra energy , but would not get any payment for it.If the actual energy supplied were less than scheduled energy , the generating station would still be paid for the scheduled energy (at its energy charge rate ) without having to pay back anything for the energy shortfall. I t would thus be able to save on fuel cost ( for the energy not generated) and retain the energy charge as net saving . There is thus a strong commercial incentive to back down generating during high frequency situations . On the other hand , when frequency goes down, the UI rate ( for both over supply and under supply ) goes up like anything and touches the level of Rs. 5.7 per unit at frequency of 49.0 Hz. At a frequency of 49.5 Hz , the UI rate is Rs. 3.45 per unit. For any short fall , the generating station shall have to pay back at the same rate . It would thus have a strong commercial incentive to maximize its generation during periods of such low frequency. A similar scheme operates for the States ( beneficiaries) as well. Any state drawing power in excess of its schedule has to pay for the excess energy at the same frequency - dependent rate. The high UI rate during low frequency conditions would induce all states to reduce their drawal from the grid, by maxamizing their own generation and / or by curtailing their consumer load. If a state draws less power than scheduled , it payus for scheduled energy quantum at the normal rate and gets paid back for energy not drawn at a much higher UI rate . On the other hand , during high- frequency conditions , a state draw extra power at a low rate and is thus encouraged to back down its own costlier generating stations . An under-drawal during high- frequency conditions means that the state pays for the scheduled power quantum unnecessarily. It should either reduce its schedule or increase its drawal.

5.2

UI rate determination

For the purpose of determination of UI rate , the energy is metered in 15 - minute time blocks, since frequency keeps on changing and subsequent UI rate . The metered energy is compared with the scheduled energy for that 15- minute time block and the difference (+ or -) becomes the UI energy . The corresponding UI rate is determined by taking the

average frequency for the same 15- minute time block into account. For each Central generating station and state , the actual energy has to be metered on a net basis , i.e algebraic sum of energy metered on all its peripheral interconnection points for every 15- minute time block. All UI payments are made into and from a regional UI pool account, operated by the concerned RLDC.

5.3

Unscheduled Interchange (UI) Vs Marginal Cost.

UI rate is tightly linked to grid frequency. As the frequency is same all over an A.C. system and can be readily seen through a simple frequency meter , it is easily possible to know the prevailing UI rates anywhere in the system . With this on line knowledge of the current UI rate , a state would know what it would have to pay for an extra MW that it may draw from the regional . It can readily compare this with the fuel cost it would save if generation were reduced by one MW at its own station, having the highest variable cost. If the UI ratre is lower than the latter, it would be beneficial; for the state to reduce its own generation and draw the replacement energy from the regional grid, till it has backed down all generation having a variable cost higher than the current UI rate . In the process state's marginal generation cost would move down, towards the prevailing UI rate. Meanwhile, other states too would take a similar action in the same time frame and total generation in the system would come down, resulting in a downward movement of frequency and an upward movement of UI rate , till the attainment of a state of equilibrium wherein the marginal generation cost of every state would become equal to the UI rate. On the other hand , if a state finds the UI rate to be higher than the variable cost of any of its partly loaded generating units at any time , it would be financially beneficial for the state to maximize the output of all such generating units and thereby reduce its drawal from the regional grid. The state would have an under- drawal, for which it would get paid a UI rate higher than its marginal generation cost. With similar action being taken by other states as well, the frequency would tend to rise and UI rate would decline correspondingly, till equilibrium is reached wherein the marginal generation cost of every state would equal the UI rate.

CHAPTER 6

A TRADING OPPORTUNITY UNDER THE

SHADOW OF ENERGY MANAGEMENT

Let us refer fig. Given below. The two areas marked 'X' represent the off peak hour

capability of the central generating station , which State-C has not requisitioned, although within its entitlement . The trading opportunities can be encashed both by the Generator as well as Beneficiary , which are as under:

6.1 Trading Opportunity to be Availed by the GENERATOR

The capability (160MW) is now available with the Central Station and it has three options before it ,which are as follows: I. Back down the station during off peak hpurs,. I.e. Generate power only according to the schedule given by RLDC by aggregating the rerusition of the three states.In this case , the station gets capacity charge for the day corresponding to its availability declaration (900 MW) and energy charge to fully recover its fuel cost for generating the scheduled quantum of energy during the day. II. Find a buyer ( other than State -C) for the above off - peak surplus and generate power adding the MW agreed to be taken by this buyer to the aggregate schedule for states - A,B and C. A s the station is already being paid capacity charges for 900 MW, it may not be too particular about further fixed cost recovery. As long as the energy agreed upon is higher than the fuel cost per KWh of the station , it would be beneficial for the station to enter into such a deal. I t would also reduce the technical problems associated with backing down of the station and improve the station's efficiency. III. Instead of selling the off- peak surplus power through a bilateral agreement as described above , the station may accept the schedule given by RLDC, but generate power to its full capability of 900 MW even during off peak hours .The result would be an over supply of 160 MW ( as a deviation from schedule) , for which the station would get paid from the regional UI pool account at the prevailing UI rate. In fact , it would be a stale to the regional pool and would make a financial sense as long as the prevailing UI rate is higher than the fuel cost per KWh of the station.

6.2

Trading Opportunity to be Availed by the BENEFICIARY

The above options for the generating stations arise only in case a state has not requisitioned its full entitlement . In fact, the same three options are available to State -C , before they get passed on to the Central station and are as follows: i. Requisition power from the Central station only as per its own requirement and draw power as per the resulting schedule. ii. Requisition full entitlement from the Central station for the entire 24- hour period, find a buyer for the off peak surplus and schedule a bilateral sale. This would make sense as long as the sale rate per kWh is more than the energy charge rate of the Central station. iii. Requisition the full entitlement for the entire 24 - hour period , but draw power only according to its actual requirement. In fact , this would be a pre-planned deviation from schedule for which State - C would get UI payment. A ll that State - C has to watch for and be vigilant about is that UI rate during the off- peak hours remains above the energy charge rate of the Central Station . In case the frequency rises and UI rate falls below the energy charge rate of the concerned Central station , State -C shuld reduce its requistion and thereby stop under drawing. The above methodology for trading shows that under the Energy Management regime there are equal opportunities both for Generator as well as Beneficiaries.

CHAPTER 7

OPEN ACCESS , WHEELING AS AN

IMPORTANT TOOL OF ENERGY MANAGEMENT .

7.1 Open Access and Wheeling

Open Access and Wheeling are supposed to be one of the important tools as far as Interstate trading is concerned.Without these components , it is not possible to go in for trading between the two utilities . The following reasons attribute to the necessity of such tools for managing energy in Interstate trading: 1. When utility 'A' trades power to utility 'B' and both are at different places, then Utility A has to take open access from the utility whose system shall be used by A to make the power available at the periphery of B and for such open access , A has to pay Wheeling charges to the owner whose system A is using. 2. Without this arrangement , the transactions of power so made shall lead to litigations as there is a chance for many disputes to arise. OPEN ACCESS and WHEELING generally involve two parties , One supplying a certain quantum of power to the other through the regional / state grid. Any such transactions involves a number of parties and disputes could arise in scheduling , energy accounting and commercial settlement , unless an appropriate framework is in place. Let us take a case where party A has contracted to supply 10 MW round the clock to party B at a certain price. Party A has to transact that power through regional Grid system to make that power available at the periphery of party B . Since , the losses in the system are expected to the tune of .5 MW , A has to bear these losses also as per contract to supply power at the periphery of B. In such a deal A shall bear expenditure of loss as well as pay wheeling charges to the regional grid system so as to settle the transaction without litigation. A contracted sale or purchase involves the following:

Identification of counterpart Agreeing on power quantum, duration, price and other terms Ascertaining the adequacy of transmission system Payment of applicable transmission / wheeling charges and absorption of

wheeling losses

Day ahead scheduling through SLDC/RLDC concerned. Payment security for transaction.

An agreement is also executed between both the parties which ensures commitment by both the parties to ensure transaction of power as per terms and conditions of the agreement without litigation.

7.2

Issues Involved in the Transactions

There may be certain constraints in supplying powers which are as under: There may be a chance that a seller fails to schedule the supply of the agreed quantum of power due to short fall in its own power availability or the buyer fails to schedule the drawal of the agreed quantum of power due to fall in its requirement , it will mean a contractual default . The agreement between the parties must specify as to how much defaults can be handled . Another issue would be as to how a party selected its counterpart and agreed on the price and whether these have been done judiciously. Required checks and balances may even delay the finalization of agreement and trading opportunities may be missed. Regarding settlement of above issues one may adopt the route of UI , but it may lead to other complications as there is no certainty of the price and further RLDC may ask to curtail the supply due to transmission constraint. However, it has the major advantage such as there is no commitment about the quantum. A lso no question can be raised on price from audit angle. Thus UI rate provides an alternative to "Open Access" and "Wheeling" and can be taken when one prefers flexibility over certainty .

CHAPTER 8 POWER EXCHANGE IMPLEMENTATION IN INDIA

8.1 Introduction

In line with the mandate provided by the Indian Electricity Act 2003 and the National Electricity Policy , the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) has issued a number of Regulations to facilitate trading and introduction of competition in the Electricity Sector in the country . Open Access in inter-state transmission was introduced in May 2004 which facilitated the development of the bilateral market in the country. The responsibility for the development of the Electricity Market in the country has been entrusted to the Appropriate commission as per electricity act 2003 . The Indian electricity grid code was introduced in Feb 2000 with subsequent revision in April,2006 and the settlement system was introduced in 2002-2003 . The ABT mechanism provided the framework for scheduling and handling of imbalances . These two building blocks together provided the basic rules for system operation and the commercial settlement . Open Access in interstate transmission was introduced in May 2004 and gave birth to bilateral market in the country. On the basis of such developments , CERC issued guidelines for establishment of Power Exchange in Feb 2007 and in principal approval ws granted to the first Power Exchange in August 2007.

8.2

Regulatory Framework for power exchange Implementation

The Open Access in the Interstate Transmission Regulations 2004 provided only for the bilateral Transactions and the system of application of transmission charges was in Rs. / MW/Day. These methodologies for transmission charges & Losses were not conductive to the operation of a common platform for electricity trading i.e power Exchange operations. So necessary amendments in the regulation was required for implementation of Power Exchange . Accordingly, the regulation s for Open Access in Interstate Transmission were revised by CERC to include Collective Transactions Discovered on a Power Exchange and anew regulation became effective fro 1st April 2008. So , Regulations , 2008 made the following provisions : a. Transactions were categorized as Bilateral and Collective ( through Power Exchange) the CERC Open Access

b.

Nodal Agency for two types of transactions was identified. National Load Despatch Centre (NLDC) was designated as nodal agency for Collective Transactions . The Regional Load Despatch Centres (RLDC) were the designated agencies for bilateral transactions.

c.

Transmission losses were applied at both the points of injection and drawal . The sellers are required to inject more and the buyers draw less than the traded quantum to compensate for losses.

d.

Regulations placed great emphasis on the empowerment of the SLDCs. NOC/ Standing clearance was required to be obtatined by State Utilities / Intra - State Entities from the SLDC. The SLDCs are obliged to respond within 3 days to any request for an NOC as per the regulations. The SLDC may charge an appropriate fee for such NOC/ Standing Clearance .

e.

T he methodology of application of transmission charges moved from 'Contract Path' to a methodology closer to the 'Point of Connection' Charges ' for collective transaction.

f.

Operating charges for collective transactions @ Rs. 5000 per day per entity involved are applied. All buyers within a state are clubbed together into one group and all sellers within a state are clubbed together into another group by the power exchange . Each group of buyers and sellers is counted as a separate entity for scheduling and leavy of operating Charges.

8.3

Power Exchange Implementation in India

The power exchange in India has many features such as Voluntary participation, Day ahead transactions , Physical delivery of Energy , Double sided bidding , Hourly bids , Uniform pricing , Multiple Exchanges envisaged and Congestion Management .

8.4

Functional Power Exchange

Indian Energy Exchange ( IEX ) , the country's first power exchange , made an application for grant of permission to setup a Power Exchange in March 2007 and an in- principle approval was accorded by the CERC on 31st August 2007 . IEX commenced operation from the 27th June 2008 after the Rules and Bye Laws were approved by CERC and

permission was granted to commence operations . The second Power Exchange of India (PXIL) was granted in- principle approval on 27th May 2008 . PXIL went through a process of Regulatory approval similar to that of it's predecessor and it commenced operations on 22nd October 2008.

8.5

Competition among Exchanges

The Regulators have provided for multiple Power Exchanges to exist simultaneously in one physical market . Light handed regulation has been adopted and the Power Exchanges have been given full functional autonomy. This allows for competition amongst the existing Power Exchanges and an automatic system of checks and balances .The charges collected by the power exchanges for the services rendered are automatically regulated by the market forces.

8.6

Information Exchange between NLDC and Power Exchanges

The exchange of information is fully automated between NLDC and Power Exchanges , NLDC and the Regional Load Dispatch centers (RLDCs) . The bidding window for submission of bids in the Power Exchange is from 1000 Hrs. to 1200 Hrs. Information is exchanged between NLDC , Power Exchange and the RLDC as per a protocol defined in the procedure for Scheduling of collective Transactions . A provisional solution is given by the Power Exchanges to the NLDC at 1300 Hrs for congestion if any. In case of congestion , NLDC advises the Power Exchanges about the limits of scheduling . The Power Exchange submits the application for scheduling of collective Transactions by 1500Hrs and the approval for scheduling is communicated by NLDC by 1730 Hrs.

8.7

Regulations governing the process of Energy Management

The following regulations/codes govern the process of procurement o/ disposal of power: 0 Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (Unscheduled Interchange

charges and related matters) Regulations, 2012. 1 Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (Indian Electricity Grid Code

Regulations, 2012. 2 Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (Sharing of inter-State

Transmission Charges and Losses) (Second Amendment) Regulations, 2012.

CERC(Terms and Conditions for Tariff determination from Renewable

Energy Sources) Regulations, 2012. 4 5 Indian Electricity Grid Code Regulations, 2010 Terms and Conditions of Tariff, Regulations for 2009-14

SECTION -II ENERGY MANAGEMENT HPSEBL AS A SPECIAL CASE

CHAPTER 1
1.1

STATUS OF SLDC IN HPSEBL

Setting up SLDC/SUB-LDCs in Himachal Pradesh

In compliance to the decision of Govt. of India, HPSEBL under ULDC Scheme, in coordination with PGCIL established a State Load Despatch & Communication Centre (SLDC) at Shimla and 1No. Sub-LDC at Kunihar and 1No. Sub-LDC at Hamirpur with RTUs at different locations.

Fig 3. Location of SLDC and Sub-LDCs in Himachal Pradesh

The hierarchical structure of SLDCs and Sub-LDC is also given in the fig. below which presents the load centers in Himachal Pradesh alongwith the location of their respective RTUs (Remote Terminal Units) situated at different locations . These RTUs are mostly connected to their Sub-LDCs through Power Line Carrier Communication System and further to SLDC through wideband system.

Fig.4 Hierarchical Structure of SLDC & Sub- LDCs

1.2

Sub-LDC at Kunihar

It comprises 8 No. RTUs(Remote Terminal Units) installed at different locations in the upper reaches of Himachal Pradesh : 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Kunihar Bhaba Jeori Giri Andhra Solan Jutogh Baddi

The connectivity of the above stated RTUs is as shown in the fig. below. The RTUs are connected to SUB-LDC Kunihar through PLCC link. Each RTU is provided with a modem which converts digital signal into analog signal. The analog signal, thus transmits through PLCC system upto SUB-LDC. After reaching SUB-LDC, again the signal is converted into digital signal with the help of modem which are placed in the equipment called CFE(communication front end). The signal after its conversion to digital form, enters the MUX placed in the control room of SUB-LDC where it gets multiplexed and enters OLTE(optical line terminal equipment) where the digital/electrical signal is converted into optical signal and transmits through OPGW(optical ground wire) and reaches SLDC Jutogh where the signal again enters OLTE at Jutogh at the rate of 155 mbps as an optical signal and further enters MUX as digital/electrical signal at the rate of 2 mbps and gets demultiplexed when it comes out from the MUX .Here the signal gets divided into two parts. First part is a signal of 64kbps which enters the exchange through MDF(main distribution frame) and facilitates speech, whereas the second part of the signal is of 19.2 kbps which enters the HUB of control room at Jutogh as data signal and is processed with the help of SCADA system.

Fig.5 SUB-LDC KUNIHAR (Connectivity of RTUs)

1.3

Sub-LDC at Hamirpur

It comprises 10 No. RTUs(Remote Terminal Units) installed at different locations in the upper reaches of Himachal Pradesh : 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Hamirpur-I Hamirpur-II Dera Kangra Malana Jassore Bassi Mandi Kangoo Largi

The connectivity of the above stated RTUs is as shown in the fig. below. All RTUs are connected to SUB-LDC Hamirpur through PLCC link except Kangoo which is connected through wideband link. Each RTU is provided with a modem which converts digital signal into analog signal. The analog signal, thus transmits through PLCC system upto SUBLDC. After reaching SUB-LDC, again the signal is converted into digital signal with the help of modem which are placed in the equipment called CFE(communication front end). The signal after its conversion to digital form, enters the MUX placed in the control room of SUB-LDC where it gets multiplexed and enters OLTE(optical line terminal equipment) where the digital/electrical signal is converted into optical signal and transmits through OPGW(optical ground wire) and reaches SLDC Jutogh where the signal again enters OLTE at Jutogh at the rate of 155 mbps as an optical signal and further enters MUX as digital/electrical signal at the rate of 2 mbps and gets demultiplexed when it comes out from the MUX .Here the signal gets divided into two parts. First part is a signal of 64kbps which enters the exchange through MDF(main distribution frame) and facilitates speech, whereas the second part of the signal is of 19.2 kbps which enters the HUB of control room at Jutogh as data signal and is processed with the help of SCADA system.

Fig.6 SUB-LDC HAMIRPUR (Connectivity of RTUs)

1.4

Interconnectivity of SLDC & SUB-LDCs of H.P.

Fig.7 INTER CONNECTIVITY DIAGRAM OF SLDC SUB-LDCs OF H.P.

The above diagram shows interconnectivity of SLDC Shimla with SUB-LDC Hamirpur and Kunihar. The data from Hamirpur reaches Kunihar on wideband system through OPGW where it combines with data of SUB-LDC Kunihar and a combined data packet reaches Jutogh through wideband system through OPGW and is processed in the control room at Jutogh separately. Then afterwards,again a combined data packet comprising data of SLDC Jutogh, SUB-LDC Hamirpur and SUB-LDC Kunihar takes its way to NRLDC on OPGW through wideband system. The combined connectivity diagram showing combined connectivity of both the SUB-LDCs alongwith SLDC and RTUs of respective SUB-LDCs is as shown in the fig below.

The figure shows the connectivity between RTUs and SUB-LDCs on PLCC system and between SUB-LDCs and SLDC on wideband through OPGW. The connectivity of Kangoo substation is on wideband system. The communication through wideband system has been experienced to be more reliable than through other mode of system. In the existing SUB-LDCs, there is enough provision for future expansion. The system will prove its worth when atomization shall come into existence.

Fig.8 COMBINED CONNECTIVITY DIAGRAM

CHAPTER2

BACKBONE

TO

COMMUNICATION

SYSTEMAT SLDC SHIMLA

2.1 Introduction
In the absence of certain tools, communication system stands nowhere. These tools act as backbone to the system and assists the system in all respects. These are as under:

0 1 2 3 4

OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) and its Installation PLCC System PABX System RTU UPS The details are as under:

2.2

OPGW and its Installation

OPGW provides overhead telecommunication system.

Optical Fibre (multi mode)

Glas
125 m Optical Cladding

Plastic

50 m Core

250 m Primary Coating 50 m Core

Guided Light Propagation

Fig.9

OPGW (Optical Ground Wire)

The central part of this cable is composed by a dielectric optical core comprising six fibres stranded around a central support. An aluminium tube is extruded around this optical core and the cable is finished with one or two layers of an aluminium clad steel. Tight Buffered

cable is used for cable routing within buildings. Typically containing around 16 fibres (12 cores, 4 cores and 8 cores are also common) this type of cable offers ease of installation and fibre protection suitable for internal use. each of the fibres within the cable is individually protected by a plastic coating with kevlar strengthening and sheathing giving overall protection. Low Smoke Zero Halogen Sheaths are common in this type of cable. To withstand harsher external conditions Loose Tube cables are used for outside installations in duct work or trenches. As the name suggests groups of fibres are suspended in a gel filled tube within a heavily protected cable. As the fibre has no physical contact with the tube it is less prone to damage during the stresses associated with installation and temperature contraction and expansion. The gel used within the tubes protects against the ingress water. Many different fibre counts are available as few as four or as many as 96 cores are common. Thus origination of OPTICAL fibre has made communication system reliable and effective and acted as an efficient tool in the energy management syste

2.3

Testing of Optical Fiber Links

To test a link, the correct mating connectors must be fitted to the test leads.There are many types of fibre connectors as each fibre type (multimode, single mode and POF) has its own family of connectors. The most common types are ST, SC and SMA. Before testing the link, you must know how much loss to expect at the wavelength of interest. If you want accurate results, the testing should be performed at the wavelength at which the fibre is to be used. Link loss can be readily calculated from the manufacturers data (loss per unit length in dBs), the actual link length, and the number of connectors and joints (if any) in the link. Without this data, you cannot determine whether or not the links performance is satisfactory. Do not assume there are no problems because a link works when connected to the terminaL equipment. Some faults degrade link performance with time (e.g. bad terminations).

Fiber Optic Connectors

SCPC FCPC
F C P C

SCPC

STPC

Fig. 10 TYPES OF FIBRE CONNECTORS 2.4 Monitoring of Status of OPGW

The status of OPGW whether healthy or faulty is monitored by using the equipment named as FLXER PLUS. This equipment confirms that the broadband is as per actual and functioning properly. If there is fault in the OPGW network, the alarm appears on the map of the network. The faulty part of the OPGW appears red on the screen of FLXER PLUS. The following diagram represents the connectivity of FLXER PLUS and FLXER with OPGEW map.

FLXER PLUS

FLX 150/6 00

Netwo

FLX 150/6 00

Fig.11 Test Diagram for Monitoring of Status of OPGW

The map on the screen of FLXER PLUS shows the network connectivity of different stations connected through OPGW appears as under:

Hamirpur

Gaggal

Kunihar

Jutogh

Fig. 12 Map of Network Elements of Different Locations

The details of status of different network elements are ascertained by using specific commands on FLXER PLUS. If the status is healthy, the connectivity appears green and if the status is unhealthy, the connectivity appears red.

2.5 PLCC System

PLCC system plays a vital role in the establishment of communication system. It connects all the RTUs with SUB-LDCs. This is considered as one of the most economical and reliable method of communication. In PLCC system, a bandwidth of 0-4 kHz is confined to different applications as under: The voice channel lies between 300 Hz to 2400 Hz. The pilot frequency which is used for sending the dialling pulses and for the automatic gain control of PLCC system lies within 3.57 kHz to 3.63 kHz. The portion of band between 2.4 kHz to 3.57 kHz is used for data transmission on real time basis. It consists of two PLCC Terminals at two stations A and B connected together with the help of HT transmission line and coupling equipment like wave traps (Line traps), coupling capacitors, coupling devices and H.F. cable. For making data available of Solan substation at Kunihar SUB-LDC, 2 No. Panels of BPL make, each at respective stations are placed and are used for speech/data transmission of Solan Substation. At Solan end, the PLCC panel is connected to RTU which collects various measurands of Solan substation and transmit it through PLCC system upto Kunihar SUB-LDC and at Kunihar end the PLCC panel is connected to CFE (Communication Front End) where the data from RTU is made available for further processing. The figures below shows the connectivity between RTU and SUB-LDC Kunihar in between two stations and in between three stations. Incase of three stations, ie Giri, Solan and Kunihar, the station Solan is called intermittent station and the connections of PLCC Panels are made back to back, ie TX of one panel is connected to RX of other panel and vice versa. For providing TX signal of -14 dB , oscillator is used and for measuring RX signal of -20 dB, the level meter is used.

A typical arrangement is shown in fig below: SOLAN TX KUNIHAR TX

RX

RX

RTU TX= -16 dB RX= -20 dB GIRI

PLCC Panel

PLCC Panel

CFE

SOLAN

KUNIHAR

RTU

PLCC Panel

PLCC Panel

CFE

PLCC Panels

TX {Trans Signal} = -14 dB RX {Receive Signal} = -20 dB

Fig. 13 Connectivity Between RTU and SUB-LDC Kunihar &Solan 2.6 PABX System
This system is one of the important tools in SLDC system which provides fast, reliable and efficient telephone system which is an essential requirement for the power system grid operation. All control centres are equipped with PABX (Private Automatic Branch Exchange Network). Each PABX has a number of local and remote subscribers. In SLDC

Jutogh, PABX system comprises 4 wire and two wire system. In the 4 wire system, four wires are used for speech and two wires are used for signal, thus the four wire system consists of total six wires. In the two wire system, the two wires are used for speech and two wires are used for signal purpose. Thus, the two wire system comprises total four wires. The PABX exchange is connected to the system through Main Distribution Frame(MDF). It provides interconnection between exchange side and line side termination. The implementation of integrated wideband telecommunication system network with PLC and PABX procured under different contracts needs to be coordinated and requires careful planning. The connectivity of PABX system with broadband system has made it possible the communication between interstate SLDC units established at different corners in NR Region. The requirement of PABX network in power system is unique. With the development of wideband system it has become possible to provide speech facility with the outside control centres also. This mode of communication proves to be very economical as it involves initial cost of installation with very less maintenance cost. The existing PABX exchanges are provided with a console which helps in planning and programming at site and very easily one can provide new connections to the utilities. These modern PABX systems are embedded with facilities such as provision for future extension. In SLDC Shimla and in its respective SUB-LDCs, the PUNCOM make exchanges have been provided. For maintenance purpose, AMCs (Annual Maintenance Contract) have been given to the respective companies. The PABX exchange in the existing system of SLDC Shimla provides speech communication to the remote stations through PLCC system, to outside states through wideband system and within the vicinity of SLDC campus through local subscribers.

Fig.14 PABX Room In SLDC Shimla

The most important part of the exchange is its MDF (main distribution frame). It is divided into two parts. The upper half is called exchange side and the lower half is called line side. The local extension and console connections are terminated on termination block E1. Trunk lines are terminated on block E2. Both of these termination blocks are called exchange side termination blocks. Similarly, on line side extension to all local subscribers are given through L1 and connections to trunks are terminated at L2. E1 & L1 and E2 & L2 are connected through jumpers.The connectivity of PABX exchange at SLDC Jutogh with MDF and console which is designated as SUPCON is as shown in the fig below:

-48 VOLT DC POWER INPUT

POWER
Subscribers

UNIT

MDF

CONTR OL TERMINAT ION UNIT

SERVICE UNIT

Trunks

CONS OLE

Fig.15 The connectivity of PABX exchange at SLDC Jutogh with MDF and console

The PABX exchange has four functional groups which are as under:

Power Unit Control Unit Termination Unit Service Unit

A brief description of functional groups of PABX is as given below:

Power Unit: It consists of a power filter card which filters out -48 Volt DC supply. The filtered power is fed to Power supply unit card which generates +/- 5 V, 12V DC, -9V DC. PSU card also generates 75 volt (RMS) ringer voltage which is extended to telephone. The filtered -48V is also fed directly to termination unit.

Control Unit: It handles all call processing functions. It takes all decisions and controls all the functions done within PABX. It comprises PFC card, P 01 card. The function of P 01 card is to provide serial RS-232 interfaces for operator console/dispatcher console and communication with PFC card. The PFC card scans the signalling status of each card of termination unit and sends them as message to P 01 card.

Termination Unit:It provides interface with telephone instruments/other equipments. The various types of interfaces are:

2-wire subscriber interface 4-wire E&M interface 2-wire centre office interface 30 channel digital interface

There is a unique card for each interface known as LCC card. Each analog interface card comprises 8 ports and digital interface card comprises 30 ports.

Service Unit: It consists of ATD card which is used for announcement and tones. A conference card which has a facility to conduct conference of 6 parties.

All subscriber lines and trunks are interfaced to PABX system through the terminal interface card. The terminal interface card consists of 8 termination ports. Such cards form a terminal group which is designated as TG.

TG= 4 Terminal cards = 4 X 8 = 32 ports = 32 Channel

2.7

RTU (Remote Terminal Unit)

It is one of the most important tools of SLDC. Without this it could not have been possible to fetch the data from the remote stations and monitor the activities of the remote stations. RTUs have made it possible to make many of the remote station man less. They are playing very active role in making day to day availability of data from the remote stations. One of the RTUs installed at 132 kv sub-station Jutogh at Shimla is as shown on the next page: When the RTUs were not devised, most of the potential of PLCC system remained unutilised. The application of RTUs has made it possible to use the hidden potential of PLCC in this age of state of Art. Transducers and MODEMs play a very

important role for the establishment of Real Time Data Acquisition system. This system is designated with the abbreviation DAS and the whole combination of making data available in real time operation at SLDC is designated as SCADA i.e. Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition .RTU is a combination of transducers used for various measurands such as voltage frequency, MW, MWh, MVARh and converts electrical signal into digital signal which is further converted into analog signal using modem if the same is to be transmitted through PLCC system or otherwise the digital signal is sometimes directly processed without any conversion if the same is to be transmitted through wideband system In power system there are two types of measurands. One is analog type and the other is digital type. They are as under:

0 Analog type measurands: Voltage, frequency, active power, reactive power, position of auto transformer tap. 1 Digital type measurands: Status of circuit breaker and isolator (close/open) The fig. Given below shows RTU at 132 KV substation Jutogh

Fig.16 RTU at 132 KV substation Jutogh

2.8 UPS (Uninterrupted power supply)

1.4.1 Uninterruptible Power Supply

Introduction
Uninterruptible power supply (UPS) is a device that protects electronic equipment from power uncertainties. A UPS is a device that is interfaced between the electric network (connected to utility power) and the materials that need protecting. The UPS allows the materials to be switched to emergency battery power for several minutes in case of electrical problems, in particular during:

 Power line disturbances, i.e. a split second power outage that can cause a computer to restart Power outages, corresponding to a break in the power supply for a given amount of time Overvoltage, i.e. a nominal value greater than the maximum value needed for the normal functioning of electrical appliances Undervoltage, i.e. a nominal value less than the maximum value needed for the normal functioning of electrical appliances Voltage spikes, i.e. high amplitude transient (short-term) overvoltage. These spikes are caused when powerful devices are stopped or started and overtime can damage electrical components Lightening, which is a source of extreme overvoltage that occur suddenly during bad weather (storms) Most electrical disruptions are tolerated by computer systems. However, sometimes they can cause data loss and service interruptions and even material damages. The UPS helps to "smooth out" voltage, i.e. eliminate peaks that are over a certain level. When there is a power outage, the energy stored in the emergency battery keeps the power supply flowing to equipment for a small amount of time (normally for 5 to 10 minutes). Beyond the minutes of autonomy that the UPS supplies, this gained time also allows the equipment to be switched to other energy sources. Some UPSs can also be directly attached to the computer (e.g. with a USB cable) so that it can order its own shutting off in case of a power outage and thus avoid any data loss.

Fig. 17 General Outlook of UPS

Under ULDC scheme(Unified Load Despatch Scheme), the following capacity of UPS have been installed to provide uninterrupted power supply and to have firm data. a) At SLDC Shimla: 2 no. UPS each 40 kVA capacity have been installed at SLDC Shimla. These UPS comprises two types of battery system, i.e. 384 V/200 Ah, 48V/415Ah respectively.

b) At Sub-LDC Hamirpur: 2 no. UPS each 20 kVA capacity have been installed at SLDC Shimla. These UPS comprises two types of battery system, i.e. 384 V/200 Ah, 48V/415Ah respectively. c) At Sub-LDC Kunihar: 2 no. UPS each 20 kVA capacity have been installed at SLDC Shimla. These UPS comprises two types of battery system, i.e. 384 V/200 Ah, 48V/415Ah respectively.

In addition to above, at each site of SLDC, DG Sets of capacity 75 kVA at SLDC Shimla and 45 kVA at respective SUB-LDC sites have been provided to have standby arrangement for uninterrupted supply.

CHAPTER 3

ENERGY MANAGEMENT A "SPECIAL CASE" OF HIMACHAL PRADESH.

3.1

Introduction
Himachal Pradesh being purely hydro state has surplus during monsoon months but face acute shortages during winter as availability from hydro Stations reduces to 20 to 25% due to lean discharges and so happens to the Central Sector shares of Hydro based projects of the region. As HPSEBs committed power is not adequate to meet the demand as such HPSEBL meets its deficit demand by way of different

arrangements.

Fig. 18 ABOUT STATUS OF HIMACHAL PRADESH 3.2 Grid Diagram of Himachal Pradesh

Fig. 19

Grid Diagram of Himachal Pradesh

3.3

Modes of Managing Energy Deficits

1, GoHP (Govt. of Himachal Pradesh) free power entitlement in Central sector / Joint sector projects as well as through GoHP entitlement available within the state. 2. 3. 4. 22% equity power of GoHP in NJPC project. Through Banking arrangements. Unscheduled Interchanges (Over Drawl) transactions under real time operation.

5. Unallocated quota allotted by Govt. of India during winter months.

3.4

Description of different modes of Power Arrangements a. Central Sector Projects

HPSEBL receives power from central sector projects in proportion to its entitlement and is governed under CERC regulation. This power is made available at generator terminal of the respective projects and is wheeled through Power Grid system till it is made available at H.P periphery. The bills in respect of generator comprises two parts . One part is energy availed by HPSEBL at generator terminal and the other part of the bill is raised by Power Grid on account of wheeling of power through their system upto H.P periphery. The quantum of energy which reflects in a monthly bill is based on the Regional Energy account prepared by NRPC (Northern Regional Power Committee).

b.

Govt. of H.P. free power Entitlement: Govt. of H.P.has its free power Entitlement in all those projects which have been commissioned in Himachal Pradesh . This entitlement is on account of the home state benefits i.e Himachal has sacrificed its potential as well as benefits of the people. In addition to above entitlement of GoHP free power ,
HPSEBL also receives 22% equity during winter months or extended winter months which is at the discretion of GoHP and is given to HPSEBL as its first right to mitigate the shortages during the the said months.

c.

Through Banking :
Transaction / procurement of Power through Banking is also one of the modes which
is considered as a cashless transaction and this energy exchange arrangement is on equal basis i.e. the obligation of HPSEB to return the banked energy is restricted to the extent to which the energy has been banked with it during the winter months. The average rate as agreed as per agreements (Unscheduled Interchange rates based on prevailing grid frequency conditions at that point of time) are kept to account for

unadjusted quantum at the end of banking cycle. This arrangement facilitates when there is large variation in demand pattern during winters on account of fluctuating weather conditions and provides real time operation and facilitates increase or decrease of quantum with the mutual consent of both the parties without any financial implications on either party. With the above arrangement the surplus power available during the monsoon months is returned thus facilitates mitigating winter deficits. for meeting the previous year banking obligations as well as for Advance Banking (contra banking) arrangement

d.

Unscheduled Interchange (UI):

This does not fall under any category of mode of transaction of power, but under prevailing grid frequency conditions, power does flow perforce which also provides additional assistance to mitigate the instantaneous shortage of power. This perforce transaction of power is regulated as per CERC regulation on Unscheduled interchange of power issued by Central Electricity Regulatory Commission from time to time. However, the underdrawl /overdrawl of power should not exceed the specific limit or otherwise, the same shall lead to the collapsing of grid. It is also added that any violation through UI against the prescribed norms shall lead to penalty concerned utility. to the

e.

Transaction of power through energy exchange:

In this mode of transaction of power, the surplus power available on dayahead basis is disposed off through exchange on the available rates. Similarly through this mode, procurement of power is also carried out to meet the immediate demand of shortages.

f.

Sale/ purchase of power through Tendering process:

In this mode of transaction, bids are invited from different utilities for their participation in the tendering process and the bidder who qualifies the desired terms and conditions is given order for supply of power.

3.5

HPSEBL Share in different Projects

HPSEBL receives power throughout the year from the following projects against its SOR (State of Region Share) share as shown in table below.

Table-1 Sr. No.

Name of Stations

Installed capacity MW (Mega Watt.)

HPs share % MW

A. I.

HPSEBL Entitlement BBMB STATIONS 10.00 Bhakra old HP Bhakra complex Dehr Pong 1478.73 990.00 396 FIXED 7.19 7.19 7.19 (1.2LU/Day) 84.23 56.83 11.77 10.00 Bhakra (Old) Fixed (1.2LU/Day)

II.

NHPC STATIONS Chamera-I Tanakpur Salal Uri Chamera-II Chamera-III Dhauliganga 540.00 94.20 690.00 480.00 300.00 231 280.00 2.90 3.84 0.99 2.71 3.67 4.36 3.57 15.66 3.62 6.83 13.01 11.01 10.06 10.00

III.

NTPC

PROJECTS Rihand-I Rihand-II Unchahar-I Unchahar-II Unchahar-III Anta Gas Auraiya Gas Dadri Gas Kahalgaon-II IV. NPCIL Project Narora RAPS- 5&6 V. SJVNL project Nathpa Jhakri VI. THDC Tehri HEP UJVNL/UPJVNL STATIONS Stage-I(Dhakrani/ Dhalipur) Stage-II (Khodri/Chibroo) Stage-IV (Kulhal) Khara (UP) 84.69 360.00 30.00 72.00 546.69 VII. I.P.P STATIONS 25.00 25.00 20.00 20.00 21.17 90.00 6.00 14.40 131.57 1000.00 2.80 28.00 1500.00 2.47 37.05 440.00 440.00 3.18 3.40 14.00 15.00 1000.00 1000.00 420.00 420.00 210.00 419.33 663.36 829.78 1500.00 3.50 3.30 1.67 2.86 3.81 3.58 3.32 3.01 1.53 35.00 33.00 7.00 12.00 8.00 15.01 22.02 24.98 23.00

Baspa-II HEP Patikari Upper Joiner VIII PSEB STATIONS Shanan Shanan ( Extn) B. i) GOHP RESOURCES Equity share SJVNL project Nathpa Jhakri ii) Free Power NHPC Projects Bairasuil Chamera-I Chamera-II SJVNL project Nathpa Jhakri Private Projects Malana Baspa-II PSEB Projects Shanan Thein

300.00 16 15

88.00 88.00 85.00

264.00 14.08 12.75

60.00 50.00

Fixed Fixed

1.00 8.57(45 Ann.) MU/

1500.00

22.00

330.00

180.00 540.00 300.00

12.00 12.00 12.00

21.60 64.80 36.00

1500.00

12.00

180.00

86.00 300.00

15.00 12.00

12.90 36.00

110.00 600.00

Fixed 4.60

0.5 27.60

3.6 STATUS of Energy Managed from different sources in FY 2011-12

During FY 2011-12 HPSEBL had the total availability of power to the tune of 9263 MUs Million Units from all sources and consumption within the state is 7834 MUs is as follows :

Table-2
Sr. No. SOURCE ENERGY (MUs)

A.
i)

Availability From own generation

HPSEBs Own Generation Projects 1908 MUs

B.
ii) iii) iv) v) vi)

Purchase of Power
Central Sector Projects Shared Generation Projects Joint Sector Projects Private Sector Projects GoHP free Power Entitlement 2001 MUs 911 MUs 333 MUs 2056 MUs 1190MUs

vii) viii) viii)

Purchase through UI Purchase through Banking Purchase through Exchange

185 MUs 736 MUs 229 MUs

C. D.

TOTAL PURCHASE at Generator Terminal (ii to viii )

7641MUs 3 .75% 7355 MUs 9263 MUs

% Grid Losses upto H.P Perephery

E. TOTAL Purchase (ii to viii ) at H.P Periphery ( C*(100-D)) / 100 F. TOTAL Availability at H.P Periphery ( A+E) G.
i)

SALE
Sale through Banking / Exchange 1429 MUs 7834 MUs

CONSUMPTION WITHIN THE STATE (F-G)

3.7

STATUS of Energy Managed from different sources in FY 2012-13

During FY 2012-13 HPSEBL had the total availability of power to the tune of 9674 Million Units from all sources and consumption within the state is 8023 MUs is as follows :

Table-3
Sr. No. SOURCE ENERGY (MUs)

A.
i)

Availability From own generation

HPSEBs Own Generation Projects 1842 MUs

B.
ii) iii) iv) v) vi)

Purchase of Power
Central Sector Projects Shared Generation Projects Joint Sector Projects Private Sector Projects GoHP free Power Entitlement 1983 MUs 1156 MUs 321 MUs 2089 MUs 1177 MUs

vii) viii) viii) C. D.

Purchase through UI Purchase through Banking Purchase through Exchange TOTAL PURCHASE at Generator Terminal (ii to viii )

229 MUs 1144 MUs 38 MUs 8137MUs 3 .75% 7832 MUs 9674 MUs

% Grid Losses upto H.P Perephery

E. TOTAL Purchase (ii to viii ) at H.P Periphery ( C*(100-D)) / 100 F. TOTAL Availability at H.P Periphery ( A+E) G.
i)

SALE
Sale through Banking / Exchange 1651 MUs 8023 MUs

CONSUMPTION WITHIN THE STATE (F-G)

CONCLUSION
In the real time operation generally power system is encountered with situations which can not be foreseen and tied up for sale/purchase arrangements due to unexpected variations in demand and supply position, specially in the case of the states which are purely hydro based . Some surplus power therefore perforce, under real time operation gets transacted through Unscheduled Interchange mode (Under Drawl) and exporting utilities are paid for this unscheduled energy in accordance with the prevailing frequency conditions in the grid under UI mechanism . The study on Energy management reveals that it plays a vital role in the present scenario when the system under integration mode runs under deficit or surplus conditions. The term energy management has made it comfortable for planning and operation of energy in an effective manner. The application of energy management is well visualized when an organization receives energy from outside the state as well as from its own generation within the state. Establishment of SLDCs have provided a platform for the supervision and control of the power transactions in real time operation. In fact SLDCs have given birth to the Regulatory Assets where different kind of regulations are prepared and are effectively used for managing energy transactions and also govern day to day power transaction under integrated mode. In fact it can be concluded that development of the Indian Electricity Grid Code , scheduling procedures , availability based tariff system provided a sound basis for the introduction and implementation of Power Exchange in India. In other-words it can also be effectively sensed the congestion in the corridors of transmission systems and thus facilitates one to take intelligent steps towards energy management in anticipation thus economizes the process of energy transactions in the interest of public as well as organizations.

FUTURE SCOPE
The Indian power sector is growing very fast. There is a need to have strict enforcement of the Grid code and appropriate regulations in line with the system requirements .To have effective management of energy, the smooth coordination of activities among all stakeholders is very much essential. In order to achieve efficiency in the power sector , it is required that the issues relating to transmission tariff should be resolved legitimately , so that we may quickly arrive at sharing of transmission charges and may introduce new transmission elements to uplift future power market. The challenges in building the electricity infrastructure in the next few years are many and efficient generation capacity is required . Also , we have to promote renewable generating resources as capacity addition to mitigate the future demand of the country.In addition , with the advancement of technology, our hunger for need of quality power has increased . In order to meet the future challenges , it is extremely important to first identify the changes taking place and then to understand the impact of these changes on the planning and development of the system. To mitigate the future challenges in the power scenario, it is very much essential that the initiatives are required to be taken at different levels. It is a matter of pride that God has showered this world with its ample divine in the form of energy and we all should work hard in the field of energy management to encash this opportunities.

REFERENCES
1. H.F. Wang and F.J. Swift, "A Unified Model for the Analysis of FACTS Devices in Damping Power System Oscillations Part 1:Single-machine Infinite-bus Power Systems," IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, Vol. 12 , No. 2, pp. 941-946, Apr. 1997 . Indian Electricity Grid Code Regulations, 2010 . 2. V. Vittal , Chairman, "Transient Stability Test Systems for Direct Stability Methods," IEEE committee report, IEEE Trans. on Power System, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 37-42, Feb. 1992. 3. Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (Unscheduled Interchange related matters) Regulations, 2012. 4. Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (Sharing of inter-State Charges and Losses) (Second Amendment) Regulations, 2012. 5. 6. Terms and Conditions of Tariff, Regulations for 2009-14 Techno Economics of Power System Operations , published by Engineering Staff College of INDIA , Hyderabad. 7. 8. 9. Grid Security and Management by P.K Shetty & V.K .Agrawal. Interstate Office and State Load Dispatch Centre of HPSEBL. A presentation on Availability Based Tariff , by Bhanu Bhushan , Director (operation). Transmission charges and