Module 12

Volcanoes

The gods of volcanoes doing their task

VOLCANOES
A volcano is a vent or fissure in the Earths crust through which molten magma, hot gases, and other fluids escape to the surface of the land or to the bottom of the sea Volcanoes may be classified broadly into: Central Types: the products escape via a single pipe (vent) Fissure Types: the products escape from a linear vent or crack

Vent positions

Vent positions

Central Eruption

Fissure Eruption

Side Eruption

Earths Geotherm
GEOTHERM: increase in temperature with depth in the earth GEOTHERMAL GRADIENT is the rate of change of T with depth In upper 100 km, average geothermal gradient = 300C km-1 Heat source is decay of radioactive elements This heat causes melting of rocks to form Magma

Composition of Magma
Variation in magma properties include: SILICA CONTENT varies from 45% to 75% VOLATILES (GAS CONTENT) most common gases: H2O vapor, CO2, SO2, H2S TEMPERATURE OF ERUPTED MAGMA varies from 12000C to about 8000C Variation in magma properties affect VISCOSITY of the magma

Viscosity of Magma
VISCOSITY refers to the thickness or fluidity of a liquid Liquid with HIGH viscosity are very thick, sticky Liquid with LOW viscosity are very fluid Effect of various properties on magma viscosity: Temperature: HIGH temperature = LOW viscosity (i.e. very fluid) Silica Content: HIGH silica = HIGH viscosity Volatile Content: HIGH volatiles = LOW viscosity (However, high gas contents contribute to explosive eruptions)

Types of Volcanoes

Types of Volcanoes

Shield Volcanoes

Shield Volcanoes

Shield Volcanoes

Shield Volcanoes

Shield Volcanoes

Shield Volcanoes

Shield Volcanoes

HOT SPOT

Cinder Cone Volcanoes

Cinder Cone Volcanoes

Strato Volcanoes

Strato Volcanoes

Strato Volcanoes

Strato Volcanoes

Strato Volcanoes

Strato Volcanoes

Lava Dome Volcanoes

Dome Volcanoes

Caldera Volcanoes

Caldera Volcanoes

The formation of Caldera

Eruption Types

Eruption Types

HAWAIIAN-HAWAI

Eruption Types

STROMBOLIAN - ANAK KRAKATAU

Eruption Types

VULCANIAN DOME - MERAPI

Eruption Types

VULCANIAN - SURTSEYAN

Eruption Types

VULCANIAN - PAPANDAYAN GAMALAMA

Eruption Types

PELEEAN - ST HELLENS

Eruption Types
PLINIAN PINATUBO

Eruption Types

PLINIAN - TAMBORA

Global Distribution of Volcanoes

Distribution of Volcanoes

Most subduction zones are in the Ring of Fire (so-called because of volcanism of the Pacific)

from: http://www.geo.lsa.umich.edu/~crlb/COURSES/270

Volcanism & Plate Tectonics

Volcanism in continental

Volcanism in islands arc

Volcanism & Plate Tectonics

Volcanism in Mid Oceanic Ridge

Pacific Ocean

Volcanism & Plate Tectonics

Hot Spot Volcanism

Classification of Volcanic Environment

Types and Zones of Volcanism

Finally . . .
Rest in Peace

COLUMNAR JOINT VOLCANIC NECK