23/09/2013

Lec-12 Content

Heat Engines Refrigerators Heat Pumps

Heat Engine (Carnots engine)

Heat engines operate in a cycle, converting heat to work then returning to original state at end of cycle. Consider a machine placed between a high and low T reservoir. Heat is absorbed reversibly from TH and discharged to Tc by the machine. A machine is assumed a steady state device in this case. (U=0, S=0). As the machine works in reversible manner hence lw=0. For a closed system under steady state, first law can be written Q+ Wrev=0 QH+ QL + Wrev=0 Also as per 2nd law Q/T=0 QH/TH + QL/TL =0 QL= -QHTL/TH Or from 1 -Wrev= QH(TH-TL)/TH The efficiency of conversion of heat into work is HE= -Wrev/QH= (TH-TL)/TH (1)

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Kelvin Statement of the Second Law of thermodynamics

According to the first law of thermodynamics (energy conservation) you can (in principle) make a 100% efficient heat engine. BUT The second law of thermodynamics says you cant No process is possible whose SOLE RESULT is the complete conversion of heat into work The efficiency can never be 100% as TL can not be zero. Efficiency also depends on TH, higher the input temperature higher will be the conversion efficiency. The 2nd law does not impose limit on conversion of energy into work. E.g. potential energy conversion to work, electrical work to mechanical work, work into heat etc.

Clausius Statement of the Second Law of thermodynamics

No process is possible whose SOLE RESULT is the net transfer of heat from an object at temperature T1 to another object at temperature T2, if T2 > T1

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Temperature-Entropy cycle (Rankine Cycle)

As per first law of thermo, we can present effect of P and V on a fluid, which is compressed and expanded in a closed cycle on PV diagram. Similarly T and thermal energy or entropy S can be used to represent expansion and contraction of a gas in a closed loop. The gas circulates in the heat engine absorbing heat from high T reservoir, passes through a machine to convert some of this thermal energy into work and discharging some heat to the low temperature reservoir. T-S diagram can be used to present this process. If water is taken as fluid , which is boiled at TH (path1-2) in a steam TH boiler, which is then passed through an adiabatic and reversible expander 1 2 (turbine). The change in entropy or S is zero upon passing through turbine. Thus path 2-3 isentropic. Heat is then exchanged with condenser at TL in 3 TL 4 passing though 3-4. Here the steam is condensed into liquid water, which is S S2 1 then pumped isentropically back into the cycle through 4-1 path to the boiler. The pump is run by the part of the work output of the turbine. This is a basic Entropy Version of an ideal Rankine cycle. Here, the work done is also

Wrev= -QH(TH-TL)/TH
The Rankine cycle is the fundamental operating cycle of all power plants where an operating fluid is continuously evaporated and condensed.

Refrigerators Carnot Cycle in Reverse

machine designed to remove heat from low temperature region and pump it to a higher temperature by doing some work on it. To maintain the temperature to lower value than surrounding, a household fridge pumps the thermal energy as heat from low temperature source to high temperature sink and into the ambient. The Clausius statement of the Second Law of Thermodynamics asserts that it is impossible to construct a device that, operating in a cycle, has no effect other than the transfer of heat from a cooler to a hotter body. This means that energy will not flow from cold to hot regions without outside assistance. The refrigerator and heat pump both satisfy the Clausius requirement of external action through the application of mechanical power or equivalent natural transfers of heat. The refrigerator cycle is thus reverse of Carnots cycle. The performance of this cycle is determined by heat removed from low temperate source divided by the work required. (QL/Wrev). This is termed as figure of merit.

refrig= QL /Wrev= TL/(TH-TL)

Temp. T

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Heat Pumps

In case of a refrigerator, a low temperature reservoir is kept at a specified low temperature by removing heat that leaks in from surroundings. The same type of device could be used to supply heat to a room at temperature higher than the outdoor temperature. The main difference between a refrigerator and a heat pump is in the manner of operation regarding cooling or heating. A refrigeration system cools the external fluid flowing through the evaporator, whereas a heat pump heats the external fluid flowing through the condenser. The coefficient of performance of heat pump is determined by the heat delivered to high temperate sink i.e. QH divided by the work required.

heat pump= QH /Wrev= TH/(TH-TL)

Heat Pump vs A/C (Function of reversing valve)