HEAT EQUATION Cp T + (u )T t = k2 T + Sv = k Cp thermal diusivity

LUMPED CAPACITANCE Bi << 1, means wall is good conductor. Therefore uniform T. t Cp T dV =

CS Cp V hA

(q n) dA

RHS becomes convection

Cp T dV = Sv dV (q n) dA Cp T (v n) dA t CV CS Rate heat generation heat ow surface heat loss from ow THERMAL RESISTANCES Q= T R ln R=
rout rin

Rearrange, int over VOLUME V and set = 1 = t

t T T = e Ti T

, = T T

2Lk

CYLINDER R= 1 4k

R=

L CONDUCT. kA SPHERE

R=

1 CONVEC. hA

1 1 r1 r2

SIMPLE

dT Conduction dx q = hA(T T ) Convection q = k

SEMI-INFINITE SOLID High Biot Initial condition: t = 0 T = Ti everywhere Boundary Conditions: x = 0 T = Tsurf ace t > 0 AND x T Ti 2T T = 2 t x

BIOT NUMBER Bi = hL << 1 UNIFORM WALL TEMP k

T Ti = erf c Ts Ti qs = k

x 2 t

INTERNAL HEAT GENERATION uid - WALL - uid (HEAT EQ. REDUCES TO:) 0=k d2 T +S dx2 d2 T S = dx2 k

dT k(Ts Ti ) = dx t

S 2 x + C1 x + C2 2k Boundary Conditions: Symmetry at Centre; Convection = Conduction at surface: General Soln: T = dT =0 x=0 dx dT x=L k = h(T T ) dx

CONTACT BETWEEN SEMI-INF. SOLIDS Follows above governing equations. Two equal and opposite uxes as above. TAi MA + TBi MB MA + MB

Ts =

MA =

KA A Cp(A)

Interface temp is a weighted average. CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER Area average heat transfer coe. = 1 h h dA A A V x U T x U Re = ux ux =

FINS Boundary Conditions: dT = 0 at x = L dx - Reduce HEAT EQUATION to: (q n) dA

CS

T = TBASE at x = 0

R2 (q |x + q |x+x ) + qs |x 2Rx = 0

Aim is to nd qs , hence rearrange and take lim. qs = R dq this must be equation to convective ux 2 dx q = k qs = h(T T ) DIMENSIONLESS NUMBERS AND CORRELATIONS Nusselt: hL where k is for uid. k Pr = ratio of diusivities uL = 1.128Re0.5 P r0.5 N L uL = 0.664Re0.5 P r 1 3 N L
2 Q R 0

dT AND dx Dierentiate and rearrange to get:

hP d2 T (T T ) = 0 P-erimeter A-rea dx2 kA d2 2 = 0 dx2 Solve gen. solution using above BCs! = C1 Sinh(x) + C2 Cosh(x) Cosh[ (L x)] T T = Tb T Cosh[L] dT = kA Q |x=0 = kAhP (Tb T )T anh(L) dx Ideal n is convecting at Tb temperature all along length. Hence eciency.

.5 0. 5 N ux = 0.564Re0 x Pr
1

P r << 1 P r > 0.5

.5 N ux = 0.332Re0 x Pr3

Mean temperature internal ow: Tm = MASS TRANSFER

T ur dr

= ci (Vi V ) = Di ci Diusive Molar Flux + FICKS 1st Law Ji = Ni ci V i mass fraction ci mole fraction c

i =

xi =

mc =

DILUTE SOLUTION (k - solvent) Assumes 1 wk << 1 and Vk V CHARACTERISTICS L2 D Diusion Time Dt Distance Travelled

PROD/ABSORPTION IN BULK

2c kc = 0 x2

POLYMER DIFFUSION T > Tg rubbery Rrelax >> Rdif f not limited by bending rate!

c At permeable boundaries reNo ux condition at a boundary gives x member that ux needs to be continuous, therefore equate.

FICKIAN DIFFUSION. T < Tg glassy Rdif f >> Rrelax limited by bending

REACTIONS Separate equation for each species. rate k. mA + nB pC

Assume reaction

SA = km[A]m [B ]n

CASE II Diusion. Sharp front advances at const. rate. CONVECTION-DIFFUSION-REACTION EQUATION Derived using RTT c + (u )c = D2 c + S t Boundary Conditions: Ni n = 0 impermeable wall Pi = Hi ci Henrys Law Ni |1 n = Ni |2 n condition at interface Ni n = Ri production at boundary

Now put into CDR. Reaction at an electrode has associated ux NA n = REAC KROGH MODEL CDR reduces to: D r r c r

R0

ci |1 = ci |2 liquid-porous with partition coecient Ni n = K (ci |2 ci |1 ) permeable boundary

Where R0 is the rate at which cells take up oxygen. (EQ for TISSUE).

u TRANSIENT DIFFUSION Laplace Method 2c 2C c = D 2 sC = D t x x2 c0 BCs: x = 0 c = c0 C = || x c, C 0 s s s which has general soln. C = Ae D + Be D Final solution in s-domain must be inverted. Concent. boundary layer can be dened e.g. = 0.01 c c0
L DIFFUSION with CONVECTION Peclet Number P e = U difD fusion/convection time. Situation: Membrane in middle, ow through membrane. One side is at a set conc. c0 , ow is u in the x-direction. BC at the membrane: Ni n = K (ci |2 ci |1 )

c 2 = Jwall z rc

Governing equation IN capillary. Flux across wall: ct |r = K0 (cc ct |rc ) r c

Jwall = D

i.e. the ux across wall IS proportional to the conc. dierence. GENERAL L c = sC (s) c(0) t

N = J + cU = Dc + cu(i) =

c + cu x F (s) = Lf (t) =
0

Hence our actual boundary cond. is: (for x = 0 i.e. at membrane ) D Governing eq. u c 2c =0 x2 D x Gen. soln: c = Ae
ux D

est f (t) dt Laplace transform

c + cu = K (c0 c) x DT T = + v T Material derivative Dt t

Ni n dA = cuA Concentration ux i.e. CV analysis MASS DIMENSIONLESS NUMBERS Sc = Schmidt Number; MOM/MASS diusivity D
1 1 Km x Re 2 Sc 3 D N n Jy = = ux per unit conc drop c c0

dU = Q W First Law Adiabatic means no heat transfer.

Isometric (no work) W = 0

Shx =

km

E = T 4

4 4 q = (Ts Tsurround )