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=
=
0
) (
j
j
j
z a z P be a polynomial o f degree n such that
j j
a o = ) Re( ,
j j
a | = ) Im(
and for some positive integers , and for some real numbers
2 1 2 1
, , , t t k k ,
. ...... ......
...... ......
0 2 1 1 1 2
0 1 1 1 1 1
| t | | | | |
o t o o o o o
> > > s s s s
> > > s s s s
+
+
n n
n n
k
k
Then the number of zeros of P(z) in 1 0 , < < s o o z does not exceed
0
*
log
1
log
1
a
M
o
, where
0 1 2 1 2 1
*
) 1 ( ) ( ) ( 2 ) 1 ( ) 1 ( o t | o | o | o
+ + + + + + =
n n n n n
k k k k a M
0 0 2 0 2 0 1
) 1 ( a + + | t | t o t .
Theorem B: Let Let
=
=
0
) (
j
j
j
z a z P be a polynomial o f degree n such that
j j
a o = ) Re( ,
j j
a | = ) Im(
and for some positive integers o , , , and for some real numbers
1 0 , 1 0 , 1 0 , 1 0 ; , , , ; , , ,
4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1
s < s < s < s < k k k k k k k k t t t t , , 1 0 , 1 0
2 1
s < s < t t
1 0 , 1 0 , 1 0 , 1 0
4 3 2 1
s < s < s < s < t t t t ,
.
. ...... ......
...... ......
...... ......
...... ......
1 4 3 1 2 1 2
1 ]
2
[ 2
2
0 3 2 2 2 2
]
2
[ 2
3
1 2 3 1 2 1 2
1 ]
2
[ 2
2
0 1 2 2 2 2
]
2
[ 2
1
| t | | | |
| t | | | |
o t o o o o
o t o o o o
o o
> > > s s s
> > > s s s
> > > s s s
> > > s s s
+
+
+
+
n
n
n
n
k
k
k
k
If n is even, then P(z) has all its zeros in the disk
2 1
r z r s s , where
On the Zeros of Complex Polynomials in a Given Circle
55
M
a
r
0
1
= and
n
a
M
r
'
=
2
,
with
1 4 3 1 2 1 1 1
) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 (
+ + + + + + =
n n n n n n
k k k k a a a M | | o o
1 4
0 3 1 2 0 1 0 3 0 1 1 4 1 2
1 4 1 2 3 1 1 2 2 1 2 2
) 1 (
) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) ( 2
| t
| t o t o t | t o t | t o t
| o | o | | o o
o
+
+ + + + +
+ + + + + +
n n n n
k k k k
and
1 4 3 1 2 1 0 1 1
) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 (
+ + + + + + = '
n n n n n
k k k k a a a M | | o o
. ) 1 (
) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) ( 2
1 4
0 3 1 2 0 1 0 3 0 1 1 4 1 2
1 4 1 2 3 1 1 2 2 1 2 2
| t
| t o t o t | t o t | t o t
| o | o | | o o
o
+
+ + + + +
+ + + + + +
n n n n
k k k k
If n is odd, then P(z) has all its zeros in the disk
2 1
R z R s s , where
M
a
R
' '
=
0
1
and
n
a
M
R
' ' '
=
2
,
and M ' ' and M ' ' ' are respectively the same as M and M' , except that
4 3 2 1
, , , k k k k are respectively
replaced by . , , ,
3 4 1 2
k k k k
In this paper we shall find a bound for the number of zeros of the polynomials of Theorems A and B in a
circle of any positive radius. In fact, we prove the following results:
Theorem 1: Let Let
=
=
0
) (
j
j
j
z a z P be a polynomial o f degree n such that
j j
a o = ) Re( ,
j j
a | = ) Im(
and for some positive integers , and for some real numbers
, 1 0 , 1 0 , 1 0 , 1 0 ; , , ,
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
s < s < s < s < t t t t k k k k
. ...... ......
...... ......
0 1 1 1 1 1 2
0 1 1 1 1 1 1
| t | | | | | |
o t o o o o o o
> > > > s s s s
> > > > s s s s
+
+
n n
n n
k
k
Then the number of zeros of P(z) in ) 1 , 0 ( > > s c R
c
R
z does not exceed
0
1
log
log
1
a
M
c
, where
] ) ( ) ( [
2 1 0
1
1
| o | | o o | o + + + + + + + =
+
n n n n n n
n n
n
k k R a R a M
] ) ( [ ] ) ( [
0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1
| | | t | o o o t o
+ + + + + + R R for 1 > R
and
] ) ( ) ( [
2 1 0
1
1
| o | | o o | o + + + + + + + =
+
n n n n n n
n n
n
k k R a R a M
] ) ( ) ( [
0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1
| o | | t o o t | o
+ + + + + + R for 1 s R .
Remark 1: Taking R=1 and 1 0 ,
1
< < = o
o
c , Theorem 1 reduces to Theorem A.
For different values of
2 1 2 1
, , , t t k k , Theorem 1 gives many other interesting results.
Theorem 2: Let Let
=
=
0
) (
j
j
j
z a z P be a polynomial o f degree n such that
j j
a o = ) Re( ,
j j
a | = ) Im(
and for some positive integers o , , , and for some real numbers
1 0 , 1 0 , 1 0 , 1 0 ; , , , ; , , ,
4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1
s < s < s < s < k k k k k k k k t t t t , , 1 0 , 1 0
2 1
s < s < t t
On the Zeros of Complex Polynomials in a Given Circle
56
1 0 , 1 0
4 3
s < s < t t ,
.
. ...... ......
...... ......
...... ......
...... ......
1 4 3 1 2 1 2
1 ]
2
[ 2
2
0 3 2 2 2 2
]
2
[ 2
3
1 2 3 1 2 1 2
1 ]
2
[ 2
2
0 1 2 2 2 2
]
2
[ 2
1
| t | | | |
| t | | | |
o t o o o o
o t o o o o
o o
> > > s s s
> > > s s s
> > > s s s
> > > s s s
+
+
+
+
n
n
n
n
k
k
k
k
Then, for even n, the number of zeros of P(z) in in ) 1 , 0 ( > > s c R
c
R
z does not exceed
0
2
log
log
1
a
M
c
,
where
] ) ( ) ( [
2 1 0
1
2
| o | | o o | o + + + + + + + =
+
n n n n n n
n n
n
k k R a R a M
] ) ( [ ] ) ( [
0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1
| | | t | o o o t o
+ + + + + + R R for 1 > R
and
] ) ( ) ( [
2 1 0
1
2
| o | | o o | o + + + + + + + =
+
n n n n n n
n n
n
k k R a R a M
] ) ( ) ( [
0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1
| o | | t o o t | o
+ + + + + + R for 1 s R .
If n is odd, the number of zeros of P(z) in ) 1 , 0 ( > > s c R
c
R
z does not exceed
0
2
log
log
1
a
M
c
'
, where
'
2
M is same as
2
M except that
4 3 2 1
, , , k k k k are respectively replaced by
3 4 1 2
, , , k k k k .
For different values of
2 1 2 1
, , , t t k k , Theorem 2 gives many interesting results.
Theorem 3: Let Let
=
=
0
) (
j
j
j
z a z P be a polynomial o f degree n such that for some positive integers , ,
and for some real numbers , , , ,
2 1 2 1
t t k k , 1 0 , 1 0 , 1 0 , 1 0
2 1 2 1
s < s < s < s < t t k k
. ...... ......
...... ......
1 2 3 1 2 1 2
1 ]
2
[ 2
2
0 1 2 2 2 2
]
2
[ 2
1
a a a a a k
a a a a a k
n
n
t
t
> > > s s s
> > > s s s
+
+
Then for even n the number of zeros of P(z) in ) 1 , 0 ( > > s c R
c
R
z does not exceed
0
3
log
log
1
a
M
c
,
where for 1 > R ,
1 2 1 1 0
1
1
2
3
) 1 ( ) 1 ( [
+
+
+ + + + + =
n n
n n
n
n
n
a k a k a R a R a R a M
)] 2 ( sin
) 2 2 ( cos
2
2
0 1 1 2 1 2 1
0 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 2
+ + + + +
+ +
n
j
j n n
n n
a a a a k a k
a a a k a k a a
t t o
t t o
and for 1 s R ,
1 2 1 1 0
1
1
2
3
) 1 ( ) 1 ( [
+
+
+ + + + + =
n n
n
n
n
n
a k a k a R a R a R a M
On the Zeros of Complex Polynomials in a Given Circle
57
)]. 2 ( sin
) 2 2 ( cos
2
2
0 1 1 2 1 2 1
0 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 2
+ + + + +
+ +
n
j
j n n
n n
a a a a k a k
a a a k a k a a
t t o
t t o
If n is odd, then the number of zeros of P(z) in ) 1 , 0 ( > > s c R
c
R
z does not exceed
0
4
log
log
1
a
M
c
,
where
4
M is same as
3
M except that
2 1
, k k are respectively replaced by
1 2
, k k .
For different values of
2 1
, k k , Theorem 3 gives many interesting results.
II. LEMMAS
For the proofs of the above results we need the following results:
Lemma 1: If f(z) is analytic in R z s ,but not identically zero, f(0) = 0 and n k a f
k
,......, 2 , 1 , 0 ) ( = = , then
}
=
=
n
j
j
i
a
R
f d f
1
2
0
log ) 0 ( log (Re log
2
1
t
u
u
t
Lemma 1 is the famous Jensens theorem (see page 208 of [1]).
Lemma 2: If f(z) is analytic and ) ( ) ( r M z f s in r z s , then the number of zeros of f(z) in 1 , > s c
c
r
z
does not exceed
) 0 (
) (
log
log
1
f
r M
c
.
Lemma 2 is a simple deduction from Lemma 1.
Lemma 3: Let
=
=
0
) (
j
j
j
z a z P be a polynomial o f degree n with complex coefficients such that for some
real | o, , , 0 ,
2
arg n j a
j
s s s s
t
o | and
, 0 ,
1
n j a a
j j
s s >
then for any t>0,
o o sin ) ( cos ) (
1 1 1
+ + s
j j j j j j
a a t a a t a ta .
Lemma 3 is due to Govil and Rahman [2].
III. PROOFS OF THEOREMS
Proof of Theorem 1: Consider the polynomial
) ( ) 1 ( ) ( z P z z F =
1
2 1 1 1 1 0
1
0 0 1 1
1
0 1
1
1
) ( ) ( ) 1 (
) ( ...... ) (
) ...... )( 1 (
+
+
+ + + =
+ + + + =
+ + + + =
n
n n
n
n n
n
n
n
n
n
n n
n
n
n
n
n
n
z z k z k a z a
a z a a z a a z a
a z a z a z a z
o o o o o
} ) 1 ( ) ( ...... ) ( ) (
...... ) ( ) ( ) 1 ( { ) 1 (
) ( ....... ) ( ) ( ......
0 2 0 2 1 1
1
1
1
2 1 1 2 2 0 1
0 1 1 1
1
1
z z z z
z z k z k i z
z z z
n
n n
n
n n
n
n
| t | t | | | | |
| | | | | o t
o t o o o o o
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
+
+
+
+
For R z s , we have by using the hypothesis
...... ) ( ) ( ) 1 ( ) (
1
1 2 1 1 1 0
1
+ + + + + s
+ n
n n
n
n n
n
n
n
n
R R k R k a R a z F o o o o o
On the Zeros of Complex Polynomials in a Given Circle
58
R R R R
R R k R k
R R R R
n
n n
n
n n
n
n
0 2 0 2 1 1
1
1
1
1 2 2 1 2
0 1 0 1 1 1
1
1
) 1 ( ) ( ...... ) ( ) (
...... ) ( ) ( ) 1 (
) 1 ( ) ( ....... ) ( ) (
| t | t | | | | |
| | | | |
o t o t o o o o o
+ + + + +
+ + + +
+ + + + +
+
+
+
+
For 1 > R ,
...... ) 1 [( ) (
1 2 1 1 1 0
1
+ + + + + s
+
n n n n n
n n
n
k k R a R a z F o o o o o
] ) 1 (
...... [ ] ) 1 (
...... [ ]
...... ) 1 (
0 2 0 2 1
2 1 1 0 1 2 0 1 1
2 1 1 1 1 2
1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2
| t | t |
| | | | o t o t o
o o o o | | | |
| | | | | o o o o
+ +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ + +
+ + +
R
R
k k
n n n n n
] ) ( ) ( [
2 1 0
1
| o | | o o | o + + + + + + + =
+
n n n n n n
n n
n
k k R a R a
] ) ( [ ] ) ( [
0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1
| | | t | o o o t o
+ + + + + + R R
For 1 s R ,
] ) ( ) ( [ ) (
2 1 0
1
| o | | o o | o + + + + + + + s
+
n n n n n n
n n
n
k k R a R a z F
] ) ( ) ( [
0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1
| o | | t o o t | o
+ + + + + + R .
Hence by Lemma 2, the number of zeros of F(z) and therefore P(z) in ) 1 , 0 ( > > s c R
c
R
z does not exceed
0
1
log
log
1
a
M
c
, where
] ) ( ) ( [
2 1 0
1
1
| o | | o o | o + + + + + + + =
+
n n n n n n
n n
n
k k R a R a M
] ) ( [ ] ) ( [
0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1
| | | t | o o o t o
+ + + + + + R R for 1 > R
and
] ) ( ) ( [
2 1 0
1
1
| o | | o o | o + + + + + + + =
+
n n n n n n
n n
n
k k R a R a M
] ) ( ) ( [
0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1
| o | | t o o t | o
+ + + + + + R for 1 s R .
That proves Theorem 1.
Proof of Theorem 2: Let n be even. Consider the polynomial
) ...... )( 1 ( ) ( ) 1 ( ) (
0 1
1
1
2 2
a z a z a z a z z P z z F
n
n
n
n
+ + + + = =
3
1 3
1
3 1 2
1
1
2
) ( ...... ) ( ) ( z a a z a a z a a z a az
n
n n
n
n n
n
n
n
+ + + + =
+
+
0 1
2
0 2
) ( a z a z a a + + +
1
2 2 1 1
1
1
2
) 1 ( ) ( ) 1 (
+
+ =
n n
n n
n
n
n
n
n
n
z k z k z k z a z a o o o
. ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
...... ) ( ) ( ) (
) 1 ( ) ( ) 1 ( {
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
...... ) ( ) ( ) (
2
0 0 3
2
0 3 2
3
1 1 4
3
1 4 3
3
5 3
2
4 2
1
3 1 4
1
1 4 2 3 3 0 1
2
0 0 1
2
0 1 2
3
1 1 2
3
1 2 3
3
5 3
2
4 2
1
3 1 2
z z z z
z z z k
z k z k z k i a z a
z z z z
z z z k
n
n n
n
n n
n
n n
n
n
n
n n
n
n
n
n n
n
n n
n
n n
| | t | t | | | t | t |
| | | | | |
| | | |
o o t o t o o o t o t o
o o o o o o
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
For R z s , we have by using the hypothesis
1
1 2 1 2 1
1
1
2
) 1 ( ) ( ) 1 ( ) (
+
+
+ + + + s
n
n
n
n n
n
n
n
n
n
n
R k R k R k R a R a z F o o o o
On the Zeros of Complex Polynomials in a Given Circle
59
3
1 2
3
1 2 3
1 2
3 2 1 2
1 2
1 2 1 2
2
2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2
3
3 5
2
2 4
1
1 2 3
) 1 ( ) ( ...... ) (
) ( ...... ) ( ) (
...... ) ( ) ( ) (
R R R
R R R
R R R k
n
n n
n
n n
n
n n
o t o t o o o
o o o o o o
o o o o o o
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + + +
+
+
+
+
| | | | | |
| o t o t o
2
2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2 3 2
3 0 1
2
0 1
2
0 1 2
) ( ) ( ...... ) (
) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) (
R R R k
R k a R a R R
n
n n
n
n
+
+
+ + + +
+ + + + +
2
0 3
2
0 3 2
3
1 4
3
1 4 3
1 2
3 2 1 2
1 2
1 2 1 2
) 1 ( ) ( ) 1 (
) ( ) ( ) ( ......
R R R
R R R
| t | t | | t
| t | | | | |
o
o o
o
o o
+ + +
+ + + +
+
+
For 1 > R ,
1 2 1 2 1 0
1
1
2
) 1 ( ) 1 [( ) (
+
+
+ + + + + s
n n n n
n n
n
n
n
k k k R a R a R a z F o o o o
] ) 1 ( ) ( ) 1 (
......
......
) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) (
) 1 ( ......
......
......
1 0 3 0 3 2 1 4
1 4 3 3 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2
3 0 0 1 0 1 2
1 2 1 2 3 3 2 1 2
1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 5 2 4 1 2 3
a
k
k a
k
n n
n
n n n n n n
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + + +
+
+
+ +
| t | t | | t
| t | | | | |
| | | | | |
| o t o t o
o t o t o o o
o o o o o o
o o o o o o
o o o o
1 1 0
1
1
2
[
+
+
+ + + + + + =
n n n n
n n
n
n
n
R a R a R a | o | o
]. ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 (
) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( 2
1 0 4 1 3 0 1 1 2
0 3 0 1 1 4 1 2 1 4 1 2
3 1 1 2 2 1 2 2
a
k k
k k
n n
n n
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + + + +
| t | t o t o t
| t o t | t o t | o
| o | | o o
o
For 1 s R ,
1 1 0
1
1
2
[ ) (
+
+
+ + + + + + s
n n n n
n
n
n
n
R a R a R a z F | o | o
]. ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 (
) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( 2
1 0 4 1 3 0 1 1 2
0 3 0 1 1 4 1 2 1 4 1 2
3 1 1 2 2 1 2 2
a
k k
k k
n n
n n
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + + + +
| t | t o t o t
| t o t | t o t | o
| o | | o o
o
Hence , by Lemma 2, the number of zeros of F(z) and therefore P(z) in ) 1 , 0 ( > > s c R
c
R
z does not
exceed
0
2
log
log
1
a
M
c
, where for 1 > R ,
1 1 0
1
1
2
2
[
+
+
+ + + + + + =
n n n n
n n
n
n
n
R a R a R a M | o | o
) ( ) ( 2
3 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 n n
k k | o | | o o
o
+ + + + +
], ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 (
) ( ) ( ) (
1 0 4 1 3 0 1 1 2
0 3 0 1 1 4 1 2 1 4 1 2
a
k k
n n
+ + + +
+ + +
| t | t o t o t
| t o t | t o t | o
and for 1 s R ,
1 1 0
1
1
2
2
[
+
+
+ + + + + + =
n n n n
n
n
n
n
R a R a R a M | o | o
On the Zeros of Complex Polynomials in a Given Circle
60
]. ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 (
) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( 2
1 0 4 1 3 0 1 1 2
0 3 0 1 1 4 1 2 1 4 1 2
3 1 1 2 2 1 2 2
a
k k
k k
n n
n n
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + + + +
| t | t o t o t
| t o t | t o t | o
| o | | o o
o
The proof for odd n is similar and is omitted.
That proves Theorem 2.
Proof of Theorem 3: Suppose that n is even and the coefficient conditions hold i.e.
. ...... ......
...... ......
1 2 3 1 2 1 2 1 2
0 1 2 2 2 2 1
a a a a a k
a a a a a k
n
n
t
t
> > > s s s
> > > s s s
+
+
Consider the polynomial
) ...... )( 1 ( ) ( ) 1 ( ) (
0 1
1
1
2 2
a z a z a z a z z P z z F
n
n
n
n
+ + + + = =
3
1 3
1
3 1 2
1
1
2
) ( ...... ) ( ) ( z a a z a a z a a z a az
n
n n
n
n n
n
n
n
+ + + + =
+
+
0 1
2
0 2
) ( a z a z a a + + +
1
2 2 1 1
1
1
2
) 1 ( ) ( ) 1 (
+
+ =
n
n
n
n n
n
n
n
n
n
n
z a k z a a k z a k z a z a
0 1
2
0 0 1
2
0 1 2
3
1 1 2
3
1 2 3
1 2
3 2 1 2
1 2
1 2 1 2
2
2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2
3
5 3
2
4 2
1
3 1 2
) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ...... ) (
) ( ...... ) ( ) (
...... ) ( ) ( ) (
a z a z a a z a a
z a a z a a z a a
z a a z a a z a a
z a a z a a z a a k
n
n n
n
n n
n
n n
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+
+
+
+
t t
t t
For R z s , we have by using the hypothesis and Lemma 3
1
1 2 1 2 1
1
1
2
) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) (
+
+
+ + + + s
n
n
n
n n
n
n
n
n
n
n
R a k R a k a R a k R a R a z F
0 1
2
0 1
2
0 1 2
3
1 2
3
1 2 3
1 2
3 2 1 2
1 2
1 2 1 2
2
2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2
3
3 5
2
2 4
1
1 2 3
) 1 (
) 1 ( ......
......
......
a R a R R a a
R a R a a R a a
R a a R a a R a a
R a a R a a R a k a
n
n n
n
n n
n
n n
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + + +
+
+
+
+
o t t
t t
1 2 1 0
1
1
2
) 1 ( ) 1 [(
+
+
+ + + + s
n n
n n
n
n
n
a k a k R a R a R a
] sin ) ( cos ) (
) 1 ( ) 1 ( sin ) ( cos ) ( ......
sin ) ( cos ) ( sin ) (
cos ) ( ...... sin ) ( cos ) (
sin ) ( cos ) ( ...... sin ) (
cos ) ( sin ) ( cos ) (
1 0 1 2 0 1 2
0 1 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 3
3 2 1 2 3 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4
2 4 1 2 1 2
a a a a a
a a a a a a
a a a a a a
a a a a a a
a a a a a a
a a a k a a k a
n n
n n n n n n
+ + + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + +
+
+
+ +
o t o t
t t o t o t
o o o
o o o
o o o
o o o
1 2 1 1 0
1
1
2
) 1 ( ) 1 ( [
+
+
+ + + + + =
n n
n n
n
n
n
a k a k a R a R a R a
)] 2 ( sin
) 2 2 ( cos
2
2
0 1 1 2 1 2 1
0 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 2
+ + + + +
+ +
n
j
j n n
n n
a a a a k a k
a a a k a k a a
t t o
t t o
for 1 > R .
For 1 s R ,
On the Zeros of Complex Polynomials in a Given Circle
61
1 2 1 1 0
1
1
2
) 1 ( ) 1 ( [ ) (
+
+
+ + + + + s
n n
n
n
n
n
a k a k a R a R a R a z F
)]. 2 ( sin
) 2 2 ( cos
2
2
0 1 1 2 1 2 1
0 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 2
+ + + + +
+ +
n
j
j n n
n n
a a a a k a k
a a a k a k a a
t t o
t t o
Hence , by Lemma 2, the number of zeros of F(z) and therefore P(z) in ) 1 , 0 ( > > s c R
c
R
z does not
exceed
0
3
log
log
1
a
M
c
, where for 1 > R ,
1 2 1 1 0
1
1
2
3
) 1 ( ) 1 ( [
+
+
+ + + + + =
n n
n n
n
n
n
a k a k a R a R a R a M
)] 2 ( sin
) 2 2 ( cos
2
2
0 1 1 2 1 2 1
0 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 2
+ + + + +
+ +
n
j
j n n
n n
a a a a k a k
a a a k a k a a
t t o
t t o
and for 1 s R ,
1 2 1 1 0
1
1
2
3
) 1 ( ) 1 ( [
+
+
+ + + + + =
n n
n
n
n
n
a k a k a R a R a R a M
)]. 2 ( sin
) 2 2 ( cos
2
2
0 1 1 2 1 2 1
0 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 2
+ + + + +
+ +
n
j
j n n
n n
a a a a k a k
a a a k a k a a
t t o
t t o
That proves the result for even n. The case when n is odd is similar and is omitted.
REFERENCES
[1]. L.V.Ahlfors, Complex Analysis, 3
rd
edition, Mc-Grawhill
[2]. N. K. Govil and Q. I. Rahman, On the Enestrom- Kakeya Theorem, Tohoku Math. J. 20(1968),126-
136.
[3]. M. H. Gulzar, Some Results on the Zeros of Polynomials, International Journal of Advanced
Scientific and Technical Research, Vol.4 Issue 2 August 2012.