Dynamic balancing is the practice of spinning an object at a high rate of speed and adjusting the balance or removing the

vibration by subtracting or adding weight. This is the most common method of balancing a drive shaft, an engine crankshaft or an automobile tire. Once the object has been brought up to a predetermined speed, a computer reads the material that the dynamic balancing machine's on-board sensors provide. The recommended amount of weight to counterbalance a heavy or light spot is then added or removed from the item being balanced. Dynamic balancing is preferred over static balancing in most high-performance situations due to the extreme accuracy of dynamic balancing. In most cases, the object can be perfectly balanced within one or two grams. Mallory metal, which is a very heavy metal as well as extremely expensive, is typically added to crankshafts in order to balance them. The Mallory metal is inserted into a pre-drilled hole and welded in place. Fine tuning is accomplished by drilling small holes in the crankshaft's counter weights and removing small amounts of weight. By spinning an object at or near normal rotational speeds, dynamic balancing replicates realworld performance and assures that an object will perform at its best when installed. If not for the dynamic balancing of drive shafts and crankshafts, extreme cases of wear would include bearings burning up in a very short time, engine blocks tearing apart because of vibration, and the vehicle itself could actually ripping itself apart. Dynamic balancing of tires allows the tire to last for many thousands of miles without cupping or wearing the tread unevenly. In many machines, multiple parts and often entire assemblies undergo dynamic balancing. Outboard boat engines undergo balancing so that the vibration levels transmitted to a user's hands are minimized. Fishing reels are balanced to provide comfortable cranking with a minimum of vibration passed along through the handle. Even high-end countertop electric mixers are balanced to allow for steady and quiet counter-top mixing of ingredients. While a must for most high-performance applications of anything that spins or goes around, dynamic balancing finds its way into everyday household items that may not be considered high performance. Electric mixers, blenders, beaters and rotisseries are balanced to provide smooth, long-lasting operation. Items found in the garage such as electric saws, drill motors and lathes undergo balancing to provide long-lasting and durable tools.

What is dynamic balancing

The best one can do is to reduce this unbalance to a level that will not adversely effect the bearing life and will reduce noise levels to an acceptable level.

The process of reducing the out-of-balance forces that cause vibration in rotating machinery is called "Balancing". The unbalance is caused by an effective displacement of the mass centre line from the true axis caused by some mass eccentricity in the unit

The process of "Balancing" is the removal or addition of weight to the unit such that this effective mass centre line approaches the true axis. A multitude of books and papers has been written about this complex subject and, as such, the following is intended to be no more than a brief outline to the balancing of rotating components. Where balancing grades or levels

are referred to here, and in subsequent sections, they are referenced to ISO1940. The simplest form of, "Static", balance involves placing the unit on low friction bearings and allowing it to rotate and "settle" with the "heaviest" point falling to the bottom. Material is then removed from this point (or added at the top point) and the unit gently rotated until, when stopping, the new "heavy" point again falls to the bottom. This process is then repeated until no obvious "heavy" point seems to exist. Advancing this one stage further, the unit can be mounted on a purpose built "Balancing Machine" which has its bearings connected to sensors (displacement or acceleration type depending on the design of the machine) which detect the "heavy" point, in relation to a datum on the unit, whilst it is being rotated. This increases the sensitivity and, hence, the accuracy of the balance. If one considers correction at a single position along the length of the unit, the balance is said to be "Single-Plane" (see

If the unit being balanced is very short in relation to its diameter SinglePlane Balance will, normally, be very acceptable. However, if the unit has any appreciable length, correction at a single plane, say in the centre of the unit, will probably give a dangerously false correction. If you consider a shaft with two flanged ends, it is quite likely that the major unbalance will arise in the two flanges, probably caused by the inherent concentricity machining errors. The two "heavy" points may fall in precisely the same

angular position but, more likely, they will not and, thus, the displacement of the mass centre lines from the true axis will be a different orientation in both ends, as will the size of this displacement. If the unit is now being balanced by the Static or Single-Plane method, as it can easily be, the overall effect would appear to be correct on the Balancing Machine but, in operation, since no account has been taken of the vibration between the two ends, a "Force Couple" will exist which will again introduce vibration in the two machinery shafts

To overcome this problem, a "Multi- Plane" or "Dynamic Balance" must be performed. In this case the balancing machine will have both sets of bearing pedestals connected to sensors and the unbalance at the two planes can be independently identified and, thus, corrected. By the use of electronics and computer control, the actual correction planes can be at any convenient position along the length of the unit relative to the running bearings and, in the case of very long units, more than two planes can be considered, although this is rarely an advantage unless the unit is to run at speeds above its lateral critical speed.("Super-Critical"). For units which will operate well below their lateral critical or "whirl" speed and which are considered "stable" with regard to the speed of operation (a category into which all but the longest flexible couplings fall), there is no necessity for the balance operation to be performed at the actual running speed. Because Balance Grade, whether it be specified as Q0.6 or 4W/N for example, considers operational speed when the calculation of the actual

permitted physical amount of out-of-balance is made, balance at a speed much below the operational speed will result in the same final level of balance. If the unit is to run "Super-Critical" then the actual characteristics of the unit, after passing through the critical speed, may well be different to those below it, hence, such units should be balanced at running speed. A final complication arises if a unit is to operate at speed close to its critical lateral frequency. In this case there may be some finite movement of, say, to shaft section of a coupling and, hence, it becomes important to balance such a unit at the final running speed. In addition, if this unit is to be subject to multi-speed operation, such as might occur in a two speed motor driving a fan, then balance must be performed at both speeds with a compromise between the two unbalanced forces being made. It should be appreciated that however close to the ideal the coupling is balanced on the balancing machine, this will change when mounted between driving and driven machines - albeit only slightly. As it is impossible to achieve zero unbalance, all rotating elements will have an inherent error so that, when cojoined, each element will have an influence to increase or decrease the overall balance of the train by a small amount.

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