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5. 1
Class Outline
Geometric optics versus physical optics Diffraction (Physical Optics) Single slit calculation Double slit calculation Snells law (Geometric optics)
5. 2
Geometric Optics
Light is treated as traveling as rays What are consequences of this? Shadows are 1:1 mapping of the obstruction Beams of light can propagate without diverging When is this a valid assumption?
5. 3
Physical Optics
Field at any point is considered the sum of the contributions from elds at all other points in space (i.e. light does not travel as rays) What are the consequences of this? Diffraction Shadows do not have sharp edges Beams of light diverge When must we consider this formalism?
5. 4
? L
5. 5
Huygens Principle
Diffraction as considered by Huygens principle
Source: wikipedia
5. 6
A x
E (x) =
d/2
E (x ) L2 + (x x )2
d/2 d/2
K (x , x)dx
eikxx /L dx
K (x , x) = e
kxd 2L
is called a Kernel and is a common mathematical tool for expressing how a quantity at one point in space and time affect other points
L2 + (x x )2 L 1 +
d 2 I (x) = I0 sinc L
(x x )2 2L L+ x2 xx + 2L L
kxd 2L
sin u sinc(u) u
(pronounced sink)
Since L>>x we can approximate this function by the rst order expansion
This is such a common function in optics it has been given its own name!
5. 7
? L
5. 8
A
5. 9
A
L
d d
D
L
EA ik L 2 +x 2 e E (x ) = L2+x2
E (x) =
D/2+d/2 D/2d/2
E (x ) L2 + (x + D/2)2
ik
L2 +(x+D/2)2
dx +
D/2+d/2 D/2d/2
E (x ) L2 + (x D/2)2
ik
L2 +(xD/2)2
dx
Later well learn some tricks that will allow us to evaluate E(x), For now consider the slits to be innitely narrow
5.10
A
L
E (x) =
d d
D
L
L2 + (x + D/2)2
E (D/2)
ik
L2 +(x+D/2)2
E (D/2) L2 + (x D/2)2
ik
L2 +(xD/2)2
kxD 2L
5. 11
A
L
d d
D
L
kxD 2L
I0 2 cos I (x) L2 + x2
kxD 2L
5. 12
Snells law
Why does the spoon appear bent in this image? Determine a relationship between the angle of the spoon and its apparent angle in a glass of water
5.13
y = d tan i = d tan t
d y d
t nair=1 i
x
nwater=1.33
= tan a
5.14
Corner Cubes
Using the law of reection, determine the angle for a ray of light exiting a corner cube reector as a function of the incident angle
5.15
Corner Cubes
Using the law of reection, determine the angle for a ray of light exiting a corner cube reector as a function of the incident angle
5. 16
Summary
Some phenomena can only be understood by considering physical optics diffraction Many phenomena are well modeled by considering geometric optics refraction
5.17