COMPUTER MODELLING

2. Governing Physics

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Governing Physics
Materials Processing

Fluid Flow + Free surface Chemical Reactions Electromagnetic Fields Heat Transfer Solidification Stress
Many processes governed by interactions of the above

Casting

Multiphysics
Multiscale

0.1 - 1m Soldering

Refining

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Partial Differential Equations Enabling Technology for Modelling

PDEs are used extensively to represent real world phenomena and processes.

Heat transfer in nuclear reactors. Airflow around an aircraft. Structural dynamics of a bridge. Movement of money in financial markets. Etc.
Modelling and simulation of such processes requires solution of these PDEs.

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Reynolds transport theorem Let F be a quantity of our interest, and V is any region, which may be fixed or moving. We are interested in d F dV =? dt V (t) The case in 1D (Leibnizs theorem):

d dt

b(t )

F (x, t) dx =
x=a(t)

b a

F db da dx + F (b, t) F (a, t) t dt dt
F dV + t

In general,

d dt

where A is the boundary of V, and uA is the velocity of the boundary, and n the unit outward normal to A
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F dV =
V (t )

V (t )

A( t )

F uA n dA

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Reynolds transport theorem: special cases 1. When V is fixed in space:

d dt

F dV =
V

F dV t

2. When V moves with the particles of the continuum, then

d dt

F dV =
V

F dV + t

F u n dA

where u is the velocity of the continuum

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Mass balance (continuity equation) For a fixed volume V, the change of total mass within it is equal to the influx of mass; hence,
V

dV = t

u n dA

Using Gauss divergence theorem,

u n dA =

as a result,

V But V is arbitrary, as a result,

(u) dV

+ (u) dV = 0 t
+ ( u ) = 0 t
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Momentum balance

Momentum balance (fluids & solids):

dv =+b dt
where

dv v = + v v dt t
: stress tensor

b: body force per unit volume

Governing Equations - Elasticity Computer Modelling

Momentum balance in Linear isotropic solid:

dv =+b dt

Constitutive law and geometrical equations:

: strain
,: Lam parameters

Substituting, we solve the momentum balance eqn in displacements:

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Stress Equations

Equilibrium equations, quasistatic :

Thermal and Creep/plastic strains:

Thermal strains (linear):

Plasticity (nonlinear behaviour)

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Governing Equations - Fluid Flow

Momentum balance in Newtonian fluids : dv = + b

dt

Constitutive law (linear relation between stress-strain rate)

d: strain rate

Substituting constitutive law in momentum balance:

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Heat Transfer + Solidification Thermal Energy Conservation

Terms:
-- latent heat, f -- Liquid fraction" SOLID MUSHY ZONE LIQUID

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Transient and steady heat conduction 1. Transient heat conduction, with only the solid phase. In this case, f=0, v0

If and c are constant, k is isotropic (diagonal, in this case) and constant, then we can non-dimensionalize the above equation as

2. If we have a heat source term s, we then have

3. In the stead state, /t = 0, and we have Poissons equation:

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Electromagnetics <---- X-Rays ------- Visible ------- Microwaves --> Low frequency --- high frequency waves. Interaction of Magnetic and Electric Fields. Phenomena governed by Maxwells equations
E : Electric field (volt/meter) B : Magnetic induction or magnetic flux density (tesla) D : Electric displacement or electric flux density (coulomb/meter2) H : Magnetic field or magnetic flux vector (ampere/meter) J : Current density (ampere/meter2) : Charge density (coulomb/meter3)

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Electromagnetics

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Electromagnetics

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Governing Equations generic form

The governing equations can be expressed in a standard form:

Or as we see from MATLABs PDE Toolbox:

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Governing Equations generic form Given a point P -Domain of dependence: region from which solution at point P depends. -Range of influence: part of the domain in which the solution depends on the solution at point P.

Figures from: Numerical methods for engineers and Scientists J.D. Hoffman. Mc Graw-Hill. 1993.
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Summary
Elliptic eqs. Physical problem Characteristics Domain of dependence Range of influence Numerical problem Boundary conditions Initial conditions No Equilibrium (Laplace eq.) 2 complex Entire domain Entire domain Efficiency Parabolic eqs. Evolution (diffusion) 2 real (repeated) Present and past Present and future Stability Hyperbolic eqs. Evolution (waves, convection) 2 real (different) Past between characteristics Future between characteristics Stability

Dirichlet, Neumann, Mixed Yes Yes

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boundary conditions Example of types of boundary conditions:
k u / n (heat flux) prescribed (Neumann)

k u / n prescribed

k u / n prescribed

u (temperature) prescribed (Dirichlet)

note:

Some people like to write

Robin:
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