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1. Computer Lab management 1.1 Computer Lab Regulations In order to make sure our computer lab clean and tidy there are several rules to guide students. Computer Lab Rules. 1. Keep the computer lab clean regularly. 2. Food and drink not allowed. 3. Watch your behave. 4. Do not change the computers setting. 5. Make sure your storage device free from viruses. 6. Use the computer carefully. 7. Broken Equipment :Do not try to repair equipment yourself. If you encounter problems with equipment, you should report this to the lab supervisor or teacher. 8. Do not place the computer near open windows or doors 9. Do not subject the computer to extreme temperatures 10. Use a surge protector 11. Store disks properly in a locked container 12. Maintain backup copies of all files 13. Stores copies of critical files off sites 14. Scan a floppy disk before you open it 15. Do not open any unknown email received 1.2 Lab Organisation A sample of the organisation for the Computer Lab Management

ICT Main Committee Organisation Chart(Carta Organisasi Jawatankuasa Induk ICT)

2. Computer Hardware 2.2 Component Computers and Parts 2.2.1 Overview of the computer system

OVERVIEW OF COMPUTER SYSTEM

These devices are computer hardware. needs to have these hardware to function.

examples of A computer system

COMPUTER SYSTEM A computer system is defined as combination of components designed to process data and store files. A computer system consists of four major hardware components; input devices, output devices, processor and storage devices. A computer system requires hardware, software and a user to fully function. Software refers to set of instructions that tell the hardware what to do. Software can also have various other functions such as performing computation, communication with other software and human interaction. User refers to a person who uses the computer for any purposes such as work, business and entertainment. COMPUTER HARDWARE Computer hardware consists of:

input devices processor output devices storage devices

Input Devices Input devices feed data or commands in a form that the computer can use. Example of input devices are:

1. Keyboard 2. Light Pen 3. Joystick 4. Microphone 5. Mouse 6. Video 7. Digital camera.

Processor The CPU is an example of a processor. It has the same important as the brain to human being.

Output Devices Output devices such as the monitor shows people the process data or information. This type of information can be understood and use by computer user. Other example of output devices are:

1. Printer 2. Plotter 3. Speaker

Storage Devices Storage usually means secondary storage. It consists secondary storage devices such as hardisk, Floppy Disk, diskette, CD ROM and DVD ROM. COMPUTER SOFTWARE There a 2 types of computer software, system software and application software. System software is any computer software that helps to run computer system. System software controls, integrate and manages the individual component of a computer system.

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER SYSTEM COMPUTER HARDWARE BLOCK DIAGRAM

An Input device feed raw data to the processor. A processor processes raw data and turns it into useful information. A storage device keeps or stores both process and unprocess data for later usage. An output device shows or display the processed data.

2.2.2 System unit

What is system unit? System unit is a box-like case that contains electronic components of the computer. It is sometimes called chassis. Figure 1 shows a few examples of system unit. Inside view of system unit

Front layer of a system unit

Figure 3 Front View of a System Unit

Input / Output port ( I/O port )

Figure 4 Back View of a System Unit

Functions of the main components of a system unit Components No. 1. Input / Output port (I/O port) Functions A port is the point at which a peripheral attaches to a system unit so that the peripheral is able to send data and receive information from the computer.

2. 3.

4. 5.

6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

An external device, such as a keyboard, monitor, printer, mouse and microphone, that is attached by a cable to a port on the system unit. The back of the system unit contains so many ports. Some newer personal computers also have ports on the front of the system unit. Ports have different types of connectors. A connector joins a cable to a peripheral. One end of a cable attaches to the connector on the system unit and the other end of the cable attaches to a connector on the peripheral. Power button To turn the computer on Reset button Restating the computer, instructs the computer to go through the process of shutting down, which would clear the memory and reset devices to their initialized state. It simply removes power immediately. Motherboard Main circuit board of the system unit, it has some electronic components attached to it. Power Supply Converts standard electrical power into a form that, the computer can use. If a power supply is not providing the necessary power, the computer will not function properly. DVD-ROM drive A device that reads DVD-ROM, audio CDs, CD-ROMSs, CD-Rs and CD-RWs. CD-ROM drive A device that reads audio CDs, CD-ROMs, CD-Rs and CD-RWs. DVD/CD-RW drive A combination drive that reads DVD and CD media, and writes to CD-RW media. A high-capacity disk drive that reads from and writes on a Zip Zip drive disk. Floppy drive A device that reads from and writes on a floppy disk Hard disk drive A Type of storage device that contains one or more inflexible, circular platters that store data, instructions and information.

2.2.3 Peripherals

Activity 1: Definition & types of peripheral A. PERIPHERAL DEVICE Peripheral (Figure 1) are pieces of computer hardware that are added to a host computer, i.e. any hardware except the computer, in order to expand its abilities. Most of those devices are optional in nature. External hardware devices attached to the computer are called peripheral equipments.

There are three types of peripheral: a Input devices b Output devices c Storage devices

Figure 1 Examples of peripherals B. INPUT DEVICES Input devices are any electronic device that are connected to a computer and produces input signals. Figure 2 shows some examples of computer input devices

Figure 2 Examples of Input Devices C. OUTPUT DEVICES Output devices are the result of data processing activity when it is presented externally to the system. It is a hardware that is capable of delivering or showing information to one or more users. The output from a computer can be in printed or displayed form (see Figure 3).

Figure 3 Examples of Output Devices D. STORAGE DEVICES

Computer storage is the holding of data in an electromagnetic form, for access by a computer processor. Information and documents are stored in a computer storage so that it can be retrieved whenever they are needed later on. Figure 4 are examples of storage Figure 4 Examples of Storage Devices Activity 2: Different types & the functions of peripheral a. Printers

A printer is an output device to print text or graphics on mediums such as paper, transparency film or even cloths. A photo printer is a colour printer that produces photo-quality pictures.

Figure 5 Examples of printers

C. LCD Projector LCD projector is a type of video projector for displaying video, images or computer data on a screen or other flat surface such as on to a wall or screen. It is a modern slide projector.

D. Digital cameras Digital cameras are electronic devices used to capture and store photographs digitally. They use memory card instead of photographic film like conventional cameras or recording images in an analog format to magnetic tape like many video cameras. Modern compact digital cameras are typically multifunctional, with some devices capable of

recording sound and video as well as photographs.

E. External CD Drives The external DVD/CD-RW combo drive functions as a DVD player, a CD-RW drive and a CD-ROM drive. This allows you to install computer applications, files, music and movies on CD. It is easy to be carried around.

F. External Storages External storage is an alternative storage. It is very useful to store programs and data for future use. The storage is required for two reasons: 1. The working memory of the CPU is limited in size and cannot always hold the amount of data required. 2. Data and programmes in storage do not disappear when the power is turned off.

2.2.4 Input devices

INPUT Input is any data or instruction that you enter into a computer. There are four types of input: which are text, graphic, audio and video.

a) INPUT DEVICES FOR TEXTS

You can enter data such as text and commands into a computer by pressing the keys on the keyboard. You can press the keys of a virtual keyboard on the screen. An optical reader is a device that uses a light source to read characters, marks and codes and then converts them into digital data that a computer can process.

b) INPUT DEVICES FOR GRAPHICS

A scanner is a device that captures images from photographic prints, posters, magazine pages and similar sources for computer editing and display. A digital camera allows you to take pictures and store the photographed images digitally. c) INPUT DEVICES FOR AUDIO

Audio input is the speech, music and sound effects entered into the computer. This can be done using input devices such as a microphone and digital musical instruments like the Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) keyboard.

d) INPUT DEVICES FOR VIDEO

Video input is input of motion images captured into the computer by special input devices. A Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) video camera is a type of digital video camera that enables a home or small business user to capture video and still images. A webcam is any video camera that displays its output on a web page. A digital video camera allows you to record full motion and store the captured motion digitally.

e) POINTING DEVICES

A pointing device is another form of input device. Pointing devices such as a mouse, trackball, graphics tablet and touch screen are used to input spatial data into the computer. Spatial data refers to data that is continuous and multi-dimensional.

2.2.5 Output devices

Output is the result of data processing activity.

OUTPUT DEVICES

An output is capable of delivering or showing information to one or more users. An output device shows, prints and presents the results. TYPES OF OUTPUT DEVICES

A monitor is an example of an output device that can be used to display text. It can also display graphics and video. A printer is another example of an output device that can be used to print text, apart from graphics, on mediums such as paper, transparency film or even cloths.

A photo printer is a colour printer that produces photo-lab-quality pictures. An image setter produces high quality output compared to an ordinary laser printer.

A pair of speakers is an audio output device that generates sound. The headphone is a pair of small speakers placed over the ears and plugged into a port on the sound card. A woofer or subwoofer is used to boost the low bass sound and is connected to the port on the sound card.

A Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) projector uses its own light source to project what is displayed on the computer on a wall or projection screen. A digital light processing (DLP) projector uses tiny mirrors to reflect light which can be seen clearly in a well-lit room. 2.2.6 Storage

WHAT IS COMPUTER STORAGE ? Information and documents are stored in computer storage so that it can be retrieved whenever they are needed later on.

Computer storage is the holding of data in an electromagnetic form for access by a computer processor.

FUNCTIONS OF COMPUTER STORAGE. Computer storage is important to help users store programs and data to be used at a later time. TYPES OF COMPUTER STORAGE

1. Primary storage

2. Secondary storage

PRIMARY STORAGE

Primary storage is installed internally. Two main types of primary storage are RAM (Random-Access Memory) and ROM (Read-Only Memory). Data from RAM can be read or retrieved and written or stored during processing whereas data from ROM can just be read only. RAM is volatile, which means the program and data will be lost when the computer is turned off. ROM is non-volatile which means it holds the programs and data even when the computer is turned off. volatile : The content is lost when a computers power is turned off.

SECONDARY STORAGE

Secondary storage is an alternative storage. Example; 1. Hard disk 2. Diskette 3. CD-ROM 4. ZIP Disk 5. Thumb Drive 6. Memory Card

It is very useful to store programs and data for future use. Secondary storage is required for two reasons. 1. The working memory of the CPU is limited in size and cannot always hold the amount of data required. 2. Data and programs in secondary storage do not disappear when the power is turned off. 3. 2.2.7 Data measurement 4. 5. DATA REPRESENTATION 6. 7. 8. BINARY DIGIT 9. Computers recognize only two discrete states: on and off. These states can be represented by two digits, 0 and 1. Each 0 or 1 is called a bit in the binary system. 10. Bit is the smallest unit of data a computer can process. Bit is a short for binary digit. The binary system has a base of 2 with the two digits (0 and 1). Combinations of 0s and 1s represent larger numbers. 11.

12. 13. 14. BIT A bit is the smallest unit of data that the computer can process. Bit is a short for binary digit. A bit is represented by the numbers 1 and 0. These numbers represent the binary system. They correspond to the states of on and off, true and false, or yes and no. 15. All digital data use the binary system to process the information. This information include letters, digits or special character. 16. 17. BYTE Byte is a unit of information built from bits. One byte is equals to 8 bits. Eight bits that are grouped together as a unit. A byte provides enough different combinations of 0s and 1s to represent 256 individual characters. 18. One byte represents a single character such as the number 3, letter b or a $ symbol. Bits and bytes are the basis for representing all meaningful information and programs on computers. 19. 20. CHARACTER 21. 8 bits = 1 byte 22. One byte represents one character such as A, 7, 9 and +.Eight bits that are grouped together as a unit. A byte provides enough different combinations of 0s and 1s to represent 256 individual characters. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. For example, the capital letter F is represented by the binary code 01000110 that can be understood by the computer system. Eight bits grouped together as a unit are called

a byte. A byte represents a single character in the computer. 30. 31. DATA MEASUREMENT 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. KILOBYTE (KB) In mathematics, 1 KB = 1000 bytes. In computer, 1 KB = 1024 bytes or can be said as: 45. 1 KB = 210 bytes 46. This is how we get the calculation for 1024 bytes. 47. 48. MEGABYTE (MB) 1 MB = 1 048 576 bytes or it can be said as: 49. 1 MB = 220 bytes 50. GIGABYTE (GB) 1 GB = 1 073 741 824 bytes or it can be said as:

51. 1 GB = 230 bytes 52. TERABYTE (TB) 1 TB = 1 099 511 627 776 bytes or it can be said as: 53. 1 TB = 240 bytes 2.3 Basic Maintenance

1. Name of Module : Basic Maintenance Handling Input and Output Devices 2. Learning Outcomes: The students should be able to:

set up the input and output devices correctly state the steps to connect the peripherals to system unit powering the system Knowledge and Skills

3.

Set up the input and output devices correctly. Connect the peripherals. Power the system.

4. Module Summary: At the end of this module, students should be able to connect peripherals and power the system such as monitor, keyboard, mouse and speaker to the system unit. This module contains 5 activities: Activity 1: Name the peripheral port on the system unit Activity 2: Connect the Monitor to system unit Activity 3: Connect the Keyboard and mouse to system unit Activity 4: Connect the Speaker to system unit Activity 5: Powering the System

Activity 1: Name the Connecting Peripherals

Label the ports

No: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9,10,11 Power port PS2 port (Mouse) PS2 port (keyboard) USB port Serial port (Modem) Parallel port (printer port) VGA port (Monitor display) Game port (Joystick) Audio ports (speaker, headphone and microphone) ( 9-Line Out, 10? Line In, 11-Mic)

Figure 1: Back view of the System Unit (ports)

Activity 2: Connecting Monitor to system unit 1. Plug the VGA cable of the monitor to the display device port as shown in figure 2. The VGA cable (blue colour) must be connected to the display port of the same colour. 2. Connect the tiny pin on the VGA cable carefully.

Figure 2: Connecting VGA cable to monitor port

Activity 3: Connecting the Keyboard and mouse to the System Unit 1. Plug the PS/2 cable of the keyboard (purple colour nozzle) and mouse ( green colour nozzle) to the device port as shown in figure 3.1. 2. Attach the keyboard and mouse to their respective PS/2 port carefully.

Figure 3.1 : Connecting PS/2 keyboard and mouse to the respective ports For keyboard and mouse that have USB toggle use figure 3.2

Figure 3.2 : Connecting USB toggle keyboard and mouse to the respective ports

Activity 3: Connecting Audio and Microphone device to system unit 1. Plug the (green nozzle) speaker cable and the (blue nozzle) microphone cable to the device port as figure 4.

Figure 4 : Connecting the Audio and Microphone nozzle to the respective ports

Activity 5: Powering the System 1. Plug in the power cord as shown in Figure 5.1.

1. Then, switch the power supply to On position. If the power supply switch is at the back of the computer system, press On as shown in Figure 5.2 . If not, proceed to Step 3.

Figure 5.2 Power Supply On / Off Switch 1. Press the power button as shown in Figure 5.3.

Press the On button

Figure 5.3 Power button

If everything is connected correctly, all system fans should start spinning. There should be a single beep. After 2-5 seconds, the computer will start to boot.

2.3 Basic Maintenance 2.3.2 Computer settings 1. 2.

Name of Module : Basic Maintenance - Computer Settings Learning Outcomes: The students should be able to: customize settings for display customize settings for mouse customize settings for sound customize settings for date and time regional and language options Knowledge and Skills

3.

Customize setting for display, mouse and sound. Customize setting for date and time, language and regional option.

4. Module Summary: At the end of the module, students should be able to set the computer by customizing the setting for use. This module contains 5 activities:

Activity 1: Customizing settings for display. Activity 2: Customizing settings for mouse. Activity 3: Customizing settings for sound. Activity 4: Customizing settings for date and time. Activity 5: Customizing settings for regional and language options.

Activity 1: Customizing settings for display 1. Click Start button, then click Control Panel

2. Control Panel window will appear as shown below. Then click Appearance and Setting.

Appearance and Setting

4. Display Properties window will appear as shown below. In the Themes option, you can change the themes of your computer by choosing from the drop down menu. Choose Window XP and click OK as shown below.

5. Click at Desktop tab. You can change your desktop background. Choose Bliss in the background menu and click OK.

6. Click at Screen Saver tab. Choose from the drop down menu. Choose 3D Flying Objects and click OK.

7. Click Appearance. You can change the appearance of windows buttons, colour schemes and font size by choosing from drop down menu. In Windows and buttons, choose Window XP style. In colour scheme, choose Default (blue). In Font size, choose Normal. Then, click OK.

Activity 2: Customizing settings for mouse 1. In the Control Panel, click Appearance and Themes. Then click at Mouse Pointers.

2. The Mouse Properties window will appear as shown below. Choose Pointers tab option. You can customize the mouse pointer by choosing from the customize drop down menu. Choose Normal Select and click OK.

Pointers Customize Drop down Menu

3. Click Pointer Option tab. You can select the pointer speed by moving the motion slide indicator. Click OK.

Pointer Option Motion Slide Indicator

Activity 3: Customizing settings for sound 1. In the Control Panel, click Sounds, Speech and Audio Devices. Then, click Adjust the system volume.

Sounds, Speech and Audio Devices 2. Choose the volume level by moving the volume slide indicator. For further volume control setting, you have to click Advanced. Then, choose and set the volume as you wish.

3. Adjust the volume level by moving the volume slide indicator.

Activity 4 : Customizing settings for Date and Time 1. In the Control Panel, click Date, Time, Language, and Regional Options. Then click, date and time.

2. Click at Date and Time tab. Choose day, month and year from the Date options, to change date, change the time in the time option. After you choose the suitable date and time, click OK.

3. Click Time Zone. Choose the time

zone according to the country you stay by choosing from the drop down menu. Choose (GMT+08:00) Kuala Lumpur, Singapore and click OK.

Activity 5: Customizing settings for Regional and Language Options. 1. In the Control Panel, click Date, Time, Language and Regional Options. Then, click Regional and Language Options.

2. Click Regional Options tab. Regional option will effect how programmes format numbers, currencies, dates and time. Then, click the drop down menu. English (United States) is commonly use. Choose English (United States) and click OK.

3. Control Panel window will appear as below. Close the Control Panel Window. Close

4. The interface will be shown as below.