Basic Principle of Counting (mn) - If one experiment has m possible outcomes and another one has n, then there

are mn possible outcomes of the two experiments. Examples: 1. Define the sample space of two coins being tossed. Answer: _______1/4_______ 2. In how many ways can you answer 10 multiple-choice questions if each question has 5 choices? Answer: _____1.024*10^-7_________ 3. How many 7-digit landline phone numbers are possible of 0 and 1 are not allowed to be the first digit? Answer: ______________ 4. Find the probability of getting a perfect score in a 5-item true/false test assuming all the items were answered by guessing. Answer: ____1/32__________ Factorial Function (n!) - the number of ways that n elements may be arranged n! = (n) (n -1) (n - 2) 2 1, where n is a nonnegative integer. Note that 0! = 1 Examples: 1. How many ways may the letters ABCD be arranged? Answer: ______24________ 2. How many ways may 45 students be arranged in a classroom? Answer: _____1.19*10^56_________ 3. The rock group B4 has 8 songs to be released on a compact disc. In how many different ways can the songs be arranged on the disc? Answer: ______40320________ Linear Permutation (nPr) - the number of ways that n elements taken r at a time may be arranged in a line

nr n!
nPr

, such that n

Examples: 1. How many ways may the two letters from A,B,C, and D be arranged? Answer: _____12_________ 2. How many ways can four different prizes be given to four of nine people if no person receives more than one prize? Answer: _________3024_____ 3. Five books with same thickness are about to put in a shelf with a space good for three books only. How many ways can these books be arranged? Answer: ________60______ 4. There are fifteen varsity players in a basketball team. How many ways can a coach choose five members if one has to be center, forward, etc. Answer: ______360360________ Circular Permutation - the number of ways that n elements taken r at a time may be arranged in a circle is (n - 1)! Examples: 1. How many ways may the letters from A, B, C, and D be arranged in a circle? Answer: _______6_______ 2. How many ways may 7 people be seated in a round table? Answer: ________720______ Combination (nCr) - the number of ways that n elements taken r at a time may be combined Examples: 1. Evaluate:

a) 7C3 = ______________ b)

5 8 = _____________
2. How many ways a group be formed with 5 members each in a class of 35 students? Answer: ______324632________ 3. In a lotto game with 42 balls, taken 6 at a time, how many distinct tickets are possible to be produced? Answer: _______5245786_______ Permutation with Alike Objects - the number of ways that n objects of which n1 are alike of one kind, n2 are alike of another kind, and so forth is

n !n !n !...n ! n!
123k

Examples: 1. How many ways can you arrange the letters in STAT? Answer: _____________