Sheet 1 - MATHEMATICA - Calculus - Md. Ashraful Alam

CALCULUS
Disclaimer: These notes have not been subjected to the usual scrutiny reserved for formal
publications. They may be distributed outside this class only with the permission of the
Instructor.
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
LIMIT OF A FUNCTION
 𝐋𝐢𝐦𝐢𝐭[𝒇[𝒙], 𝒙 → 𝒂, 𝐃𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 → 𝟏] computes the left hand limit of the function 𝑓(𝑥) at
the point 𝑥 = 𝑎 i.e. the value of lim𝑥→𝑎− 𝑓(𝑥) will be computed.
Examples:
i) Limit[(𝑥^5 − 32)⁄(𝑥^3 − 8) , 𝑥 → 2, Direction → 1]
20
Ans: .
3
ii) 𝑓[x_]: = 1⁄𝑥
Limit[𝑓[𝑥], 𝑥 → 0, Direction → 1]
Ans: −∞.
 𝐋𝐢𝐦𝐢𝐭[𝒇[𝒙], 𝒙 → 𝒂, 𝐃𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 → −𝟏] computes the right hand limit of the function 𝑓(𝑥)
at the point 𝑥 = 𝑎 i.e. the value of lim𝑥→𝑎+ 𝑓(𝑥) will be computed.
Examples:
i) Limit[(𝑥 5 − 32)⁄(𝑥 3 − 8) , 𝑥 → 2, Direction → −1]
20
Ans: .
3
ii) 𝑓[x_]: = 1⁄𝑥
Limit[𝑓[𝑥], 𝑥 → 0, Direction → −1]
Ans: +∞.
 𝐋𝐢𝐦𝐢𝐭[𝒇[𝒙], 𝒙 → 𝒂] computes the limit of the function 𝑓(𝑥) at the point 𝑥 = 𝑎 i.e. the
value of lim𝑥→𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) will be computed.
Examples:
i) Limit[(𝑥^5 − 32)⁄(𝑥^3 − 8) , 𝑥 → 2]
20
Ans: .
3
ii) 𝑓[x_]: = 1⁄𝑥
Limit[𝑓[𝑥], 𝑥 → 0]
Ans: ∞.
𝑥 5 −32
Problem-1: Suppose 𝑓(𝑥) = is a function.
𝑥 3 −8
i) Find the left hand limit of the function 𝑓(𝑥) at 𝑥 = 2 i.e. find lim𝑥→2− 𝑓(𝑥)
ii) Find the right hand limit of the function 𝑓(𝑥) at 𝑥 = 2 i.e. find lim𝑥→2+ 𝑓(𝑥)
iii) Test whether or not the limit of the function 𝑓(𝑥) at 𝑥 = 2 exist?
iv) Find the limit of the function 𝑓(𝑥) at 𝑥 = 2 i.e. find lim𝑥→2 𝑓(𝑥)
Solution:
𝑓[x_]: = (𝑥^5 − 32)⁄(𝑥^3 − 8) ;
i) lhl = Limit[𝑓[𝑥], 𝑥 → 2, Direction → 1]

20
Ans: .
3
ii) rhl = Limit[𝑓[𝑥], 𝑥 → 2, Direction → −1]
20
Ans: .
3
iii) If[lhl == rhl, Print["Limit Exist"], Print["Limit does not exist"]]
Ans: Limit Exist
iv) Limit[𝑓[𝑥], 𝑥 → 2]
20
Ans: .
3
1
Problem-2: Suppose 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 is a function.
iv) Find the limit of the function 𝑓(𝑥) at 𝑥 = 0 i.e. find lim𝑥→0 𝑓(𝑥)
Solution:
1
𝑓[x_]: = ;
𝑥
v) lhl = Limit[𝑓[𝑥], 𝑥 → 0, Direction → 1]
Ans: −∞ .
vi) rhl = Limit[𝑓[𝑥], 𝑥 → 0, Direction → −1]
Ans: ∞ .
vii) If[lhl == rhl, Print["Limit Exist"], Print["Limit does not exist"]]
Ans: Limit does not exist
viii) Limit[𝑓[𝑥], 𝑥 → 0]
Ans: ∞ .
Problem-3: Using MATHEMATICA code, check whether or not limit of the function,
𝑥2
𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥−1)(𝑥−2) at 𝑥 = 0 exist.
Solution:
2 Calculus with MATHEMATICA
f[x_]:=x^2/(x-1)(x-2);
lhl=Limit[f[x],x 0, Direction 1];
rhl=Limit[f[x],x 0, Direction -1];
If[lhl==rhl, Print["Limit Exist"], Print["Limit does not exist"]]
Ans: Limit Exist
Piecewise function in MATHEMATICA
 How do you write a piecewise function like

−3
3 + 2𝑥; ≤𝑥<0
2
3
𝑓(𝑥) = 3 − 2𝑥; 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 2 in MATHEMATICA (without using Palettes)?
3
{ −3 − 2𝑥; 𝑥≥2
Method-1:
𝑓[x_] ≔ Piecewise[{{3 + 2𝑥, −3⁄2 ≤ 𝑥 < 0}, {3 − 2𝑥, 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 3⁄2},
{−3 − 2𝑥, 𝑥 ≥ 3⁄2}}]
Method-2 (From Keyboard):
𝑓[x_ ] ≔ (𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠)𝐸𝑠𝑐 + (𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒) 𝑝𝑤 + (𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠)𝐸𝑠𝑐

will create 𝑓[x_ ] ≔ {
Then Ctrl+Enter will create
Again, Ctrl+Enter will provide
Then after putting different pieces of the function with

respect to the conditions provided,𝑓(𝑥) will take the form:

CONTINUOUS FUNCTION
−3
3 + 2𝑥; ≤𝑥<0
2
3
Problem-1: Suppose 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 − 2𝑥; 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 2 is a function.
3
{ −3 − 2𝑥; 𝑥≥2
iv) Find the value of the function 𝑓(𝑥) at 𝑥 = 0 i.e. find 𝑓(0)
v) Check the continuity of the function 𝑓(𝑥) at 𝑥 = 0
vi) Find the left hand limit of the function 𝑓(𝑥) at 𝑥 = 3/2 i.e. find lim𝑥→3/2− 𝑓(𝑥)
vii) Find the right hand limit of the function 𝑓(𝑥) at 𝑥 = 3/2 i.e. find lim𝑥→3/2+ 𝑓(𝑥)
viii) Test whether or not the limit of the function 𝑓(𝑥) at 𝑥 = 3/2 exist?
ix) Find the value of the function 𝑓(𝑥) at 𝑥 = 3/2 i.e. find 𝑓(3/2)
x) Check the continuity of the function 𝑓(𝑥) at 𝑥 = 3/2
xi) Sketch the graph of the function 𝑓(𝑥)
Solution:
𝑓[x_]: = Piecewise[{{3 + 2𝑥, −3⁄2 ≤ 𝑥 < 0}, {3 − 2𝑥, 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 3⁄2}, {−3 − 2𝑥, 𝑥
≥ 3⁄2}}]
i) lhl = Limit[𝑓[𝑥], 𝑥 → 0, Direction → 1]

Ans: 3
ii) rhl = Limit[𝑓[𝑥], 𝑥 → 0, Direction → −1]
Ans: 3
iii) If[lhl == rhl, Print["Limit exist at x = 0"], Print["Limit does not exist at x = 0"]]
Ans: Limit exist at x = 0
iv) fv = 𝑓[0]
Ans: 3
v) If[lhl == rhl == fv, Print["f(x) is continuous at x =
0"], Print["f(x) is not continuous at x = 0"]]
Ans: f(x) is continuous at x = 0
vi) lhl = Limit[𝑓[𝑥], 𝑥 → 3⁄2 , Direction → 1]
Ans: 0
vii) rhl = Limit[𝑓[𝑥], 𝑥 → 3⁄2 , Direction → −1]
Ans: −6

viii) If[lhl == rhl, Print["Limit exist at x = 3/2"], Print["Limit does not exist at x =
3/2"]]
3
Ans: Limit does not exist at x = 2
ix) fv = 𝑓[3⁄2]
Ans: −6
x) If[lhl==rhl==fv,Print["f(x) is continuous at
x=3/2"],Print["f(x) is not continuous at x=3/2"] ]
Ans: f(x) is not continuous at x=3/2
xi) Plot[f[x],{x,-5,5}]
4 2 2 4
10
1; 𝑥 < 0
𝜋
1 + sin 𝑥 ; 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 2
Problem-2: Suppose 𝑓(𝑥) = is a function.
𝜋 2 𝜋
{2 + (𝑥 − 2 ) ; 𝑥≥ 2
𝜋
i) Discuss the continuity of the function 𝑓(𝑥)at 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 2 .
ii) Sketch the graph of the function .
Solution:
ClearAll[𝑓]
i)
Continuity at 𝒙 = 𝟎:

lhl = Limit[𝑓[𝑥], 𝑥 → 0, Direction → 1];
rhl = Limit[𝑓[𝑥], 𝑥 → 0, Direction → −1];
fv = 𝑓[0];
If[lhl == rhl == fv, Print["f is continuous at x = 0"], Print["f is not continuous at x = 0"]]
Ans: f is continuous at x = 0.
𝝅
Continuity at 𝒙 = 𝟐 :
lhl = Limit[𝑓[𝑥], 𝑥 → Pi⁄2 , Direction → 1];
rhl = Limit[𝑓[𝑥], 𝑥 → Pi⁄2 , Direction → −1];
fv = 𝑓[Pi⁄2];
If[lhl == rhl == fv, Print["f is continuous at x = π/2"], Print["f is not continuous at x

= π/2"]]
Ans: f is continuous at x = π/2
ii) Plot[𝑓[𝑥], {𝑥, −10,10}]

50
40
30
20
10
10 5 5 10
5𝑥 − 4; 0 < 𝑥 ≤ 1
Problem-3: Suppose 𝑓(𝑥) = {4𝑥 2 − 3𝑥; 1 < 𝑥 < 2is a function.
3𝑥 + 4; 𝑥 ≥ 2
i) Discuss the continuity of the function 𝑓(𝑥)at 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = 2

ii) Sketch the graph of the function .

Solution:
i)
Continuity at 𝒙 = 𝟏:
Clear All[f];
f[x_]:= Piecewise[{{5*x-4,0<x 1},{4*x^2-
3*x,1<x<2},{3*x+4,x 2}}];
lhl=Limit[f[x],x 1,Direction 1]
rhl=Limit[f[x],x 1,Direction -1]
fv=f[1]
If[lhl==rhl==fv,Print["f(x) is continuous at x=1"],Print["f(x) is not
continuous at x=1"] ]
Output: f(x) is continuous at x=1
Continuity at 𝒙 = 𝟐:
Clear All[f];
f[x_]:= Piecewise[{{5*x-4,0<x 1},{4*x^2-
3*x,1<x<2},{3*x+4,x 2}}];
fv=f[2]
If[lhl==rhl==fv,Print["f(x) is continuous at x=2"],Print["f(x) is not
continuous at x=2"] ]
Output: f(x) is continuous at x = 2
ii) Plot[f[x],{x,-5,5}]
Output:
15
10
4 2 2 4

Problem-4: Check the continuity of the function, 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥| + |𝑥 − 1| at 𝑥 = 0 . Draw the
graph of the function, also.
Solution:
Part-1:
ClearAll[f]
f[x_]:=Abs[x]+Abs[x-1];
fv=f[0]
If[lhl==rhl==fv,Print["f(x) is continuous at
x=0"],Print["f(x) is not continuous at x=0"] ]
Output: f(x) is continuous at x=0
Part-2:
Plot[f[x],{x,-10,10}]
Output:
20
15
10
10 5 5 10

|𝑥|
Problem-5: Check the continuity of the function, 𝑓(𝑥) = , 𝑥 ≠ 0, 𝑓(0) = 1 at 𝑥 = 0. Draw
𝑥
the graph of the function, also.
Solution:
Part-1:
ClearAll[f]
f[x_]:=Abs[x]/x;
fv=1;
If[lhl==rhl==fv,Print["f(x) is continuous at
x=0"],Print["f(x) is not continuous at x=0"] ]
Output: f(x) is not continuous at x=0
Part-2:
Plot[𝑓[𝑥], {𝑥, −12,12}]
Output:
1.0
0.5
10 5 5 10
0.5
1.0
DIFFERENTIABLE FUNCTION
5𝑥 − 4; 0 < 𝑥 ≤ 1
Problem-1: Suppose 𝑓(𝑥) = {4𝑥 2 − 3𝑥; 1 < 𝑥 < 2 is a function.
3𝑥 + 4; 𝑥 ≥ 2

Discuss the differentiability of the function 𝑓(𝑥) at 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = 2.
Solution:
Differentiability at 𝒙 = 𝟏:
ClearAll[f]
f[x_]:=Piecewise[{{5*x-4,0<x 1},{4*x^2-
3*x,1<x<2},{3*x+4,x 2}}];
lhd=Limit[(f[x+h]-f[x])/h,h 0,Direction 1]/.x 1
rhd=Limit[(f[x+h]-f[x])/h,h 0,Direction -1]/.x 1
If[lhd==rhd,Print["f is differentiable at x=1"], Print["f is not
differentiable atx=1"]]
Output: f is differentiable at x=1
Differentiability at 𝒙 = 𝟐:
ClearAll[f]
f[x_]:=Piecewise[{{5*x-4,0<x 1},{4*x^2-
3*x,1<x<2},{3*x+4,x 2}}];
If[lhd==rhd,Print["f is differentiable at x=2"], Print["f is not
differentiable at x=2"]]
Output: f is not differentiable at x=2
−3
3 + 2𝑥; ≤𝑥<0
2
3
Problem-2: Suppose 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 − 2𝑥; 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 2 is a function. Discuss the differentiability of
3
{ −3 − 2𝑥; 𝑥≥2
the function 𝑓(𝑥) at 𝑥 = 0.
Solution:
Clear All[f];
f[x_]:= Piecewise[{{3+2*x,-3/2 x<0},{3-2 *x,0 x<3/2},{-3-
2 *x,x 3/2}}];
If[lhd==rhd,Print["f is differentiable at x=0"], Print["f
is not differentiable atx=0"]]

Output: f is not differentiable atx=0
DIFFERENTIATION OF A FUNCTION
 𝑫[𝒇[𝒙], 𝒙] returns the derivative of 𝑓 with respect to 𝑥.

Examples:
i) 𝐷[𝑥^5 + 𝑥^4 + 𝑥^3 + 𝑥^2 + 𝑥 + 1, 𝑥]
Output: 1 + 2𝑥 + 3𝑥2 + 4𝑥3 + 5𝑥4
ii) 𝐷[𝑥^5 + 𝑥^4 + 𝑥^3 + 𝑥^2 + 𝑥 + 1, 𝑥]//TraditionalForm
Output: 5𝑥4 + 4𝑥3 + 3𝑥2 + 2𝑥 + 1
iii) 𝐷[Sin[𝑥]^10, 𝑥]
Output: 10Cos[𝑥]Sin[𝑥]9
 𝑫[𝒇[𝒙], {𝒙, 𝒏}] returns the 𝑛th derivative of 𝑓 with respect to 𝑥.
Examples:
i) 𝐷[𝑥^5 + 𝑥^4 + 𝑥^3 + 𝑥^2 + 𝑥 + 1, {𝑥, 2}]
Output: 2 + 6𝑥 + 12𝑥2 + 20𝑥3
%//TraditionalForm
Output: 20𝑥3 + 12𝑥2 + 6𝑥 + 2
ii) 𝐷[𝑥^5 + 𝑥^4 + 𝑥^3 + 𝑥^2 + 𝑥 + 1, {𝑥, 3}]
Output: 6 + 24𝑥 + 60𝑥2
iii) 𝐷[Sin[𝑥]^10, {𝑥, 4}]
Output: 5040Cos[𝑥]4 Sin[𝑥]6 − 4680Cos[𝑥]2 Sin[𝑥]8 + 280Sin[𝑥]10
Note that D treats every symbol in an expression that does not explicitly depend on x
as a constant.
 Derivative[n][f][x] returns the 𝑛th derivative of 𝑓 with respect to 𝑥.

Examples:
i) f[x_]:=x^5+x^4+x^3+x^2+x+1;
Derivative[1][f][x]
Output: 1 + 2𝑥 + 3𝑥2 + 4𝑥3 + 5𝑥4
Derivative[2][f][x]
Output: 2 + 6𝑥 + 12𝑥2 + 20𝑥3
ii) f[x_]:=Sin[x]^10;
Derivative[4][f][x]
Output: 5040Cos[𝑥]4 Sin[𝑥]6 − 4680Cos[𝑥]2 Sin[𝑥]8 + 280Sin[𝑥]10

 The numerical value of a derivative at a specific point can be computed several different
ways, depending upon how the derivative is computed. The next example illustrates the
most common techniques.
Examples:
i) D[x^5 + x^4 + x^3 + x^2 + x + 1, {x, 3}]/. x → 1
Output:90
ii) 𝑓[x_]: = 𝑥^5 + 𝑥^4 + 𝑥^3 + 𝑥^2 + 𝑥 + 1;
D[f[x], {x, 2}]/. x → 1
Output:40
g:=Derivative[2][f]
g[1]
Output:40
2
Problem-1: Compute the values of the first ten derivatives of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 at x = 0. Put the results
in tabular form.
Solution:
ClearAll[f]
f[x_]:=Exp[x^2];
dt=Table[{n,D[f[x],{x,n}]/.x 0},{n,1,10}];
TableForm[dt,TableHeadings{None,{"n","fn(0)"}}]
Output:
Problem-2: Compute the values of the first seven derivatives of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 6 − 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 2 − 1 at

x = 0. Put the results in tabular form.
Solution:
ClearAll[f]
f[x_]:=x^6-x^4+x^2-1;
dt=Table[{n,D[f[x],{x,n}]/.x 0},{n,1,7}];

TableForm[dt,TableHeadings{None,{"n","fn(0)"}}]
Output:
Problem-3: Sketch the graph of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 50𝑥 2 + 300 and it’s derivative, on
one set of axes for −10 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 10.
Solution:
ClearAll[f]
f[x_]:=x^4-50x^2+300;
df=D[f[x],{x,1}];
Plot[{f[x],df},{x,-10,10},PlotLegends{"f[x]","df"}]
Output:
2000
1000
10 5 5 10
1000
2000
f x
3000
df
Problem-4: Sketch the graph of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 6 + 5 − 𝑥 3 and it’s first and second
derivative, on one set of axes for −1.5 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 5.
Solution:
ClearAll[f]
f[x_]:=Sqrt[x^6+5]-x^3;
df1=D[f[x],{x,1}];
df2=D[f[x],{x,2}];
Plot[{f[x],df1,df2},{x,-1.5,5},PlotLegends{"f[x]","df1","df2"}]

Output:
RELATIVE MAXIMA AND RELATIVE MINIMA
 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐌𝐚𝐱𝐢𝐦𝐮𝐦[𝐟[𝐱], {𝐱, 𝐱 𝟎 }] finds the relative maximum of f(x) near x0 .

 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐌𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐦𝐮𝐦[𝐟[𝐱], {𝐱, 𝐱 𝟎 }] finds the relative minimum of f(x) near x0 .
Problem-1: Find the relative maxima and relative minima of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + sin 5𝑥 on
the interval [0, 𝜋].
Solution:
ClearAll[f]
f[x_]=x+Sin[5*x];
Plot[f[x],{x,0,Pi}]
Output:
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

FindMaximum[f[x],{x,0.3}]
Output: {1.3342267466303168,{x→0.3544308494898148}}
Output: {2.590863808066234,{x→1.6110679109439814}}
Output: {3.8475008695021513,{x→2.8677049718826826}}
FindMinimum[f[x],{x,0.9}]
Output: {-0.07758968519439935,{x→0.9022062119188224}}
FindMinimum[f[x],{x,2.1}]
Output: {1.179047376241518,{x→2.158843273417874}}
Note: Caution must be taken to examine the results of the calculation. The value obtained is not
necessarily the one closest to the initial guess. For example,
Output: {5.104137930938069,{x→4.124342033826391}}
but the value of x is not between 0 and π.
Class work & Home work:

 For the following functions, find relative extrema in the interval 0 < 𝑥 < 2𝜋:
i) 𝑓(𝑥) = √3𝑥 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
ii) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑥
iii) 𝑓(𝑥) = 2−𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑥
iv) 𝑓(𝑥) = | sin 2𝑥 |
 For the following functions, find relative extrema in the interval 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4:

i) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 2
ii) 𝑓(𝑥) = −2𝑥 5 + 17𝑥 4 − 46𝑥 3 + 39𝑥 2 + 4𝑥
ANALYSIS OF FUNCTIONS: INCREASING AND DECREASING, CONCAVE UP AND

CONCAVE DOWN:

Problem-1: Identify the intervals on which 𝑓(𝑥) = 17 − 15𝑥 + 9𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 is increasing and
decreasing, concave up, and concave down. Locate all inflection points and confirm that your
conclusions are consistent with the graph.
Solution:
Increasing and Decreasing Functions:
ClearAll[f]
f[x_]:=17-15x+9x^2-x^3;
Plot[f[x],{x,-7,7}]
d1f=D[f[x],x];
sol=Solve[d1f0]
Output:
800
600
400
200
6 4 2 2 4 6
{{x→1},{x→5}}
d1fmito1=d1f/.xRandomReal[{-1000000,1}];
If[d1fmito1<0,Print["f is decreasing on (-,1)"],Print["f
is increasing on (-,1)"]]
d1f1to5=d1f/.xRandomReal[{1,5}];
If[d1f1to5<0,Print["f is decreasing on (1,5)"],Print["f is
increasing on (1,5)"]]
d1f5toi=d1f/.xRandomReal[{5.1,1000}];
If[d1f5toi<0,Print["f is decreasing on (5,)"],Print["f is increasing
on (5, )"]]
Output:
f is decreasing on (-∞,1)
f is increasing on (1,5)

f is decreasing on (5,∞)
Concavity:
d2f=D[f[x],{x,2}];
sol=NSolve[d2f0]
Output:
{{x→3.}}
d2fmi=d2f/.xRandomReal[{-1000,3}];
If[d2fmi<0,Print["f is concave down on (-,3)"],Print["f is
concave up on (-,3)"]]
d2f3=d2f/.xRandomReal[{3,3000}];
If[d2f3<0,Print["f is concave down on (3,)"],Print["f is concave up
on (3,)"]]
Output:
f is concave up on (-∞,3)
f is concave down on (3,∞)
Inflection Point(s):
f[3]
Output: 26
Since f changes from concave up to concave down at the point 𝑥 = 3. The inflection point is
(3, 𝑓(3)) = (3, 26 ). All of these conclusions are consistent with the graph of f .
Problem-2: Identify the intervals on which 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 3 − 12𝑥 2 + 2 is increasing and

decreasing, concave up, and concave down. Locate all inflection points and confirm that
your conclusions are consistent with the graph.
Solution:
Increasing and Decreasing Functions:
ClearAll[f]
f[x_]:=3x^4+4x^3-12x^2+2;
Plot[f[x],{x,-3,3}]
d1f=D[f[x],x];
sol=Solve[d1f0]
Output:
100
80
60
40
20
3 2 1 1 2 3
20
{{x→-2},{x→0},{x→1}}
d1fmitom2=d1f/.xRandomReal[{-1000000,-2}];
If[d1fmitom2<0,Print["f is decreasing on (-,-
2)"],Print["f is increasing on (-,-2)"]]
d1fm2to0=d1f/.xRandomReal[{-2,0}];
If[d1fm2to0<0,Print["f is decreasing on (-2,0)"],Print["f
is increasing on (-2,0)"]]
d1f0to1=d1f/.xRandomReal[{0,1}];
If[d1f0to1<0,Print["f is decreasing on (0,1)"],Print["f is
increasing on (0,1 )"]]
d1f1toi=d1f/.xRandomReal[{1,10000}];
If[d1f1toi<0,Print["f is decreasing on (1,)"],Print["f is
increasing on (1,)"]]
Output:
f is decreasing on (-∞,-2)
f is increasing on (-2,0)
f is decreasing on (0,1)
f is increasing on (1,∞)
Concavity:
d2f=D[f[x],{x,2}];
sol=NSolve[d2f0]
Output:
{{x→-1.2152504370215302},{x→0.5485837703548635}}
d2fmi=d2f/.xRandomReal[{-1000,-1.21525}];
If[d2fmi<0,Print["f is concave down on (-,-1.21525)"],Print["f is
concave up on (-,-1.21525)"]]
Output:
f is concave up on (-∞,-1.21525)
d2fm1=d2f/.xRandomReal[{-1.21525,0.548584}];
If[d2fm1<0,Print["f is concave down on (-1.21525,0.548584)"],Print["f
is concave up on (-1.21525,0.548584)"]]
Output:
f is concave down on (-1.21525,0.548584)
d2fp5=d2f/.xRandomReal[{0.548584,1000}];
If[d2fp5<0,Print["f is concave down on (0.548584,)"],Print["f is
concave up on (0.548584,)"]]
Output:
f is concave up on (0.548584,∞)
Inflection Point(s):
f[-1.2152504370215302]
Output:
-16.3577816624136
f[0.5485837703548635]
Output:
-0.6792553746234349
Since f changes from concave up to concave down at the point 𝑥 = −1.2152504370215302 and
concave down to concave up at the point 𝑥 = 0.5485837703548635. The inflection points are
(−1.2152504370215302, 𝑓(−1.2152504370215302))
= (−1.2152504370215302, -16.3577816624136) and

(0.5485837703548635, 𝑓(0.5485837703548635))

= (0.5485837703548635, -0.6792553746234349). All of these conclusions are consistent
with the graph of f .
Class work & Home work:

Determine the intervals on which the following functions are increasing and decreasing , concave
up, and concave down. Locate all inflection points and confirm that your conclusions are
consistent with the graph:
i) f ( x)  5  12 x  x3
ii) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3
iii) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3
iv) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 1
v) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 2 sin 𝑥
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM AND ABSOLUTE MINIMUM
Problem-1: Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of the function
𝑓(𝑥) = −2𝑥 5 + 17𝑥 4 − 46𝑥 3 + 39𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 on the interval [0, 4].
Solution:
f[x_]:=-2x^5+17x^4-46x^3+39x^2+4x;
a=0;b=4;
ep={a,b};
df:=D[f[x],x];
cp=NSolve[df0]
pt=Union[ep,cp[[All,1,2]]]
a< x< b/.cp
Output:
{{x→-
0.0472410743439684},{x→1.0596216588487413},{x→2.274656668634987}
,{x→3.5129627468602407}}
{-
0.0472410743439684,0,1.0596216588487413,2.274656668634987,3.5129
627468602407,4}
{False,True,True,True}

pt=Complement[pt,{pt[[1]]}]
Output:
{0,1.0596216588487413,2.274656668634987,3.5129627468602407,4}
Print["The absolute Maximum is",Max[f[pt]]]
Output:
The absolute Maximum is 20.133970119212904
Print["The absolute Minimum is",Min[f[pt]]]
Output:
The absolute Minimum is 0
Plot[f[x],{x,0,4}]
Output:
20
15
10
1 2 3 4
Problem-2: Find the absolute extreme values of the function

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 2 on the interval [0, 4].
Solution:
ClearAll[f]
f[x_]:=x^4-4x^3+2x^2+4x+2;
a=0;b=4;
ep={a,b};
df:=D[f[x],x];

cp=NSolve[df==0]
pt=Union[ep,cp[[All,1,2]]]
a< x< b/.cp
Output:
{{x→-
0.4142135623730952},{x→0.9999999999999999},{x→2.414213562373095}
}
{-0.4142135623730952,0,0.9999999999999999,2.414213562373095,4}
{False,True,True}
pt=Complement[pt,{pt[[1]]}]
Print["The absolute Maximum is ",Max[f[pt]]]
Print["The absolute Minimum is ",Min[f[pt]]]
Plot[f[x],{x,0,4}]
Output:
{0,0.9999999999999999,2.414213562373095,4}
The absolute Maximum is 50
The absolute Minimum is 1.
15
10
1 2 3 4
Alternative Method:
 Maximize[{f, cons},x] will maximize the function f with respect to x and subject to the
constraints, cons.
 Minimize[{f, cons},x] will minimize the function f with respect to x and subject to the
constraints, cons.
Problem-1: Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of f on the given closed interval,
and state where those values occur.
a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 2; [0, 4]
b) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + sin 5𝑥; [0, 𝜋]
c) 𝑓(𝑥) = −2𝑥 5 + 17𝑥 4 − 46𝑥 3 + 39𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 ; [0, 4]
d) 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 − 15𝑥 2 + 36𝑥 ; [1, 5]
4 1
e) 𝑓(𝑥) = 6𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 3 ; [−1, 1]
Solution:
a)
ClearAll[f]
f[x_]:=x^4-4x^3+2x^2+4x+2
Plot[f[x],{x,0,4}]
Maximize[{f[x],0 x 4},x]
Minimize[{f[x],0 x 4},x]//Simplify
Output:
15
10
1 2 3 4
{50,{x→4}}
{1,{x→1+√2}}
b)
ClearAll[f,x]
f[x_]:=x+Sin[5x];
Plot[f[x],{x,0,Pi}]
Maximize[{f[x],0 x Pi},x]//N
Minimize[{f[x],0xPi},x]//N
Output:
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

{3.8475008695021513,{x→2.8677049723888803}}
{-0.07758968519439935,{x→0.9022062119188718}}
c)
ClearAll[f]
f[x_]:=-2x^5+17x^4-46x^3+39x^2+4x
Plot[f[x],{x,0,4}]
Maximize[{f[x],0 x 4},x]//N
Output:
20
15
10
1 2 3 4
{20.133970119213018,{x→3.5129627468602433}}
{0,{x→0}}
d)
ClearAll[f]
f[x_]:=2x^3-15x^2+36x
Plot[f[x],{x,1,5}]
Maximize[{f[x],1 x 5},x]//N
Output:
45
40
35
30
25
2 3 4 5
{55.,{x→5.}}
{23,{x→1}}
e)
ClearAll[f]
f[x_]:=6x^(4/3)-3x^(1/3)
Plot[f[x],{x,-1,1}]
Maximize[{f[x],-1 x 1},x]//N
Minimize[{f[x],-1 x 1},x]//Simplify
Output:
3
1.0 0.5 0.5 1.0
{3.,{x→1.}}

{-9/8,{x→1/8}}
ASYMPTOTES
Problem-1: Find the horizontal, vertical, oblique and curvilinear asymptotes (if they exist) of the
following function:
𝑥3
a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 −1
1
b) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 +1
2𝑥 2 +7
c) 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 +𝑥+12
2𝑥 2 −3𝑥+5
d) 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 +5𝑥−12
𝑥 3 −1
e) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥
(𝑥−2)3
f) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥2
Solution:
a)
ClearAll[f,x,m,n]
f[x_]:=x^3/(x^2-1);
Horizontal asymptotes:
Limit[f[x],x ]
Limit[f[x],x -]
Output:
∞
-∞
Therefore, there are no horizontal asymptotes.
Vertical asymptotes:
Solve[x^2-1==0,x]
Output:
{{x→-1},{x→1}}

Therefore, the vertical asymptotes are the lines, 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = −1.
Oblique asymptotes:
m=Limit[(f[x])⁄x,x→Infinity]
Output:
1
n=Limit[f[x]-m*x,x→Infinity]
Output:
Print["The Oblique asymptotes is y=",m*x+n]
Output:
The Oblique asymptotes is y=x
b)
ClearAll[f,x,m,n]
f[x_]:=1/(x^2+1);
Output:
Therefore, the horizontal asymptote is the line, 𝑦 = 0.
Solve[x^2+1==0]
Output:
{{x→-ⅈ},{x→ⅈ}}
Therefore, there are no ho vertical asymptotes.

c)
ClearAll[f,x,m,n]
f[x_]:=(2x^2+7)/(3x^2+x+12);
Output:
2/3
2/3
Therefore, the horizontal asymptote is the line, 𝑦 = 2/3.
Solve[3x^2+x+12==0,x]
Output:
{{x→1/6(-1-ⅈ√143)},{x→1/6(-1+ⅈ√143)}}
Therefore, there are no ho vertical asymptotes.
d)
ClearAll[f,x,m,n]
f[x_]:=(2x^2-3x+5)/(3x^2+5x-12);
Output:
2/3
2/3
Therefore, the horizontal asymptote is the line, 𝑦 = 2/3.
Solve[3x^2+5x-12==0,x]

Output:
{{x→-3},{x→4/3}}
Therefore, the vertical asymptotes are the lines, 𝑥 = −3 and 𝑥 = 4/3.
e)
ClearAll[f,x,m,n]
f[x_]:=(x^3-1)/x;
Output:
The vertical asymptote is the line, 𝑥 = 0.
Curvilinear asymptotes:
m=Limit[(f[x])⁄(x^2),x→∞]
Output:
n=Limit[(f[x]-m*x^2),x→∞]
Output:
Print["The Curvilinear asymptotes is y=",m*x^2+n]
Output:

The Curvilinear asymptotes is y=x^2
f)
ClearAll[f,x,m,n]
f[x_]:=(x-2)^3/x^2;
Output:
-∞
Solve[x^2==0,x]
Output:
{{x→0},{x→0}}
Therefore, the vertical asymptote is the line, 𝑥 = 0.
Oblique asymptotes:
m=Limit[(f[x])⁄x,x→Infinity]
Output:
n=Limit[f[x]-m*x,x→Infinity]
Output:
-6
Print["The Oblique asymptote is y=",m*x+n]
Output:
The Oblique asymptote is y=-6+x
IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION
𝑑𝑓
 Dt[f, x] gives the total derivative 𝑑𝑥 .
Examples:
i) Dt[a*x+b,x]
Output:
a+xDt[a,x]+Dt[b,x]
ii) Dt[a*x+y,x]
Output:
a+xDt[a,x]+Dt[y,x]
%//TraditionalForm
Output:
𝑥 ⅆ𝑎/ ⅆ𝑥 + 𝑎 + ⅆ𝑦/ ⅆ𝑥
where as D[a*x+y,x]gives a as output.
𝑑𝑛 𝑓
 Dt[f, {x,n}] gives the multiple derivative 𝑑𝑥 𝑛.
Examples:
i) Dt[x^2y,{x,2}]
Output:
2y+4xDt[y,x]+x^2 Dt[y,{x,2}]
%//TraditionalForm
Output:
2
ⅆ2𝑦 ⅆ𝑦
𝑥 2
+ 4𝑥 + 2𝑦
ⅆ𝑥 ⅆ𝑥
Problem-1: Use implicit differentiation to find dy/dx if
i) 𝑥𝑦 − 1 = 0
ii) 5𝑦 2 + sin 𝑦 − 𝑥 2 = 0

Solution:
i)
a=x*y-1
b=Dt[a,x]
Output:
-1+xy
y+xDt[y,x]
c=Solve[b==0,Dt[y,x]]
Output:
{Dt[y,x]→-y/x}}
%//TraditionalForm
ⅆ𝑦 𝑦
{{ → − }}
ⅆ𝑥 𝑥
ii) ClearAll[a,b,c]
a=5y^2+Sin[y]-x^2
b=Dt[a,x]
Output:
-x^2+5y^2+Sin[y]
-2x+10yDt[y,x]+Cos[y]Dt[y,x]
2𝑥
{{Dt[𝑦, 𝑥] → }}
10𝑦+Cos[𝑦]
𝑑2 𝑦
Problem-2: Use implicit differentiation to find 𝑑𝑥 2 if
i) 4𝑥 2 − 2𝑦 2 = 9
ii) 𝑦 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 − 𝑥 = 0
iii) 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 = 4
iv) 𝑥3𝑦3 = 4
Solution:
i)

ClearAll[a,b,c,d,e,f]
a=4x^2-2y^2-9
b=Dt[a,x]
d=Dt[a,{x,2}]
e=Solve[d==0,Dt[y,{x,2}]]
Output:
−9 + 4𝑥 2 − 2𝑦 2
8 x-4 y Dt[y,x]
{{Dt[y,x](2 x)/y}}
8-2 (2 Dt[y,x]2+2 y Dt[y,{x,2}])
{{Dt[y,{x,2}](2-Dt[y,x]2)/y}}
f=e/.Dt[y,x](2 x)/y
{{Dt[y,{x,2}](2-(4 x2)/y2)/y}}
%//TraditionalForm
{{2y/x2(2 (y2-2 x2))/y3}}
ii)
a=y+Sin[y]-x
b=Dt[a,x]
d=Dt[a,{x,2}]
Output:
-x+y+Sin[y]
-1+Dt[y,x]+Cos[y] Dt[y,x]
{{Dt[y,x]1/(1+Cos[y])}}
Dt[y,{x,2}]+Cos[y] Dt[y,{x,2}]-Dt[y,x]2 Sin[y]
{{Dt[y,{x,2}](Dt[y,x]2 Sin[y])/(1+Cos[y])}}
f=e/.Dt[y,x]1/(1+Cos[y])
{{Dt[y,{x,2}]Sin[y]/(1+Cos[y])3}}
%//TraditionalForm
{{2y/x2sin(y)/(cos(y)+1)3}}

iii)
a=2x^2-3y^2-4
b=Dt[a,x]
d=Dt[a,{x,2}]
Output:
-4+2 x2-3 y2
4 x-6 y Dt[y,x]
{{Dt[y,x](2 x)/(3 y)}}
4-3 (2 Dt[y,x]2+2 y Dt[y,{x,2}])
{{Dt[y,{x,2}](2-3 Dt[y,x]2)/(3 y)}}
f=e/.Dt[y,x](2 x)/(3 y)
{{Dt[y,{x,2}](2-(4 x2)/(3 y2))/(3 y)}}
%//TraditionalForm
{{2y/x2(2-(4 x2)/(3 y2))/(3 y)}}
iv)
a=x^3y^3-4
b=Dt[a,x]
d=Dt[a,{x,2}]
Output:
-4+x3 y3
3 x2 y3+3 x3 y2 Dt[y,x]
{{Dt[y,x]-(y/x)}}
6 x y3+18 x2 y2 Dt[y,x]+x3 (6 y Dt[y,x]2+3 y2 Dt[y,{x,2}])
{{Dt[y,{x,2}]-((2 (y2+3 x y Dt[y,x]+x2 Dt[y,x]2))/(x2 y))}}
f=e/.Dt[y,x]-(y/x)
{{Dt[y,{x,2}](2 y)/x2}}
%//TraditionalForm
{{2y/x2(2 y)/x2}}
ROLLE’S THEOREM
Problem-1: Apply Rolle’s theorem to find the values of c for the following functions:
i) 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 + 39𝑥 2 − 46𝑥 3 + 17𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 5 on the interval [0, 4]

ii) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2 on the interval [−2, 1]
Solution:
i)
f[x_]:=4x+39x^2-46x^3+17x^4-2x^5
a=0;b=4;
Plot[f[x],{x,a,b}]
f[a]==f[b]==0
df=D[f[x],x]
dfc=df/.x c
sol=NSolve[dfc==0]
Print["The values of c inside the interval are"]
For[i=1,i4,i++,If[a<c<b/.c sol[[i,1,2]],Print[sol[[i,1,2]]]]]
Output:
20
15
10
1 2 3 4
True
4+78 x-138 x2+68 x3-10 x4
4+78 c-138 c2+68 c3-10 c4
{{c-0.0472411},{c1.05962},{c2.27466},{c3.51296}}
The values of c inside the interval are
1.05962
2.27466
3.51296
ii)
f[x_]:=-2+x-x^2+x^3+x^4
a=-2;b=1;
Plot[f[x],{x,a,b}]
f[a]==f[b]==0
df=D[f[x],x]
dfc=df/.x c
sol=NSolve[dfc==0]
Print["The values of c inside the interval are"]
For[i=1,i3,i++,If[a<c<b/.c sol[[i,1,2]],Print[sol[[i,1,2]]]]]
2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.5 1.0
True
1-2 x+3 x2+4 x3
1-2 c+3 c2+4 c3
{{c-1.28858},{c0.269292_-0.348559 },{c0.269292_+0.348559 }}
The values of c inside the interval are
-1.28858
Less::nord: Invalid comparison with _0.269292_-0.348559 _ attempted. 
General::stop: Further output of _Less::nord_ will be suppressed during this
calculation. 
Problem-1: Verify Rolle’s theorem for the following functions:
i) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑥 sin 𝑥; [0, 𝜋]

ii) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2; [1, 2]
iii) 𝑓(𝑥) = log(−𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4) ; [−1, 3]

Solution:
i)
ClearAll[f,x]
f[x_]:=Exp[-x]Sin[x]
a=0;b=Pi;
f[a]==f[b]==0
Plot[f[x],{x,a,b}]
True
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

df=D[f[x],x]
dfc=df/.x c
-x Cos[x]--x Sin[x]
-c Cos[c]--c Sin[c]
s=FindRoot[dfc==0,{c,1}]
If[a<c<b/.s,Print["Rolle's Theorem is verified"]]
{c0.785398}
Rolle's Theorem is verified
ii)
ClearAll[f,x]
f[x_]:=x^2-3x+2
a=1;b=2;
f[a]==f[b]==0
Plot[f[x],{x,a,b}]
True

1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
df=D[f[x],x]
dfc=df/.x c
s=FindRoot[dfc==0,{c,1.5}]
-3+2 x
-3+2 c
{c1.5}
iii)
ClearAll[f,x]
f[x_]:=Log[4+2x-x^2]
a=-1;b=3;
f[a]==f[b]==0
Plot[f[x],{x,a,b}]
True
1.5
1.0
0.5
1 1 2 3
df=D[f[x],x]
dfc=df/.x c
s=FindRoot[dfc==0,{c,1.1}]
(2-2 x)/(4+2 x-x2)
(2-2 c)/(4+2 c-c2)
MEAN-VALUE THEOREM
Problem-1: Apply Mean-Value Theorem to find the values of c for the following functions;
hence verify the Mean-Value Theorem.
i) 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 3); [0, 4]

ii) 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 + sin 2𝜋𝑥 ; [0, 2]
iii) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 − 4; [−1, 2]
iv) 𝑓(𝑥) = √25 − 𝑥 2 ; [−5, 3]
Solution:
i)
ClearAll[f,x]
f[x_]=(x-1)(x-2)(x-3)
a=0;b=4;
ContourPlot[{y==f[x],(x-a)/(a-b)==(y-f[a])/(f[a]-f[b])},{x,a,b},{y,-
6,6},AxesTrue,FrameFalse]
(-3+x) (-2+x) (-1+x)

6
1 2 3 4
sol=FindRoot[f[b]-f[a](b-a)f'[c],{c,{1,3}}]
{c{0.845299,3.1547}}
For[i=1,i 2,i++,If[a<c<b/.c sol[[1,2,i]],Print["Mean-value Theorem is verified"]]]
Mean-value Theorem is verified
ii)
ClearAll[f,x]
f[x_]=Sqrt[x]+Sin[2Pi*x]
a=0;b=2;
x
+Sin[2  x]

3
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
1
s1=FindRoot[f[b]-f[a]==(b-a)f'[c],{c,{0.25,0.75,1.25,1.75}}]
{c{0.257071,0.753319,1.24344,1.75836}}
For[i=1,i 4,i++,If[a<c<b/.c s1[[1,2,i]],Print["Mean-value Theorem is
verified"];Break[];]]
Mean-value Theorem is verified
iii)
ClearAll[f,x]
f[x_]=x^3+x-4
a=-1;b=2;
-4+x+x3

10
1.0 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
s1=FindRoot[f[b]-f[a]==(b-a)f'[c],{c,0.8}]
{c1.}
If[a<c<b/.s1,Print["Mean-value Theorem is verified."]]
Mean-value Theorem is verified.
iv)
ClearAll[f,x]
f[x_]=Sqrt[25-x^2];
a=-5;b=3;

5
4 2 2
s1=FindRoot[f[b]-f[a]==(b-a)f'[c],{c,-2}]
{c-2.23607}
If[a<c<b/.s1,Print["Mean-value Theorem is verified."]]
Mean-value Theorem is verified.
POWER SERIES
 Series[f,{x,x0,n}] generates a power series expansion for f about the point x=x 0 to order
(x-x0)n.
 SeriesCoefficient[series,n] finds the coefficient of nth order term in the form generated
by series.
 SeriesCoefficient[f,{x,x0,n}] find the coefficient of (x-x0)n in the expansion of f about the
point x=x0 .
𝜋
Problem-1: Expand 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑥 in power of (𝑥 − ).
2
Solution:
Series[Sin[x],{x,Pi/2,10}]
1-1/2 (x-/2)2+1/24 (x-/2)4-1/720 (x-/2)6+(x-/2)8/40320-(x-/2)10/3628800+O[x-/2]11
𝜋
Problem-2: Expand 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑥 in power of (𝑥 − 2 ).
Solution:
Series[Cos[x],{x,Pi/2,10}]//Normal
/2-x+1/6 (-(/2)+x)3-1/120 (-(/2)+x)5+(-(/2)+x)7/5040-(-(/2)+x)9/362880
Problem-3: Obtain the coefficient of 𝑥 7 in the expansion of 𝑒 𝑥 .
Solution:
s=Series[Exp[x],{x,0,7}]
1+x+x2/2+x3/6+x4/24+x5/120+x6/720+x7/5040+O[x]8
SeriesCoefficient[s,7]
1/5040
OR
SeriesCoefficient[Exp[x],{x,0,7}]
1/5040
Problem-4: Construct the Taylor polynomials about x=1 for 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥 of degree 9. In
addition, construct an error function and computes it’s value from x=1 to 2 in increment 0.2.
Finally, Place the results in the form of a table and comment on the values on the error as x gets
further from 1.
Solution:
s1=Series[Sin[x],{x,1,9}]//Normal
err[x_]=Abs[s1-Sin[x]];
s=Table[{x,err[x]},{x,1,2,0.2}];
TableForm[s,TableHeadings →{None,{"x","err(x)"}}]
(-1+x) Cos[1]-1/6 (-1+x)3 Cos[1]+1/120 (-1+x)5 Cos[1]-((-1+x)7 Cos[1])/5040+((-1+x)9

Cos[1])/362880+Sin[1]-1/2 (-1+x)2 Sin[1]+1/24 (-1+x)4 Sin[1]-1/720 (-1+x)6 Sin[1]+((-1+x)8
Sin[1])/40320
Comment: err[x] is increasing as x gets further from 1.
Problem-5: Construct the Taylor polynomials about x=0 for 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 of degree 11. In
addition, construct an error function and computes it’s value from x=0 to 8 in increment 2.
Finally, Place the results in the form of a table.

Solution:
s1=Series[Exp[x],{x,0,11}]//Normal
err[x_]=Abs[s1-Sin[x]];
s=Table[{x,err[x]},{x,0,8,2}];
TableForm[s,TableHeadings→{None,{"x","err(x)"}}]
1+x+x2/2+x3/6+x4/24+x5/120+x6/720+x7/5040+x8/40320+x9/362880+x10/3628800+x11/39
916800
TANGENT AND NORMAL
Problem-1: Obtain the equation of tangent and normal for the following curves at the point
given with them and plot them in the same set of axes:
a) 𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 = 3 at (−1, 1)
b) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 at (2, 4)
c) 𝑦 2 = 8𝑥 at (2, 4)
d) 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 9 at (5, 4)
Solution:
a)
x1=1;y1=-1;
d1=Dt[x^2+2y^2==3,x]
2 x+4 y Dt[y,x]0
sol=Solve[d1,Dt[y,x]]
{{Dt[y,x]-(x/(2 y))}}
m=sol[[1,1,2]]/.{x x1,y y1}
1/2
tangent=y-y1m(x-x1)//Simplify
normal=y-y1-(1/m)(x-x1)//Simplify
x3+2 y
2 x+y1
ContourPlot[{x^2+2y^2==3,x3+2 y,2 x+y1},{x,-2,3},{y,-
2
2 1 1 2 3
b)
x1=2;y1=4;
d1=Dt[y==x^2,x]
m=sol[[1,1,2]]/.{x x1,y y1}
Dt[y,x]2 x
{{Dt[y,x]2 x}}
4
4 x4+y
x+4 y18
ContourPlot[{y==x^2,4 x4+y,x+4 y18},{x,-5,5},{y,-

10
4 2 2 4
c)
x1=2;y1=4;
d1=Dt[y^28x,x]
m=sol[[1,1,2]]/.{x x1,y y1}
2 y Dt[y,x]8
{{Dt[y,x]4/y}}
1
2+xy
x+y6
ContourPlot[{y^28x,2+xy,x+y6},{x,-10,10},{y,-

10
10 5 5 10
10
d)
x1=5;y1=4;
d1=Dt[x^2-y^29,x]
m=sol[[1,1,2]]/.{x x1,y y1}
2 x-2 y Dt[y,x]0
{{Dt[y,x]x/y}}
5/4
5 x9+4 y
(4 x)/5+y8
ContourPlot[{x^2-y^29,5 x9+4 y,(4 x)/5+y8},{x,-10,10},{y,-

10
10 5 5 10
10

INTEGRAL CALCULUS
 Integrate[f[x],x] computes the indefinite integral ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)ⅆ𝑥.
𝑏
 Integrate[f[x],{x,a,b}] computes the definite integral ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)ⅆ𝑥.
Problem-1: Evaluate the following Integrals:
a) ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ⅆ𝑥
1
b) ∫ (√𝑥 + 𝑥) ⅆ𝑥
√
1
c) ∫ √1−𝑥 2 ⅆ𝑥
1
d) ∫ (𝑥 4 +1)2 ⅆ𝑥
Solution:
a)
Integrate[x^2Exp[x]Sin[x],x]
1/2 x (-(-1+x)2 Cos[x]+(-1+x2) Sin[x])
b)
Integrate[(Sqrt[x]+1/Sqrt[x]),x]
2/3 x (3+x)
c)
Integrate[(1/Sqrt[1-x^2]),x]
ArcSin[x]
Integrate[(1/(x^4+1)^2),x]
1/32 ((8 x)/(1+x4)-6 2 ArcTan[1- 2
x]+6 2
ArcTan[1+ 2
x]-3
2 Log[1- 2 x+x2]+3 2 Log[1+ 2 x+x2])
Problem-2: Calculate a table of integrals ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝑥 ⅆ𝑥 for 𝑛 = 0 to 10.
Solution:
tab=Table[{n,Integrate[Sin[x]^n,x]},{n,0,10}];
TableForm[tab,TableHeadings {None,{"n","\[Integral](Sinnx dx"}}]

Problem-3: Evaluate the following definite integrals:
1
a) ∫0 sin(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥) ⅆ𝑥
10 𝑑𝑥
b) ∫4 (1+𝑥 2 )√1−𝑥 2
1
c) ∫0 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ⅆ𝑥
Solution:
Integrate[Sin[Sin[x]],{x,0,1}]//N
0.430606
Integrate[1/((1+x^2)Sqrt[1-x^2]),{x,4,10}]//N
0._-0.0258087 
Integrate[x*Exp[x]*Sin[x],{x,0,1}]
1/2 (-1+ Sin[1])
NIntegrate[x*Exp[x]*Sin[x],{x,0,1}]
0.643678

Problem-4: Compute the approximate length of one complete arc of a sine curve.
Solution:
f[x_]=Sin[x];
a=0;b=Pi;
Plot[f[x],{x,a,b}]
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
arclen=NIntegrate[Sqrt[1+(f'[x])^2],{x,a,b}]
3.820197789023311
Problem-5: Compute the approximate length of one complete arc of a cosine curve.
Solution:
f[x_]=Cos[x];
a=-Pi/2;b=Pi/2;
Plot[f[x],{x,a,b}]
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
1.5 1.0 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.5
3.820197789023311
Problem-6: Find the length of the following curve from x=1 to x=2:
𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 2) − 1/8𝑙𝑛(2𝑥 + 3)

Solution:
ClearAll[f];
f[x_]=(x+1)(x+2)-(1/8)Log[2x+3];
a=1;b=2;
Plot[f[x],{x,a,b}]
11
10
6
1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
6.04206
Problem-7: Find the area bounded by the curve 𝑦 = sin 𝑥, the axis of x and straight lines x=0 to
x=𝜋.
Solution:
ClearAll[f];
f[x_]=Sin[x];
ContourPlot[{y==f[x],x==0,x==Pi},{x,-
1,4},{y,0,1},Axes→True,Frame →False]
area=Integrate[f[x],{x,0,Pi}]

1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
1 1 2 3 4
2
Problem-8: Find the area bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , the axis of x and two straight lines
𝑥 = 1, 𝑥 = 3.
Solution:
ClearAll[f];
f[x_]=x^2;
ContourPlot[{y==f[x],x==1,x==3},{x,0,4},{y,0,10},Axes→True,
Frame→False]
area=Integrate[f[x],{x,1,3}]

10
1 2 3 4
26/3
Problem-9: Compute the area bounded by the following curves:
a) 𝑓1 (𝑥) = 1 − 𝑥 2 and 𝑓2 (𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 2

b) 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 and 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 4
Solution:
a)
ClearAll[f];
f1[x_]=1-x^2;
f2[x_]=x^4-3x^2
Plot[{f1[x],f2[x]},{x,-2,2},FillingTrue]
-3 x2+x4

Solve[f1[x]==f2[x]]
{{x- 1 2 },{x 1 2 },{x- 1 2 },{x 1 2 }}
1 2
a=- ;
b= 1 2
;
area=NIntegrate[(f1[x]-f2[x]),{x,a,b}]
4.48665
b)
ClearAll[a,b];
f1[y_]=y^2/4;
f2[y_]=(y+4)/2;
Plot[{f1[y],f2[y]},{y,-4,4},Filling True]
Solve[f1[y]==f2[y]]
{{y-2},{y4}}
a=-2;b=4;
area=NIntegrate[(f2[y]-f1[y]),{y,a,b}]
9.
𝑥2 𝑦2
Problem-10: Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the ellipse 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 1 about
x-axis.
Solution:
Solve[x^2/a^2+y^2/b^2==1,y]
2 2 2 2
{{y-((b a x )/a)},{y(b a x )/a}}
2 2
y=(b a x )/a
Volume=Integrate[Pi*y^2,{x,-a,a}]
2 2
(b a x )/a
4/3 a b2  
𝑥2 𝑦2
Problem-11: Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the ellipse 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 1 about
y-axis.
Solution:
ClearAll[x,y,a,b];
Solve[x^2/a^2+y^2/b^2==1,x]
{{x-((a b2 y2 )/b)},{x(a b2 y2 )/b}}

2 2
x=(a b y )/b;
Volume=Integrate[Pi*x^2,{y,-b,b}]
4/3 a2 b 
Problem-12: Compute the volume of the sphere obtained if the semicircle 𝑦 = √𝑟 2 − 𝑥 2 , −𝑟 ≤

𝑥 ≤ 𝑟 is rotated about the x-axis.
Solution:
ClearAll[a,b,x,y];
y=Sqrt[r^2-x^2];
a=-r;b=r;
volume=Pi*Integrate[y^2,{x,a,b}]
(4  r3)/3

REFERENCES
[1] The Student’s Introduction to Mathematica ® A Handbook for Precalculus, Calculus, and
Linear Algebra, Second edition, Bruce F. Torrence & Eve A. Torrence, CAMBRIDGE
UNIVERSITY PRESS, 2009.
[2] Mathematica, Third Edition, Eugene Don, Schaum’s Outline Series, 2019.
[3] MATHEMATICA, Hafizur, Sanjit and Sarwar, TITAS MATH SERIES, 2012.
[4] Differential Calculus using MATHEMATICA,CÉSAR PÉREZ LÓPEZ.
[5] Analysis with Mathematica® Volume 1: Single Variable Calculus, Galina Filipuk, Andrzej
Kozłowski, 2019.
[6] MATHEMATICA BOOK, 5TH EDITION, STEPHEN WOLFRAM, 2003.
[7] CALCULUS EARLY TRANSCENDENTALS, 10TH EDITION, HOWARD ANTON, IRL

BIVENS, STEPHEN DAVIS, 2012.
**********************************************************************

Sheet 1 - MATHEMATICA - Calculus - Md. Ashraful Alam

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CALCULUS

𝑓[x_]: = (𝑥^5 − 32)⁄(𝑥^3 − 8) ;

i) lhl = Limit[𝑓[𝑥], 𝑥 → 2, Direction → 1]

Ans: Limit Exist

Piecewise function in MATHEMATICA

 How do you write a piecewise function like

𝑓[x_ ] ≔ (𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠)𝐸𝑠𝑐 + (𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒) 𝑝𝑤 + (𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠)𝐸𝑠𝑐

Again, Ctrl+Enter will provide

Then after putting different pieces of the function with

3 Calculus with MATHEMATICA

i) lhl = Limit[𝑓[𝑥], 𝑥 → 0, Direction → 1]

4 Calculus with MATHEMATICA

5 Calculus with MATHEMATICA

rhl = Limit[𝑓[𝑥], 𝑥 → 0, Direction → −1];

lhl = Limit[𝑓[𝑥], 𝑥 → Pi⁄2 , Direction → 1];

rhl = Limit[𝑓[𝑥], 𝑥 → Pi⁄2 , Direction → −1];

If[lhl == rhl == fv, Print["f is continuous at x = π/2"], Print["f is not continuous at x

Ans: f is continuous at x = π/2

ii) Plot[𝑓[𝑥], {𝑥, −10,10}]

i) Discuss the continuity of the function 𝑓(𝑥)at 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = 2

6 Calculus with MATHEMATICA

Output: f(x) is continuous at x=1

Output: f(x) is continuous at x = 2

7 Calculus with MATHEMATICA

Output: f(x) is continuous at x=0

8 Calculus with MATHEMATICA

Output: f(x) is not continuous at x=0

Plot[𝑓[𝑥], {𝑥, −12,12}]

9 Calculus with MATHEMATICA

Output: f is differentiable at x=1

Output: f is not differentiable at x=2

10 Calculus with MATHEMATICA

 𝑫[𝒇[𝒙], 𝒙] returns the derivative of 𝑓 with respect to 𝑥.

 Derivative[n][f][x] returns the 𝑛th derivative of 𝑓 with respect to 𝑥.

11 Calculus with MATHEMATICA

Problem-2: Compute the values of the first seven derivatives of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 6 − 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 2 − 1 at

12 Calculus with MATHEMATICA

13 Calculus with MATHEMATICA

RELATIVE MAXIMA AND RELATIVE MINIMA

 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐌𝐚𝐱𝐢𝐦𝐮𝐦[𝐟[𝐱], {𝐱, 𝐱 𝟎 }] finds the relative maximum of f(x) near x0 .

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

14 Calculus with MATHEMATICA

Class work & Home work:

 For the following functions, find relative extrema in the interval 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4:

ANALYSIS OF FUNCTIONS: INCREASING AND DECREASING, CONCAVE UP AND

15 Calculus with MATHEMATICA

Increasing and Decreasing Functions:

16 Calculus with MATHEMATICA

f is concave down on (3,∞)

Problem-2: Identify the intervals on which 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 3 − 12𝑥 2 + 2 is increasing and

Increasing and Decreasing Functions:

f is concave down on (-1.21525,0.548584)

= (−1.2152504370215302, -16.3577816624136) and

19 Calculus with MATHEMATICA

Class work & Home work:

ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM AND ABSOLUTE MINIMUM

20 Calculus with MATHEMATICA

Print["The absolute Maximum is",Max[f[pt]]]

The absolute Maximum is 20.133970119212904

Print["The absolute Minimum is",Min[f[pt]]]

The absolute Minimum is 0

Problem-2: Find the absolute extreme values of the function

21 Calculus with MATHEMATICA