Chng 1

NI LC TRONG BI TON THANH

Chng 1. Ni lc trong bi ton thanh
NI DUNG
1.1. Cc thnh phn noi lc trn mt ct ngang
1.2. Biu ni lc PP mt ct bin thin
1.3. Lin h vi phn gia m men un, lc ct v
ti trng phn b
1.4. Phng php v biu ni lc theo im
c bit
1.5. Biu ni lc ca dm tnh nh nhiu nhp
1.6. Biu ni lc ca khung phng
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1.1. Cc thnh phn noi lc trn mt
ct ngang (1)
Trong trng hp tng qut trn mt
ct ngang ca thanh chu tc dng ca
ngoi lc c 6 thnh phn noi lc:
y
z
x
M
x
M
y
M
z
Q
x
N
Z
Q
y
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1.1. Cc thnh phn noi lc trn mt
ct ngang (2)
Bi ton phng: Ngoi lc nm trong mt
phng i qua trc z (yOz) => Ch tn ti
cc thnh phn ng lc trong mt phng
ny: N
z
, M
x
, Q
y
N
z
- lc dc; Q
y
- lc ct; M
x
m men un
y
z
x
M
x
N
Z
Q
y
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1.1. Cc thnh phn noi lc trn mt
ct ngang (3)
Qui c du cc thnh phn ng lc
Lc dc: N>0 khi c chiu i ra khi mt ct
Lc ct: Q>0 khi c chiu i vng quanh phn
thanh ang xt theo chiu kim ng h
M men un: M>0 khi lm cng cc th di
N
N
xc nh cc thnh phn ni lc: PHNG PHP MT CT
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1.1. Cc thnh phn noi lc trn mt
ct ngang (4)
N
Q
Q
M
M
1
1
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1.1. Cc thnh phn noi lc trn mt
ct ngang (5)
Cch xc nh cc thnh phn noi lc
Gi thit chiu cc thnh phn M, N, Q theo chiu
dng qui c
Thit lp phng trnh hnh chiu ln cc trc z, y
v phng trnh cn bng m men vi trng tm
O ca mt ct ngang
0 => N= ... Z =

0 => Q= ... Y =

0 => M= ...
O
M =

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1.2. Biu ni lc (1)
Khi tnh ton => cn tm v tr mt ct
ngang c tr s noi lc ln nht =>
biu
Biu ni lc - l th biu din s
bin thin ca cc thnh phn noi lc
theo to mt ct ngang
Cc bc v biu ni lc Phng
php mt ct bin thin
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1.2. Biu ni lc (2)
a. Xc nh phn lc ti cc lin kt
b. Phn on sao cho tren moi oan khong
col c tap trung & momen tap trung

c. Vit biu thc xc nh cc thnh phn ng
lc N, Q, M theo to mt ct ngang
bng phng php mt ct
d. V biu cho tng on cn c vo
phng trnh nhn c t bc (c)
e. Kim tra biu nh vo cc nhn xt
mang tnh trc quan, tnh kinh nghim.

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1.2. Biu ni lc (3)
Biu lc dc, lc ct v theo qui c
v mang du
Biu m men lun v v pha th
cng
N, Q
z
M
z
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V d 1.1 (1)
V biu noi lc trn cc mt
ct ngang ca thanh chu ti
trng nh hnh v

GII:
1. Xc nh phn lc
V
A
V
B
F
a b
C
( )
0
A B
M V a b Fa = + =

( )
0
B A
M V a b Fb = + =

( )
B
Fa
V
a b
=
+
( )
A
Fb
V
a b
=
+
Th li:
0 Y =

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V d 1.1 (2)
F
a b
V
A V
B
C
1
1
Mt ct 1 1:
V
A
z
1
Q
M
N
0 N =
1
0 z a s s
( )
0
A A
Fb
Y Q V Q V
a b
= = = =
+

Mt ct 2 2:
( )
1
0 1 1
0
A A
Fbz
M M V z M V z
a b
= = = =
+

0 N =
2
0 z b s s
( )
0
B B
Fa
Y Q V Q V
a b
= + = = =
+

( )
2
0 2 2
0
B B
Faz
M M V z M V z
a b
= = = =
+

2
2
V
B
z
2
Q
M
N
on AC
on BC
A B
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V d 1.1 (3)
Nhn xt 1
Ti mt ct c lc tp
trung => biu lc
ct c bc nhy,
ln bc nhy bng
gi tr lc tp trung, xt
t tri qua phi, chiu
bc nhy cng chiu
lc tp trung
F
a b
V
A V
B
Fb
a+b
a+b
Fa
+
N
M
Q
M
Fab
a+b
F
C
( )
:
Fb
AC Q
a b
=
+
( )
:
Fa
BC Q
a b
=
+
( )
1
:
Fbz
AC M
a b
=
+
( )
2
:
Faz
BC M
a b
=
+
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V d 1.2 (1)
L
q
V
A V
B
V biu cc thnh phn noi lc
trn cc mt ct ngang ca thanh
chu ti trng nh hnh v
GII
1. Xc nh cc phn lc lin kt
2
. 0
2
A B
ql
M V l = =

.
2
A
q l
V =
2
. 0
2
B A
ql
M V l = =

.
2
B
q l
V =
Bi ton i xng:
.
2
A B
q l
V V = =
Hoc:
2. Biu thc ni lc
Xt mt ct 1-1
(0 z s L)
.
2
ql
Q q z =
2
. .
2 2
ql q
M z z =
1
1
Q
z
VA
M
N
q
0
A
Y Q qz V = + =

2
0
0
2
A
qz
M M V z = + =

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V d 1.2 (2)
Nhn xt 2
Ti mt ct c lc ct
bng 0, biu m
men t cc tr
L
q
V
A V
B
qL/2
qL/2
+
Q
L/2
qL
2
/8
M
.
2
ql
Q q z =
2
. .
2 2
ql q
M z z =
0
2
A
qL
z Q = => =
2
B
qL
z L Q = => =
0 0
A
z M = => =
0
B
z L M = => =
2
qL
M' qz = 0
2
L
M' z = => =
0 M'' q = <
( )
2
2
8
max z L/
qL
M M
=
= =
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V d 1.3 (1)
1. Xc nh phn lc:
.( ) 0
A B
M V a b M = + =

.( ) 0
B A
M V a b M = + =

B
M
V
a b
=
+
A
M
V
a b
=
+
2. Lp cc biu thc noi lc:
AC: Xt mt ct 1-1 ( 0 z
1
s a)
y A
M
Q V
a b
= =
+
V
A
V
B
a b
C
M
.
x A
M V z =
Q
VA
M
z
1
V
B
M
Q
z
2
1
1
2
2
BC: Xt mt ct 2-2 ( 0 z
2
s b)
y A
M
Q V
a b
= =
+
2
.
x B
M V z =
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V d 1.3 (2)
a b
V
A V
B
M
(a+b)
M
(a+b)
Ma
(a+b)
Mb
(a+b)
M
Q
M
C
M
y A
M
Q V
a b
= =
+
1
.
x A
M V z =
AC: ( 0 z
1
s a)
y A
M
Q V
a b
= =
+
BC: ( 0 z
2
s b)
2
.
x B
M V z =
Nhn xt 3
Ti mt ct c m men tp
trung, biu m men c bc
nhy, ln bc nhy bng
gi tr m men tp trung, xt t
tri qua phi, mmen tp trung
quay thun chiu kim ng h
th bc nhy i xung
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1.3. Lin h vi phn gia m men un,
lc ct v ti ngang phn b (1)
Xt dm chu ti phn b
q(z)>0: hng ln
Tch on thanh c chiu
di dz gii hn bi 2 mt
ct ngang 1-1 v 2-2
q(z)
1
1
2
2
dz
Q
Q+dQ
M
M+dM
dz
o hm bc hai ca m men un bng o hm bc nht ca
lc ct v bng cng ti trng ngang phn b
( ) 0 Y Q dQ Q q z dz = + =

( )
dQ
q z
dz
=
( ) 0
2 2
dz dz
M M dM M Q dQ Q = + + =

dM
Q
dz
=
2
2
( )
d M dQ
q z
dz dz
= =
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1.3. Lin h vi phn gia m men un,
lc ct v ti ngang phn b (2)
ng dng
Nhn dng cc biu Q, M khi bit qui lut
phn b ca ti trng q(z). Nu trn mt on
thanh biu thc ca q(z) bc n th biu thc
lc ct Q bc (n+1), biu thc m men M bc
(n+2)
Ti mt ct c Q=0 => M cc tr
Tnh cc thnh phn Q, M ti mt ct bt k
khi bit gi tr ca chng ti mt ct xc nh
Q
phi
= Q
tri
+ S
q
( S
q
Dtch biu q)
M
phi
= M
tri
+ S
Q
( S
Q
Dtch biu Q)
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q
z
q(z)
A B
( )
B B
A A
dQ q z dz =
} }
B A q
Q Q S = +
S
q
Q
z
Q(z)
A B
S
Q
( )
B B
A A
dM Q z dz =
} }
B A Q
M M S = +
1.3. Lin h vi phn gia m men un,
lc ct v ti ngang phn b (3)
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1.3. Lin h vi phn gia m men un,
lc ct v ti ngang phn b (4)
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1.4. V biu ni lc theo im c bit (1)
C s: Da vo mi lin h vi phn
gia Q, M v q(z)
Bit ti trng phn b =>nhn xt dng
biu Q, M => xc nh s im cn
thit v c biu
q=0 => Q=const => Q
A
=? (hoc Q
B
)
M bc 1 => M
A
=? v M
B
=?
q=const => Q bc 1 => Q
A
=? Q
B
=?
M bc 2 => M
A
=?; M
B
=?; cc tr?
tnh li, lm,..?
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1.4. V biu ni lc theo im c bit (2)
Cc gi tr Q
A
, Q
B
, M
A
, M
B
, cc tr - l gi tr
cc im c bit. c xc nh bi:
Quan h bc nhy ca biu
Phng php mt ct
Q
phi
= Q
tri
+ S
q
(S
q
- Dtch biu q)
M
phi
= M
tri
+ S
Q
(S
Q
- Dtch biu Q)
V d
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V d 1.4 (1)
Xc nh phn lc
q
F=qa
V
A V
B
.3 2 .2 . 0
B A
M V a qa a F a = =

5
3
A
V qa => =
.3 2 . .2 0
A B
M V a qa a F a = =

4
3
B
V qa => =
Xt on AC:
2a a
C
q=const Q bc 1
Q
A
=V
A
Q
C
=V
A
+S
q
=5qa/3-2qa=-qa/3
M bc 2: M
A
=0
M
C
=M
A
+S
Q
=4qa
2
/3; Mmax=25qa
2
/18
5
3
qa
1
3
qa
+
5a/3
M
max
=25qa
2
/18
4qa
2
/3
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V d 1.4 (2)
2a a
V
A V
B
C
5
3
qa
4
3
qa
1
3
qa
+
5a/3
M
max
=25qa
2
/18
4qa
2
/3
Xt on BC:
q
F=qa
q= 0
Q = const
Q
B
= - V
B
M bc 1:
M
B
=0
M
C
=M
B
-S
Q
=4qa
2
/3
Q
M
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4.5. Biu ni lc dm tnh nh nhiu nhp
nh ngha: L h tnh nh gm tp hp cc dm, ni vi nhau
bng cc lin kt khp
Cch v biu :
- Phn bit dm chnh v dm ph
- Dm chnh l dm khi ng c lp vn chu c ti trng
- Dm ph l dm khi ng c lp khng chu c ti
trng, phi ta ln dm chnh mi chu c ti trng
-Ti trng t ln dm chnh khng nh hng ti dm ph,
ti trng t trn dm ph s truyn ti dm chnh thng
qua phn lc lin kt
- V biu cho dm ph trc ri n dm chnh, sau
ghp li vi nhau
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V d 1.5 (1)
V d 1.5: V biu ni lc cho dm
ghp tnh nh sau:
Bi gii:
H dm ABCD l h dm ghp gm:
+ Dm ph BCD
+ Dm chnh AB
1) Dm ph BCD:
- Xc nh phn lc:
F
a a a
A B
C
D
2
D
F
V R = =
a a a
A R
B
B
C
D
V
D
F
R
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0 ( )
2 2
C B Q
F Fa
M M S a = + = + =
(Q)
2
F
2
F
(M)
2
Fa
0 ( )
2 2
C D Q
Fa Fa
M M S = = =
F
a a a
A B
C
D
B
C
D
V
D
F
R
a. on BC: q(z)=0
=> Q=const => Q
B
= R = F/2
=> M bc nht
0
B
M =
b. on CD: q(z)=0
=> Q=const => Q
D
= -V
D
= - F/2
=> M bc nht
0
D
M =
V d 1.5 (2)
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2.) Dm chnh AB:
2
F
(Q)
2
Fa
(M)
F
a a a
A B
C
D
A R
B
V d 1.5 (3)
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a a a
A B
C
D
2
Fa
2
Fa
2
F
2
F
2
F
(Q)
(M)
3.) Biu noi lc ton h dm ghp
V d 1.5 (4)
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4.6. Biu ni lc khung phng
Khung phng l h phng gm nhng thanh ni
nhau bng cc lin kt cng (l lin kt m gc
gia cc thanh ti im lin kt khng thay i
khi khung chu lc)
i vi cc on khung nm ngang, biu cc
thnh phn ng lc v nh qui c vi thanh
thng
i vi cc on khung thng ng, biu N,
Q v v pha ty v mang du. Biu m men
v v pha th cng
kim tra biu ta cn kim tra iu kin cn
bng cc mt khung: Ti mt khung, ni lc v
ngoi lc tho mn iu kin cn bng tnh hc.
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V d 1.6 (1)
K
a
a
a
a
M
F
q
A
D
B
C
V d 5: V biu khung phng sau:
Bit M=qa
2
, F=2qa
Bi gii:
1. Xc nh cc phn lc:
T iu kin cn bng ca khung ta c
0
A
M =

2
0
2 2 2
1
.2
2
1
.2 2 0
2
K
K
V a Fa M qa
V a qa qa qa
=
= =
VK
VA
HA
7
4
K
V qa =
0
A
X H qa = =

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V d 1.6 (2)
0
2 2 2 2
3
.2 .2 .
2
3
.2 2 2 0
2
A A
A
a
V a H a qa M Fa
V a qa qa qa qa
= + +
= + + =
0
K
M =

A
1
4
V qa =
2. Nhn xt dng biu cc thnh
phn ng lc trn tng on:
+ Biu lc dc:
Bng phng php mt ct d dng xc nh:
4
0
AB BC A
DK CD
qa
N N V
N N
= = =
= =
a
a
a
a
M
F
q
A
K
D
B
C
VK
VA
HA
1
4
qa
N
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V d 1.6 (3)
on AB: q=const
Biu Q bc nht
Cn xc nh: Q
A
= H
A
= qa
Q
B
= Q
A
+S
q
= qa+(-q).a = 0
Biu M bc hai
Cn xc nh: M
A
= 0
M
B
= M
A
+S
Q
= 0 + qa.a/2 = qa
2
/2;
ti B c Q = 0 => M
max
=qa
2
/2
a
a
a
a
M
F
q
A
K
D
B
C
VK
VA
HA
qa
Q(kN)
M(kNm)
2
2
qa
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V d 1.6 (4)
on BC: q=0
Biu Q=const
Cn xc nh Q
B
=0
( ) 2
/ 2;
AB
B B
M M qa = =
2 2
/ 2 0 / 2
C B Q
M M S qa qa = + = + =
Biu M bc nht
Cn xc nh
a
a
a
a
M
F
q
A
K
D
B
C
VK
VA
HA
qa
Q(kN)
M(kNm)
2
1
2
qa
2
2
qa
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V d 1.6 (5)
Trn on CD: q=0
Biu Q=const => Cn xc nh
7 1
2
4 4
D K
Q F V qa qa qa = = =
2
7
4
D K
M V a qa = =
2 2
7 1 3
4 4 2
C D Q
M M S qa qa a qa
| |
= = =
|
\ .
Biu M bc nht => Cn xc nh
a
a
a
a
M
F
q
A
K
D
B
C
VK
VA
HA
qa
Q(kN)
2
7
4
qa
2
3
2
qa
2
2
qa
M(kNm)
2
2
qa
1
4
qa
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V d 1.6 (6)
Trn on DK: q=0
Biu Q=const => Cn xc nh
7
4
K K
Q V qa = =
0
K
M =
( ) 2
7
4
CD
D D
M M qa = =
a
a
a
a
M
F
q
A
K
D
B
C
VK
VA
HA
Biu M bc nht => Cn xc nh
Q(kN)
2
7
4
qa
M(kNm)
2
3
2
qa
2
2
qa
2
2
qa
1
4
qa
qa
7
4
qa
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V d 1.6 (7)
4. Xt cn bng cc mt khung
Ti mt C, biu din cc ngoi lc, cc thnh phn ng lc trn hai mt
ct ngay st C thuc on BC v CD theo chiu thc (cn c vo cc biu
). Kim tra iu kin cn bng: Ti mt khung tng ni lc v ngoi lc
bng khng.
0; 0; 0
C
X Y M = = =
1
4
qa
2
3
2
qa
1
4
qa
2
2
qa
2
qa
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1
4
qa
2
3
2
qa
1
4
qa
2
2
qa
2
qa
Biu ni lc ca khung
1
4
qa
N
kN
1
4
qa
7
4
qa
qa
Q
kN
2
7
4
qa
2
3
2
qa
2
2
qa
2
2
qa
M
kNm
V d 1.6 (8)
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CC VN SINH VIN CN NM VNG

Qui c du cc gi tr ni lc khi xt mt ct

Thnh tho cc phng php v biu ni lc

Hc thuc lng v vn dng tt cc nhn xt
trong v biu
Hc thuc lng biu ni lc ca cc s
n gin sau y

E- mail: tolan.nguyen217
@yahoo.com.vn
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