Specteral Gamma Rav tools:

Some specialized gamma radiation logging distingushes the three component decay
chains (potssium, uranium and thorium) by wave lengths oftheir characterstics of their
gamma emissions.

The charectersticgamma ray line that is associated with each component:

1. Pottasium: Gamma ray energy 1.46 MeV 2. Thorium series: Gmmay Ray energy 2.62
MeV 3. Uranium - Radium series: Gamma Ray energy 1.76 MeV

Spectral gamma ray tools provide insight into the mineral composition of formations. The
total gamma ray spectra measured is resolved into three most common components of
naturaly occuring radiation in sand and shales - potassium, thorium and uranium. These
data . T are used to distingush important features of the clay or sand around well bore.
The day can be determined, sand can be identified as radioactive. The diposition of radio
active salts behind the casing by the movement of water can also be identified.

~
Hostile natural Ciamma ray tool (HNGRl.;,

The HNGL tool is used to record naturally occui"ing gamma radiation. Gamma ray
measurments are used for geological co-relation, depth control and computing shale and
day volume. Shale volume data can then be applied to correct the apprent porasites
indicated by the acoustic, neutron, density log. When well bore conditions are not
favourable for a definitive SP response, a gamma ray curve is recorded in its place.

Compensated spectral natural Gamma ray (CSNG)..;.

CSNG service helps you thoroughly charaterised reservoirs and confidently estimate net
pay.
The service can detect producible zones by the distinguishing clean reservoir rock or
radioactive pay zones from shales. By measuring U, K and Th concentrations, CSNG can
reveal fractured or highly permeable reservoirs.

When CSNG is coupled with tracerScan, it can locate radioactive tracerS with a single
pass of the CSNG tool - improving the evaluation of hydraulic fracturing, gravel packing,
and frac packing operations. CSNG tool measures the entire gamma ray specturm from
zero to 3000 KeV and uses special bore hole compensation techniques to create accurate
logs of K,U and Th concentrations.

12 I P age
95..0"
(24<4.::m)

13lpage

TELEMETRY

DETECTOR

REFERENCE POINT

ZERO POINT
CALLIPER LOGGING:

A calliper loggrng is a set of measurements of the size and shape of a borehole commonly
m;rde when drilling oil and gas wells.This can be an important indicator of cave ins or
shale sweiling in the borehole.

The calliper tool measures the variation in the borehole diameter as it is withdrawn from
the bottom of the hole.lt is constructed with two or more articulated arms that push
against the borehole wall to take measurements. The arms show variable momentsof the
cursor by measuring electrical resistance,creating electrical variations,The variation in
output is translated into changes of diameter after a sample calibration.The calliper log is
printed as a continuous serie'S of values of hole diameter with depth,

Known challenges with calliper logging include borehole spiralling.The position of the
drill bit may precess as it drills, leading to spiralling shapes in the well bore wall,as if the
hole had been drilled by a screw. If the arms of the calliper log follow the grooves of the
spiral,it will report too high an average diameter. Moving n and out of the grooves,the
calliper will give erratic or
..
periodically varing readings.

SONIC lOGGING:

The sonic log shows a formation's interval transit time,designated Dt It is a measure of a

formation's capacity to transmit sound waves. Geologically, this capacity varies with
lithology and rock textures,notibly porosity,

Quantitatively, the sonic log is used to evaluate porosity in fluid filled holes, The sonic
tool is only capable of measuring travel time. Many relationships between travel time and
porosity have been proposed, the most commonly accepted is the Wyllie time average
equation. The equation basically holds the total travel time recorded on the log is the sum
of the time the sonic waves spends travelling the hardest part of the rock, called the rock
matrix and the time spend travelling through the fluids in the pores.

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ACOUSTIC MEASUREMENT~

Conventional acoustic logging is stiH based almost entirely upon the detection ofthe first
compressional wave arrival and the production of "Delta- T" logs,Sonic logging tools
were used primarily to determine the formation compressional velocity (Vp) and its
inverse (l/Vp), This value is referred to as slowness OR delta-t (Dtp); the "interval transit
time" or simply "transit time,"The basic sonic tool has a ,Transmitter to send high
frequency sound waves to formation,Waves reflected by the formation are received by
two receivers placed at different distancescRecording the travel times of both receivers
allows to calculate the transit time of the formation.Significant achievements have been
made in understanding the effect of formation properties on seismic wave propagation.As
a result, acoustic velocity and attenuation can be related more quantitatively to formation
porosity, permeability, fluid saturation, and lithology,

tt
------ .--------

---- .,

Threshold

Receiver #1

Receiver #2

Threshold

15 I P age
load cell:

A load cell is an electronic device(transducer) that is Llsed to convert a force into an

electrical signal. This conversion is indirect and happens in two stages.Through a
mechanical arrangement, the force being sensed deforms a strain gauge. The strain gauge
converts the deformation into electrical signals.a load cell usually consist of 4 strain
gauges in a wheatstone bridge configuration. Load cells of one or two strain gauges are
also available. The electrical output is typically of the order of a few millivoits and
requires amplification by an
,
instrumention amplifier before it can be used. The output of the transducer is plugged into
an algorithm to calculate the force applied to the transducer.

Although strain gauge load cells are the most common, there are other types of load cells
as well. In industrial application, hydraulic is probably the second most common j and
these are utilised to eliminate some problems with strain gauge load cell devices. As an
example, hydraulic load cell is immuned to transient voltages (lightning) so might be
more effective
. #'

device in oudoot'environments.

Every load cell is subjected to "ringing" when subjected to abrupt load changes. This
stems from spring-like behaviorof load cells. In order to measure the loads,they have to
deform. As such, a load cell of finite stiffness must have spring-like behavior, exibiting
vibrations at its natural frequency. An oscillating data pattern can be the result of ringing.
Ringing can be
.

suppressed in a limited fashion by passive means. Alternately, a control system can be an

actuator to actively damped out the ringing of a load cell. This method offers better
performance at a cost of significant increase in complexity.

Applications:

1. Closed loop technology with load cells 2. Electronic crane scales 3. Fi.nding the center
of gravity of an object by weight 4. Force measurement 5. Hopper, tank and vessel
weighing 6. Onboard weighing 7. Railcar weighing 8. Structural health monitoimg 9.
Tension measurement 10. Truck weighing

16 I P age
SIDE WALL CORING:

s Purpose of coring is to take samples of a prospective formation traversed by the

borehole. Hollow core barrels propelled by explosives are used to lower to a pre~
determined depth and fired electrically. Barrel with care is retrieved by means of a cable
attached to the main body (the gun).SWC allows positive verification offormatron type
indicated by other open hole 10gs.Though other method of coring are available, SWC is
less costly, accurately depth-controlled and easy to handle.

Q Core recovered are used for

Porosity, permeability, fluid saturation estimation

Grain size & matrix determination

- API oil gravity determination

Gas & oil presence

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17IPage
CASED HOLE LOGGING:

· Cased hole logging are carried out in a cased hole Le. in a wellbore where casing has
been run and cemented.

e Cased Hole logging operations include:

Cement Bond evaluation logging

- Cased hole depth correlation logging (GR, casing collars etc)

Completion operations (perforation, plugs, packers etc.)

#Production Logging operations.

CEMENT BOND EVALUATION:

The Cement Bond Log is run in cased wells to determine cement to pipe and cement to
formation bond which then aids in determination of effective zone isolation.A bond log
records compressional wave travel time and the magnitude (the amplitude) of the acoustic
energy at the tool's receivers. The first arrival peak (called El) is assumed to be from the
wave traveling through the bonded casing, because it has the shortest travel path and steel
has a high sound velocity compared to cement and formation rocks.Three separate
measurements are simultaneously recorded on the log: travel time, casing signal
amplitude, and the total acoustic waveform or Variable Density Log (VDL). The gamma
ray(Universal Gamma ray tool UGR,Shooting Gamma ray tool SGR), neutron and
Casing Collar Locator(CCL)are used for correlation purposes.The casing amplitude curve
is derived from the first arrival at the receiver and is maximum in pipe not in contact with
the ce'ment sheath or formation (free pipe) allowing the pipe to vibrate freely, while
minimum amplitude occurs in pipe completely surrounded by the cement sheath and
unable to vibrate.Travel Time (TT) is the amount of time required for the acoustic signal
to travel from the transmitter to the receiver.The first ~rrival amplitude curve with travel
time gives the casing to cement bonding, The VDL gives cement to formation bonding.

18 I P age
9o

Collar· Locator Gamma 1'13)" (GAPI)

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19 I P age
.' j" Speed trt/ri.O Amplified Amplitude (mV') 200!" . .. :0'- -- --Arnplft-..;de\mv}- - - - - -
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9o

CoUsr Locator' Gamma Bay (GAP!)

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19 I P age

50
COMPLETION OPERATIONS:

PERFORATION

· Perforation means shooting holes in steel casing and cement to establish communication
with oil and gas zones to the borehole

" Perforation creates conductive tunneis that link oil and gas reservoirs to steel-cased
wellbores which finally lead to surface

" Different perforating systems (called perforating Guns) alongwith high-power

perforating explosives are used to carry out perforation

~ Over-balance perforations are carried out thru' casing and commonly known as casing
gun perforation

Perforations may be carried out:

~

Over-balance condition: mud column pressure is more than the expected reservoir
pressure. Involves the risk of formation damage

Under-balance condition: mud column pressure is less than the expected for~tion
pressure. Requires surface production set-up ready. Can be produced immediately.

Under-balance perforations are carried out thru' production tubing} and are commonly
called Through Tubing Perforation (TTP).Casing Collar Log (CCL) or Gamma Ray (GR)
log is recorded during perforation for depth correlation.

20 I P age
o BRIDGE PLUG SETTING JOB

- To completely seal a unwanted zone

For abandonment of a well

- Special settingtuols are used to place plug in the well with accu!"ate depth control

- Plugs are also drillable

$ RETAINER PACKER SETTING JOB

- For zone isolation and production from a single zone

-, Can be used for well diagnosis

e CEMENT DUMP BAilER JOBS

- Placid above a newly set plug in case ~eservoir pressure is very high

- To seal a leaky bridge plug

PRODUCTION lOGGING:

- A set of log recorded to analyze well flow parameter for the purpose of production,
injection or production testing

- Generally carried out in a well under flowing condition

Very important for reservoir monitoring & well problem diagnosis

21 I P age