Module No.

16 : Basic hand tools

Unit No. 4- Marking-out

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UNITS IN THIS COURSE

UNIT 1 UNIT 2 UNIT 3 UNIT 4 UNIT 5 WORKSHOP SAFETY CRAFT HAND TOOLS MEASUREMENT MARKING OUT TASK #1 - WORKSHOP PRACTICAL

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Module No. 16 : Basic hand tools

Unit No. 4- Marking-out

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Para 4.0 4.1 4.2 OBJECTIVE INTRODUCTION MARKING OUT EQUIPMENT AND TOOLS Page 3 4 5

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Module No. 16 : Basic hand tools

Unit No. 4- Marking-out

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4.0

OBJECTIVE The trainee will be able to: Identify various marking-out tools and state their function.

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Module No. 16 : Basic hand tools

Unit No. 4- Marking-out

4.1

INTRODUCTION

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Marking, or laying -out, is a very important process of reproducing the shape of a finished component on a work piece. All lines are drawn relative to datum faces or points. The datum faces must be fixed before you start to mark out. The accuracy of the finished shape depends on all dimensions being taken from the datums (surface, edge or point where all sizes are taken from). (See Figure 4.1).

Figure 4-1

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Module No. 16 : Basic hand tools

Unit No. 4- Marking-out

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4.2

MARKING OUT EQUIPMENT AND TOOLS A steel rule is used during marking-out operations for taking sizes directly, or sometimes for transferring to other instruments or tools. During a marking -out operation, an ordinary precision steel rule is the normal type of rule used. A clean fine line is needed for marking-out work. Scribers are a marking-out tool used for marking lines on metal. They are made of round piece of high carbon steel with hardened points. The hardened points must be correctly sharpened. (See Figure 4.2).

Figure 4-2

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Unit No. 4- Marking-out

A scribing block, or surface gauge, is used to scribe lines parallel to the surface Page 11/13

plate. It consists mainly of a scriber, which has a straight point at one side and a hooked point at the other, a base, a stem, and a clamp in which the scriber fits. (See Figure 4.3).

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Figure 4-3 A precision engineer's square is used to make sure the work material is square, and to draw lines at 900 to the datum faces. The lines drawn will be parallel to the other datum edge. Squares have a steel blade and handle, which are at 900 to each other. Some squares have measuring graduations on the blades. (See Figure 4.4).

Figure 4-4

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Unit No. 4- Marking-out

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Dividers are made from high carbon steel and are hardened and ground so that the legs may be used as scribers. They are a useful tool that can be used for scribing circles about a centre point, and for marking out curves. (See Figure 4.5).

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Figure 4-5 Dividers may be used for marking-off divisions or lengths. Extreme care must be taken, because any error in the setting will build up for each division. The error reached in the final division could be very large, and is known to engineers as 'accumulated error'. (See Figure 4.6).

Figure 4-6 To scribe a circle with a set of dividers follow the steps below: 1 2. 3. Set the points of the divider to the required radius using a steel rule. Place one point in the centre of the circle. Pivot the dividers to scribe a circle with the other point.

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Module No. 16 : Basic hand tools

Unit No. 4- Marking-out

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Before any hole is drilled, an indentation must be made in the material with a centre punch. The point of the punch is placed in the centre point where the hole is to be drilled. The punch is then tapped with a ball pein hammer. The centre punch will leave an indentation in the material. The indentation prevents the drill from moving from the centre point. (See Figure 4.7).

Figure 4-7

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Unit No. 4- Marking-out

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A prick punch is the same general shape as a centre punch except that the angle is ground at an angle of 60'. It is used for making small indentations or "dots' in metal surfaces when tapped with a ball pein hammer. These dots are used to mark lines more clearly. (See Figure 4.8).

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Figure 4-8 Letter and number punches are for making identification marks on material. They look like a centre punch but instead of the point they have the letter or number raised on the end. (See Figure 4.9).

Figure 4-9 When stamping letters or numbers into metal, the punch must be held at 900 to the surface of the work, then struck lightly with a hammer. (See Figure 4.10). Figure 4-10

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Unit No. 4- Marking-out

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Another graduated layout instrument is the combination set. A combination set consists of four main parts, a square head, a centre finder, a protractor head, and a engraved precision steel rule. Only one head is mounted on the rule at a time when it is being used. (See Figure 4.11).

Figure 4-11 The combination set has many uses. The steel rule has a groove down its length that accurately locates and holds the three detachable heads.

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Unit No. 4- Marking-out

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The square head has one edge that is 900 from the blade (rule). This edge and blade, form a square similar to the engineer's square. The square is used to mark or check squares. It also has one edge that is 450 to the blade. This is used to mark-off or check 451 angles. The square head has one or two spirit level bubbles on it. They are used to determine if an object is level (accurately horizontal) or plumb (accurately vertical). Level means parallel to the ground, and plumb means straight up and down, or at 901 to the ground. (See Figure 4.12).

Figure 4-12

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Unit No. 4- Marking-out

A centre head is used to find the centre of a round piece of material. The edge of Page 29/13

the rule is in the centre of the "V" part of the head. To find the centre, place the centre head next to the material and scribe a line along the edge of the rule. Then move the centre head to another position on the edge of the material and scribe another line. Where the two lines cross is the centre of the material. (See Figure 4.13).

Figure 4-13

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Unit No. 4- Marking-out

The protractor head is used to find or measure angles from 00 to 180 0. The flat Page 31/13

edge of the protractor head is placed on one side of the angle being measured. Then the edge of the rule is placed on the other side of the angle. The angle formed is read directly off the dial of the protractor head. There is also a spirit level bubble on the protractor head. (See Figure 4.14).

Figure 4-14

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