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A radiographic technique often used in refineries, offshore platforms and various piping systems
Radiography uses the properties of electromagnetic radiation Radiography uses penetrating radiation that is directed towards the component to be inspected. The component stops some of the radiation. The amount that is stopped or absorbed is affected by material density and thickness differences. These differences in absorption can be recorded on film, or electronically.
Detector/film
Penetrated thickness
Measured thickness
Ir 192 < 75 mm
Co 60 < 175 mm
Above values are penetrated thickness in the pipe chord, insulation excluded
Film
Source
Film
Source
R = Reduction factor
True thickness
Depicted thickness
ROSI Advantages
Technique is not limited by material type or density. Can inspect assembled components in operation No surface preparation required. Sensitive to changes in thickness, corrosion, voids and material density changes. Detects both surface and subsurface defects. Provides a permanent record of the inspection. Parts with relatively high temperature can be inspected
ROSI Disadvantages
Radiation Safety
Danish authorities allow these maximum doserates: At barrier: 0.06 mSv/h At operator: 0.02 mSv/h At controlled area: 0.0075 mSv/h Radiation warning barrier
Radiation Safety
Film badge small piece of photographic film in holder worn by worker. When processed will indicate received dose by film density.
Pocket dosimeters - are used to provide the wearer with an immediate reading of his or her exposure to x-rays and gamma rays. As the name implies, they are commonly worn in the pocket. Geiger Counter - Indicates dose rate by measuring ionisation of gas in sealed tube. Typically used when making barrier.
Radiation Safety
Film Radiografi
CR Radiografi
Raw data
Processed data
Disadvantages
Expensive equipment Image plates sensitive to dust and scratches Storage and backup hardware Sensitive to scattered radiation filtering
less radiation/higher productivity High dynamic range Reusable/no film costs No need for darkrooms and chemicals/no special vehicles Possibility for image processing semi- or full automatic procedures/reproducibility and higher accuracy Easy storage, retrieval and distribution Easy sharing of information
4 Valve
6 months old pipe bend 6 with a nominal thickness of 10.9 mm Exposed with a 20 Ci Co60 Filled with grey water 200 degrees, no insulation Typical exposure time 2.5 min with CR and 17 min with Agfa D7 film
Questions