CECW-EE Technical Letter No.

1110-2-317

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Washington, DC 20314-1000

ETL 1110-2-317

15 December 1988

Engineering and Design SELECTING REACTION-TYPE HYDRAULIC TURBINES AND PUMP TURBINES AND HYDROELECTRIC GENERATORS AND GENERATOR-MOTORS

Distribution Restriction Statement

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

CORRECTED COPY (February 28, 1990)

CEEC-EE

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY Army Corps of Engineers Washington, D.C. 20314-1000

ETL

1110-2-317

Us.

Engineering Letter No.

Technical 1110-2-317

15 December 1988

SELECTING

ENGINEERING AND DESIGN REACTION-TYPE HYDRAULIC TURBINES AND PUMP TURBINES AND HYDROELECTRIC GENERATORS AND GENERATOR-MOTORS

1. Purpose. This letter provides advance criteria for selection of ReactIon-Type Hydraulic Turbines and Pump Turbines and Generators and Generator motors. This criteria is to be used pending incorporation into an Engineering Manual.

2- App liability. This letter applies elements and field operating activities hydroelectric design responsibilities.

to all HQUSACE/OCE having civil works

3. Discussion. Development of this criteria has been in progress for several years and is published to insure that the experience and expertise of the several authors is not lost to the Corps with the retirement of these people. The criteria provides guidance on all of the factors pertaining to the selection, setting, and characteristics which must be understood in design of a conventional hydroelectric generating or pumpturbine plants. Criteria covering unconventional and small hydroelectric plants will be published at a later date. Emphasis is placed on the fact that manufactures recommendation and proposals must be sought and obtained in the equipment selection process, however, guidance contained herein will provide a basis for accepting manufacturers recommendation. FOR THE DIRECTOR OF ENGINEERING AND CONSTRUCTION:

Encl

HERBERT H. KENNO}J , Engineering Division #chief <Directorate of Engineering and Construction { to_.__ include missing _ __ __ ~reviously ______ _ pages (A~ndices ._ A-E) ~ ____

This ETL ..___ reissued ---

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1110-2-317 15 Dec 1988

CEEC-EE

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Washington D.C. 20314

Engineering and Design SELECIINGW~ION-TYPE HYDRO~IC HYDRAULIC TURBINES AND PUMP TURBINES GENERATC)RS AND ~TOR-MOTORS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SUBJECT

PAGE

Chapter 1 P~SE APPLICABILITY REFERENCES DISCUSSION PROJECIPLANNING AND FIELD SURVEY STUDIES GENERAL PRINCIPLES SIZE AND NUMBER OF UNITS TYPES OF TURBINES TYPES OF PUMP-TURBINES MODEL TEST EVALUATION OF EFFICIENCY
1-1 11 11 11

12 1-2 1-3 1-4 15 15 1-16

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DATA ON UNITS INSTALLED IN CORPS OF ENGINEERS PLANTS Chapter 2 SPKIFIC SPEEDS COEFFICIENTS

17

2-1 2-2 2-4 2-5 2-6 2-8 2-8

P~IPHERAL

SEITING OF TURBINE AND PUMP-TURBINE CRITICAL SIGMA PERFORMANCE CURVES MODEL-PR~E GU~ Chapter 3 GENERAL USE SPWIFIC SP= PERFORMANCE CURVES RELATIONSHIPS

3-1 3-1 3-2

D-PMENT OF PR~E FROM MODEL TESTS SEITING OF R~ SPIW

3-4 3-5 3-6 3-7 3-7 3-7 3-7

CASE AND DRAET TUBE

RUNAWAY SPEEl) DRAFT TUBE LINERS AIR ADMISSION RUNNER SEAL CHAMBER DRAINS SAMPLE CALCULATIONS

II

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1110-2-317 15 Dec 1988

SURJECT

PAGE

Chapter 4 GENERAL USE SPECIFIC SP=S MODEL TEST CURVES P~IMINARY DATA FOR FIXED BLADE TYPE 4-1 4-1 4-2 4-3 4-5 4-6 4-7

PRELIMINARY DATA FOR ADJUSTABLE BLADE TYPE SEITING OF RUNNER BLADES S~I-SPIRAL TUBES AND SPIRAL CASING, AND DRAFI

RUNAWAY SPEED DRAFT TUBE LINERS AIR ADMISSION SLANT AXIS ADJUSTABLE-B~E SAMPLE CALCULATIONS Chapter 5 G~ BASIC CLASSIFICATIONS RADIAL ~ FRANCIS TYPE (DERIM ) TURBINES

4-7 4-8 4-9 4-9 4-1o

5-1 5-1 5-1 5-4 5-4

MIXED FLOW OR DIAGONAL ~

AXIAL FLOW - PROPELLER TYPE - FIXED AND DSTABLE BLADE SPKIFIC SPEEDS - SINGLE STAGE REVERSIBLE PW/TURBI~

5-4

III

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1110-2-.317 15 Dec 1988

s~

PAGE

PRELIMINARY DATA FOR FRANCIS PUMP-TURBI~ S~ING OF PUMP-TURBINE RUNNER - FRANCIS TYPE

5-5 5-9 5-1o 5-1o 5-11 5-11 5-11 5-11

SPIRAL CASING AND DRAF1TUBE - FRANCIS TYPE DRAFT TUBE LINERS RUNAWAY SPEEDS AIR ADMISSION RUNNER SEAL CHAMBER DRAINS SAMPLE CALCULATIONS Chapter 6 GENERAL THE SELECTION AND NUMBER OF UNITS G~~R RATING

6-1 6-1 6-2 6-2 6-2

GENERATOR VOLTAGE AND FREQmcY sPm m FA~R

6-2 6-3 RATING 6-3 6-3 6-4 6-5 6-6

FLYWHEEL ~ GENERATOR - M~R EXCITATION SYm THRUST AND GUIDE BEARINGS THRUSIBEARING B~ THRUST BEARING ~VE THE R~R THE R~R

Iv

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1110-2-317 15 Dec 1988 PAGE

suBJEc!r

THRUST BEARING NOT INCORPORATED ~~R OR GENERATOR-M~R HIGH PRESSURE OIL SY= ELECIRICALCHARACIERISTICS

IN THE

6-6

6-7 6-7 6-10

HODS AVAILABLE FOR STARTING PW-TURBINES IN THE PUMPING MODE OF OPERATION Appendices AFFINITY LAWS, MODEL RELATIONSHIPS AND GENERATOR SPEEDS VERSUS NUMBER OF POLES DATA CORPS OF ENGINEERS PLANTS TURBINE S-ION CHARTS AND DIMENSIONS AND DATA AND DIMENSIONAL RATIOS - ~ = 1.0 MODELTESTCURVES FOR ~ = 12 AND H = 1 ~ AND CRITICAL RUNNER SIGMAS SNLE CALCULATIONS

A-1

B-1 c-1

D1

E 1

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1110-2-317 15 Dec 1988

CHAFTER1 INTRODU~ION
ll. P~SE . This mual has ken prepard for use in planning and design leading to the selection and preparation of technical specifications for reaction turbines and p~-turbines, generators and generator-motors. The information included in this manual is not intended to eliminate the necessity or desirability of consulting with equipmnt mufactu.rers.

1-2. APPLICABILITY. This rranualis applicable to all field operating activities having hydroeledric civil works design responsibilities. 13. REFERENCES. a. b. c. d. CE 2201.01 HYDRAULIC TURBINES - FRANCIS TYPE CE 2201.02 HYDRAULIC PUMP - TURBINES - FRANCISTYPE CE 2201.03 HYDWULIC TURBINES - KAPLAN TYPE

CE 2202.01 HYDRAULIC TURBINE DRIVEN - ALTERNATING CURRENT G~TORS

e. ANSI/IEEE Std 421.1-1986, IEEE Standard Definitions for Excitations Systems for Synchronous Machines, available from IEEE, 345 East 47th St., NY, NY 10017. 14. DISCUSSION. a. Corps of Engineers hydroelectric power plants are part of multipurpose projects which develop power incidental to their major Corps projects may purposes of flood control and/or navigation. concurrently serve irrigation, recreation and water supply purposes. are not off-theshelf items b. Hydraulic turbines and p~turbines and must be designd to suit the s~ific range of cotiitions under which they will operate. Selection of the mst suitable hydraulic and electrical equipment requires careful study ~ investigation. c. This mual includes procedures to be followed, tiel test data of reaction turbines and p~turbines and other rraterial useful in selecting the e~ipment and preparing the performance data to be included in technical specifications.

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15. PROJECT PLANNING AND FIELD SURVEY STUDIES. establish the following data: a. b. c. d. e. f. 9 h. i. j k. Power capacity dependable ~ Energy output. Reservoir capacity and headwater curves. Tailwater ti afterbay capacity curves. rated.

These

studies

Minimum flow requirements. Other use requirements. Pumping requirements. Preliminary selection of type and number of Units. Heads Himum, minimum and average.

Foundation conditions. Special conditions tier which the plant must operate.

1-6. GENERAL PRINCIPLES. a. The function of a hydroel~ric power plant is the conversion of potential energy (water falling over a distance or head) into mechanical energy (rotation of the turbine or p~turbine shaft). This shaft in turn is connected to the shaft of a generator or generator rotor to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. b. In the pumping mcde, the generator-motor drives the pumpturbine to pq water to a higher elevation so that it will be availtile when needed to operate the pumpturbine in the generating mode to prcduce electrical energy. . The quantity of water available for the production of power in the fcoot-pound-systemis measured in cubic feet per secoti (cfs) and designated as Q. The vertical distance available is measured in feet and designatd as H. The theoretical horsepower available or water horsepower (wHP) due to a quantity of water (Q) falling H feet is WQH foot pounds per second, where W is the specific weight of water in

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pounds per cubic feet, and the available water horsepwer

is:

WHP =

wQH 550

d. The amount of power that can be prducd under pradical working This is due to losses conditions is less than the theoretical ~unt. in the conveyance of water (including the tailrace), and the losses in the conversion equipment. Conveyance losses show up as the difference between the gross heade~H ) on a plant and the net or effective head (H ). For Francis and pro% her type turbines, the net head is the difference in level between headwater and tailwater tinus all frictional losses and minus the velocity head of the water in the tailrace. Friction losses occur as the water passes through the trash racks, inttie, penstock and tunnel including bends, branching pipes, transitions and valves up to the entrance of the spiral case. The power delivered by the turbine to the generator is mess-med in horsepow~ (HP).

HP =

wQHeEp 550

The kilowatt where Ep is the efficiency of the prototype turbine. horsepower delivered to output of the generator is 0.746 ~ times the the generator shaft, where ~ is the efficiency of the generator. f. In pumping, the head is the total head from suction pool to the discharge of the spiral case plus the conveyance losses, except that for Tube or Slant Axis turbines and low head vertical units with short intakes it is the Pool-to-pl head. 1-7. SIZE AND NUMBER OF UNITS. a. The capital cost per kilowatt of a hydroelectric plant of a given total capacity generally decreases as the number of units of two units is usually preferred, ht in s~ial decreases. A minm

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cases one unit my

be acceptable.

b. Size alone is not a determining factor in selecting the number The mst economical size @ number of units of units to & installd. can only be determined by a careful analysis of limitations and conditions. The following limitations, requirements and conditions must be carefully considered. (1) Single unit plants have lower operating and maintenance service equipment, cranes, etc. will & more expensive.

costs, bt

(2) A new unit of larger size than any other in the system may necessitate additional system capacity. (3) Character of the load that the plant is expectd and the flexibility of operation required. (4) Requirement to supply an isolated load. (5) Requirement to supply low flow releases. (6) The need to install units of unequal size. (7) Requirmnt for future units. Electrical connections may to supply

(8) Even or @ number of units. dictate an even number of units.

(9) Shipping limitations (one piece runner, etc.). (10) Foundation conditions. (11) Requir~ts of the p~ing cycle. classified

1-8. TYPES OF TURBINES. Modern hydraulic turbines may & as reaction turbines or @ulse turbines. a. Types of Reaction Turbines include: (1) Francis. (2) Fixed Blade Propeller.

(3) Adjustable Blade Propeller (Kaplan, Tube or Slant Axis, Bulb).

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(4) Fixd Blade M~d

Flow. Flow (Ceriaz).

(5) Mjustable Blade Mixd

Water passages are enclosed and completely filled with water. 1he energy transfer from the water to the turbine runner is due to the pressure and change in direction of the water. Reaction turbines operate at heads up to 1600 feet or mre. The setting, while usually vertical, my & horizontal or inclined. b. Impulse turbines are suitable for operation at heads as high as 6000 feet. The water is open to atmosphere at all points kyond the nozzle and the transfer of energy from the water to the runner is due to the turning of the jet nearly 180 degrees by the buckets which are arranged around the periphery of the runner. The setting may be horizontal or vertical. 19. TYPES OF PW-TURBI~. a. Pump-turbines are similar to reaction turbines, except that they operate in one direction of rotation as pumps and in the opposite direction as turbines. They consist of three principal types: (1) ~dial flow or Francis type.

(2) Mixed flow or diagonal flow. (3) Axial flow or propeller type. b. The mixed flow and Axial flow t~s adjustable-blade machines. llo. MODEL TEST. a. Hydraulic turbines and p-turbines are not off-the-shelf items of equi~nt. They are designd to suit the head, power and p~ing requirmnts of a particular site. have models developed to cover a range in b. While mufacturers heads and capacities, tiifications to an existing @el or develo~t of a new model design my be necessary to determine ~rfo~ce at a specified condition. c. Model testing is necessary if the state of the art is to include bth fixd-blade ti

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New @roved designs which permit mre economical speeds, advance. improvd efficiencies and settings with relationship to tailwater need to k developed. The Corps of Engineers requires tiel tests to develop a runner most suitable to the requirements of the project and to confirm As more model and that the guaranteed performance will be met. prototype tests kavailable, mre accurate results of tiel changes and tiel develo~nt can be pr~ided. d. In some cases field tests are not possible to check guarant~ values of perfo~ce. In these cases, tiel tests are acceptd as the guaranteed tests. e. The allowable specific sped for a turbine or p~turbine under given head conditions is dependent upon the setting with respect to tailwater, atispheric pressure, water density ti the vapor pressure of water. A wufacturer may have a family of curves for heads up to 1500 feet or mre (depending on the type of turbine and the setting tive or below tailwater). However, protot~ tests should k mde to validate his design and mcdel tests. f. The size of the model runner tested may vary with different manufactwers the test results may k hsed on inlet, throat or discharge diameters. Corps specifications require the mcdel runner throat diameter to & not less than 10 inches and further requires that the guaranteed @el efficiency & tised on a tiel with a runner throat diameter of 12 inches. turbines should be higher than that of 9 Efficiency of protot~ of increase to be expectd will vary depnding on mcdels. The ~unt the manufacturer and his experience. Therefore, an exact c~ison of perfo~ce of two tiels by different mufacturers cannot be rode.
111.

EVALUATION OF EFFICIENCY.

a. The increase in efficiency to be expected from tests of identical @els in different ltiratories has been known to vary two ~rcent. b. The surface finish on runner and gates on a mcdel has been known to vary the efficiency by as mch as 1/2 percent. c. Mcdel test values can be re~ated closer than 1/4 percent. T.sel

d. Manufacturing tolerances my result in a stepup &tween andprototype that is different than expected.

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e. Two units of the same design and identical within manufacturing tolerances, installed in the same plant have given test results differing by mre than the pro&le error of testing. f. For my years, european test cedes as well as the Internati~nal Test Cede acknowledge the pro~ility of error in instrumentation by a tolerance for output and efficiency of + two percent. Guarantees of 92 percent are considerd to & met if f~nal computations of field test results showd 90 to 94 percent. The United States Test Cede (ASME) does not provide any tolerance on guarantees and this has resulted in the lowering of guaranted values by american manufacturers. These guaranteed values, depnding on the size of the unit, have varied from 90 to 92 percent. In a known case where high efficiencies were guaranteed with 9 large penalties for not meeting guarantees includd in the contract, a two percent decrease in efficiency was equivalent to more than half of the contract price. h. Specifying too high an efficiency can result in excessively high bid prices. i. Mcdel tests are used as a means of providing the unit best suited for a particular project. The Corps specifies minimum efficiencies to k wt for hth mcdel and prototype at specified outputs when field tests are to & mde and only mcdel efficiencies when field tests are not to be rode. Efficiencies are not evaluated in the comparison of bids. j. However, penalties for failure of the prototype to met guarantees are included in the specifications. 112. DATA ON UNITS INSTALLED IN CORPS OF ENGI-S PLANTS. Data on units of equipment installd in Corps of Engineers Hydroelectric Plants is includd in Appendix B. This data will b of assistance in seltiing equipment, but it must & rec~ized that considerable improvement in design and perfo~ce has ~n mde on some units in recent years and that foundation conditions rMy have irT@osedrestrictions on selecting the speed and size of a unit, and the depth of the draft setting.

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1110-2-317 15 Dec 1988

CHAPTER2 TURBINE AND PuMP-mINE 2-1. SPECIFIC SP=. CHARACIERISTICS

a. The tisis for c~ison of the characteristics of hydraulic turbines is the specific sped (N t). This is defined as the speed in revolutions per tinute (N) at whit %. turbine of homologous design would operate if the runner was reduced in size to that which would develop one horse~wer under one foot of head. b. The specific speed varies directly as the square root of the horsepower (HP) and inversely with five-quarters power of the head (H) in feet.

(N) (HP)l/2 % = H514

c. In the metric system (Nst) is the speed of a homologous turbine of a size to develop one metric horsepower under one meter head. The metric specific speed is equal to 4.446 times the specific sped in the fret-pounds Systm. d. In general, for a given head and horsepower, the higher the specific speed, the higher the speed of the unit and the lower the overall cost of the installation. But there are limits on the specific speed of a runner for a given head and output. Tm high a specific speed would reduce the dimensions of the runner to values that would cause excessively high velocities for the water discharge through the throat of the runner and draft tb. Too high a specific speed could reduce the runner structural dimensions and the rotating parts of the generator to such small dimensions that high stresses would @e it uneconomical, if not impractictile, to design. Too low a specific speed would unduly incr ase the size and cost of the generator in order to maintain the WR ? of the unit. Obviously, there are practical l~tations to the range in specific speeds for any head. e. For Rancis turbines, the specific speed is indicative of the type and shape of the runner. A 10W specific s~ed runner (high head) has an inlet diameter greater than the disch~ge diameter while the

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1110-2-317 15 Dec 1988 runner (low head).

reverse is true for a high specific sped

f. For propeller turbines, higher specific speeds for higher heads require an increase in the nti of blades. No-1 Nst is defined as the specific speed for best efficiency and %atd Nst is defind as the specific speed at rated capacity or guaranteed horsepower tier the head for which the turbine is designd. h. Pumping specific sped (N ) is the sped at which the runner would rotate if reduced geometrl~ally to such a size that it would deliver one U.S. gallon ~r minute under one foot of head.

%=
2-2. PERIP~ CO=ICIENTS

(N) (Q)1t2 ~3/4

(~).

a. The peripheral coefficient, a dimensionless number used for convenience in plotting tiel perfo~ce curves, is the ratio of the peripheral velccity of the runner blades to the spouting velocity of the water.

4=

Peripheral speed of the runner (fps) Spouting velocity of water (fps)

At the runner throat:

,TH

(:)(%)
m=

NDTH 1838 H2

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where ~ N ~ = Peripheral coefficient at runner throat = Runner speed in revolutions per minute = throat diameter of the runner in inches.

Note: While D may denote any representative dimension of the runner such as inlet, throat and discharge di~ters, it is Corps practice to use throat diameter. g = Acceleration due to gravity = 32.17 ft./sec2 He = Effective head in feet. b. The runner speed must be selectd to retch a synchronous sped for the generator (see Ap~ndix A, Page A-6, G~~R SPEED VS NUMB~ OF POLES).

N =

120 Hz n and n = n-r of pies of the

where Hz = frequency in cycles per secod generators.

While, in general, higher runner speeds for a specified c. horsepower at a specified head should result in a lower first cost for a turbine, the speed may be limited by the cavitation tendency of the runner, the drop in ~ak efficiency over the normal range of operation, vibration, and @ mechanical design of the turbine or generator. Higher speeds require a lower setting of the runner with respect to tailwater and are accompanied by increased excavation and structural costs. Higher speeds also reduce the head range under which the turbine will operate satisfa~orily. d. Pump-turbines are mre subject to cavitation in the pqing tie than in the generating tie. Therefore, the p~ing tie determines the setting of the runners.

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2-3.

SEITING OF TURBINE AND PUNP-TURBINE.

a. The setting of the turbine or pump-turbine is very ~rtant. Too low a setting would result in unnecessary excavation and structure costs. Too high a setting could result in excessive cavitation of the runner buckets or blades with a resulting loss in efficiency and increasd operating and maintenance costs. The setting of a turbine or p~-turbine can best be determined by t;; consideration of the Thoma cavitation ccefficient Si~ (ti ).

Hb-Hv u= He

H~

*ve

where Hb= BarO~trlC mean sea level ~=

pressure head at elevation of the runner

Vapor pressure head in feet at water temperature

Hs= For Francis runners is the distance from the lowest point on the runner vanes to tailwater in a vertical shaft unit, and the distance from the highest elevation of the runner band to tailwater for horizontal units. Hs= For fixed blade and tiplan runners is the distance from the center line of the blade trunnion to tailwater for vertical units and frointhe highest elevation of the blades to tailwater for horizontal and inclind units. H = For diagonal flow runners is the distance fra the httom of the gaEe to tailwater for vertical units and from the highest elevation of the blades to tailwater for other units. He= Net or Effective head on the turbine in feet.

Hs may be positive or negative, depending on whether or not the referencd point on the runner is ~ve or klow tailwater. When the referenced point is blow tailwater, it is negative. If a is the distance from the center line of the turbine distrihtor to the lowest point on the runner vanes for Francis units and to the centerline of the blades for propeller-type runners, then the distance from the centerline

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of the distriktor to tailwater for H~ positive is (a + Hs), and for Hs negative is (a H~). It is custo~ for manufacturers to add a safety allowance to the c~vitation coefficient Si~ (~).
.

o =

lib Hv H~ Safety He

2-4.

CRITICAL SIGMA (&c ).

a. Over the years, since facilities for rrakingcavitation tests have ken available, there have ken several mthcds proposed and used for determining critical si~ from tiel tests. There has ken no fixed agre~nt on a standard methcd of determining critical si~ and in using Hufacturers critical si~ curves. It is important that the methd used in determining critical si~ for a particul~ mcdel be clearly established as a rranufacturermy have used a different methd of determining critical sip, depending on the methcd in use at the t~ of the test. In some tiel tests, the cavitation limits were considered to b. & at the points where power drops off and the discharge increases, thus decreasing the efficienq. In other @el tests, critical si~ c. was considered to k the value obtained at the point of intersedion of the constant horizontal HP or Q (pump) curve with the slope of the line under cavitating conditions. d. The International Cde for Mdel Acceptance Tests of Hydraulic Turbines, I= Publication 193, gives the following three definitions of sigrra:
(1) Cfo, the lowest value of si~ for which the efficiency unchanged as co-ed to noncavitating conditions,

r-ins

(2) @l, the lowest value of sigma for which a drop of one percent in efficiency is attained compared to a non-cavitating condition, and

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(3) d~, Standard Sip, the value si~ at the intersection of the constant efficiency line (noncavitating) with the strongly dropping straight line along which measuring points align themselves for a high cavitating degree. e. The Corps of Engineers Specifications defines the Critical Si~ of the turbine or p~ turbine for such desired turbine output or pump capacity and head shall be the si~ corresponding to the tailwater level of such tests which results in a one percent decrease in efficiency or turbine output, or pump power input which ever occurs first. (See CE 2201.01, .02 and .03, paragraph MT-4.5). f. jud~nt Because of the shape of some mcdel sigma curves, considerable is necessary in determining critical sigma.

Prototype experience is necessary to detertine the factor of 9 safety to include with Hs and also how much prewelding of the runner blades can be used as a trade-off against deeper s-rgence. 2-5. P~ORMANCE CURVES.

a. Turbine protot~ performance curves are plots of efficiency and discharge versus horsepower for various heads and gate openings and are bsed on labratory test data of a mcdel homlogous to the prototype with regards to runner and water passages. b. The pwer is step@ up from the tiel by the formula:

flm($)(jr
c. The turbine discharge, negleding any stepup in efficiency, my be calculatd by inserting the value of horsepower calculated from the formula under (b) ~ve into the formula for turbine horsepower HP = H is the net or effective head and Em is the model wQHEm/550. efficiency. turbine is the mcdel d. The expeded efficiency of the protot~ efficiency plus not more than 2/3 of the stepup in efficiency (~;b~; as determind by the Mtiy formula where ~ is the Himum mcdel efficiency at best speed or phi (0). The allowable stepup in

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efficiency is added to all efficiency points to obtain the ~ed prototype corrected efficiencies,

EP = IOO(1OO

Em)

()
P

Dm t5 y

EC =Em+

~ ()

(Ep

Em)

e. No stepup in power is @rmitted by the guide specifications however the corrected efficiency is used in calculating prototype discharges.

~=

550HP wHe Ec

f. Pumping perfo~ce curves are plots of efficienq, head and horsepower versus discharge at various gate openings and are &sed on laboratory test data for a model homologous to the prototype with rqards to runner and water passages. For pumping, unless otherwise stated, the head is the total head from the suction pool to the discharge of the spiral case. The prototype head and discharge capacity values are stepped up from the model by the affinity laws and the capacity values so determined should not k less than the guaranteed values. The p~ corrected efficiencies are obtained by a~ing the allowable stepup in efficiency to all efficiencies points. The expected head-capacity curves are developed using corrected capacity values which are the values stepup from the tiel multiplied by the ratio Ec/~. The expected efficiency capacity curves are develo~ using the correctd efficiency and capacity values and the horsepower values used in developing the expected horsepwercapacity curves are co~uted using the formula HP = wQH/550Ec, where Q, H, and Ec are taken

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pump input directly frm the expected performance curves. The wimum horsepwer determined from the curves should not exceed the rMximum pump horsepower permitted by the specifications. 2-6. MODEL-PROTOTYPE RELATIONSHIPS. Affinity laws and model to prototype relationships for turbines and pun@turbines are included in Appetiix A. 2-7. GUARANTEES.

a. When available, previous tiel tests can & used as the &sis for guarantees, the guaranteed efficiency values should be set 1/4 percent less than the indicatd tiel efficiencies. See also Paragraph 111. b. Likewise, horse~wer guarantees should & set two percent less than the values shown on the expected Horsepower vs. Efficiency curves for the prototype.

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CHAPTER3 FRANCIS TURBIW 3-1. GENERAL USE. For many years, Francis turbines were used for low heads. Tcday they are in general use for heads from 75 feet up to 1600 feet while propeller type turbines have replacd Francis type turbines at the lower heads. 3-2. SPECIFIC SPEEDS.

a. Specific speeds for Francis turbines range from 20 to 90 and is obtained by changing the design proportions of the runner. A general discussion of specific speed is presented in 2-1. b. A low specific speed Francis runner has a larger entrance diameter than discharge diameter. For a specific speed of approxirrately 42, the inlet diameter is approximately equal to the throat and discharge diameters. For higher specific speds, the inlet diameter becomes smaller than the throat and discharge diameters. Also the discharge diameter is larger than the throat diameter. constant for any other size c. The specific sped (Ns) will rmin or head for the same design and the corres~nding sped for another homlogous runner. d. Care must be taken when using specific speed values to insure that they are king correctly used. The &st efficiency at ratd head for a Francis turbine is mtche.d at 85 90 percent of the generator KW rating. the normal KW rating of the generator, the horsepower equivalent of which is used in calculating the ratd specific speed. e. In the process of selecting a turbine for a specific installation, the specific speed should also be determind using the lowest head at which the Himum power must be develo@ (generator KW rating). This will give the highest Ns under which the unit must operate and my dictate the seledion of the runner. When the lowest head is appreciably lower than the average operating head and when the power requird is exceptionally high in co~ison to the requir~nt under noml head, it my ~ necessary to install an oversize turbine to meet the low head capacity requirement. In this case the turbine shaft rraybe sized to meet the generator rating with the provision that the turbine gate o~nings b restridd when operating at heads where if the gate openings were not restricted, the generator rating would be exceeded. The sm head and gate o~ning restrictions apply to turbines

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where increase in heads under flti conditions could cause a turbine output in excess of the generator rating. f. For many years, hydraulic laboratories did not have the facilities for testing the cavitation characteristics of Francis runners. Therefore the cavitation characteristics were esttited on the bsis of experience with installations of similar t s. During this period a value of 632 was used for K in Ns = K/HF 2. In 1951 the mufacturers of hydraulic turbines rec~nded a K value of 650 to be used in the -ve formula on the hsis that the vertical Francis-tp turbines could usually be set with the centerline of the distri~tor shut eight feet ~ve tailwater at sea level. More recent experience indicates an econdc advantage for smaller, higher sped units with deeper settings consistent with a K value of approxktely 700. This is recomndd for relationship is shown on Figure 1, Append& C d preliminary studies. 3-3. D~PMENT OF PR~E P~RMANCE CURVES FROM MODEL TESTS.

a. Mcdel test curves covering a wide range of specific speeds are shown on Figures F1 through F8 in Section I, Appendix D. This methcd of representation is comnly referral to as oak tree or performce hill. The latter designation derives frointhe fact that the figure is three-dhnsional, as each constant efficiency contour represents a cmrdinate point in the Z-direction pexicular to the plane of the rduced to unit values corresponding with paper. All data has &n = 12 inches (one fret) and head, H = one foot. The ordinate is unl % horsepower, Wl, and the abscissa is peripheral sped coefficient, @ . All efficiencies are hsed on = 12 inches. The indicated speciF ic speed is referred to the point9 o rMximum efficiency. Some cavitation characteristics are shown on Figures S1 through S5, Section IV, Appendti D. The significant characteristics of the eight designs are b. coped on Figure F9 of Appendix C. A number of other designs have ken included to aid in the correlation of the data with res~ to specific speed. The curves may & usd for preliminary selection of the runner throat diameter, sped, design discharge and runner setting. The curve of critical runner sigma is based on a horsepower that is 15 percent greater than the horsepower at best efficiency. The curve mst not & used for offbest phi conditions. For studies requiring mre complete information rq=ding the turbine dimensions and perfo~ce, a selection must be mde frm one of the eight designs. c. Pertinent dimensions of the turbine parts and water passages,

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expressd as a ratio to ~, of Appendix C. d.

are shown in Tables 1 and 2, and Figure 4

The following steps are mde

to seleti a turbine:

(1 ) Given the horsepower corresponding to 85 - 90 percent generator rating at rated head, a preliminary value for N~ can be selected from Figure 1, Appendix C. A design is selected from Figures F1 through F8 with a spcific speed which mst nearly approximates the preliminary value. The design specific sped is calculations. S~ed N is determind from N = N ~5~~~~}~2theensuing , but N must be adjusted to a synchronous speed. It issusually necessary to investigate three synchronous speeds in order to arrive at the mst overall economic speed. (2) Having selected a s~d, a preliminary runner diameter rray using the selected design and the relationship of @ = N k determin ~/1838 H1@ and ~ rrayb adjusted to get Om at ratd head to E at or near best gate. Also, it may be necessary to change the runner diameter so the HPl picked off from the performance hill for the phi values correspotiing to other head conditions will give the required prototype horsepower. This my necessitate a change in sped with a corresponding shift away from bst phi at rated head conditions. This includes calculating @~ for the minimum head conditions at which the capacity value of the unit or units is .bsedr and the horsepwer output as stated ~ve to readjust N and ~ at this head. It my b necessq to get the necessary HP, when stepped up to give the requird prototype horsepower at the minimum head condition. See also comnts under 3 2(e) regarding the necessity of installing an oversize turbine to meet the low head capacity requirmnts. (3) Performance curves may now be developed from the model tests using the appropriate tiel - prototype relationships included in Appendix A. e. As previously pointed out, hydraulic turbines are not offtheshelf items of equipmt. Mdel tests previously mde and prototypes of mcdels test are indicative of the performce that can k expected and the turbine mufacturer can alter or design a tiel bsd on experience to meet the requirmnts specified for a particular procurement. This accounts for some of the scatter of points shown on Figure F9 of APpetiix D. f. For specific speeds Ns = 33 and below, increasing the vent (i.e. opening between tuckets) will permit increasing the power and

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shifting the point of best efficiency to the right. Decreasing the vent will reduce the power and shift the point of best efficiency to the left. Increases or decrease in vent opening as much as 15 to 20 percent my & rode. A smll percentage increase in the inlet diameter may also be possible as a mans of shifting the point of kst efficiency and slightly reducing the ~wer. Increasing the vent openings too much may result in a loss of efficiency. 9 For specific speeds greater than 33, the tiel my & changed by increasing or decreasing the vent opening up to approximately 10 percent. Smll percentage increase and decrease in inlet diameter may & possible for runners with specific speeds at kst gate up to Ns of approxhtely 60. For specific speds tive 60, a smll increase in inlet diameter is usually permissible. These a_re the means by which tiels can be adjusted to give desired projed perfo~ce. h. Increasing the vent openings increases the power of the runner kt my result in a drop in efficiency. Tm large an increase in vent opening could cause the power and efficiency to &op off too sharply. i. It should k noted that Ns for &st gate is approximately 7-1/2 to 11 percent smiler than Ns for full gate at rated head.
.

The setting for the three synchronous sped

runners can now k

det~nd. 3-4. SETTING OF RUNNER.

a. Overall plant efficiency is dependent on the design of the water However, the turbine passages from forebay through the tailrace. manufacturer is only responsible for the design ktween the turbine Therefore the casing inlet and the discharge of the draft tube. following dimensions are necessary for inclusion in the turbine specifications as limiting dimensions: (1) Elevation of center-line of distrihtor. (2) Maximum elevation of low point of draft tube floor. (3) Horizontal distance froincenter-line of unit to the end of the draft tube. b. The setting of the runner can k established by calculating H~ (the distance frm the lowest point on the runner buckets to tailwater corresponding to the Q for the prototype horsepower) and s@tituting

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the value of sigma obtained from the mcdel tests curves corresponding to the prototype horsepower in the formula: Hs=Hb-Hv safety dH

for Hpl

Bpending on the value of si~, H may be positive or negative. The setting of the httom of the runner b~ades IMy be ~ve or below the elevation of the tailwater corresponding to the discharge Q for the prototype horsepower. The distance ratio from the centerline of the distriktor to the httom of the runner is listed in Tables 1 and 2, Appendix C. This ratio multiplid by the protot~ runner diameter, DTH, gives the dimension which when added to or subtracted from Hs yields the setting for the centerline of the distributor of the prototype. In determining the setting of the runner, the possibility of c. lower future tailwater levels due to degradation of the river channel &low the darnmust be considered. Also, the time required for kildup of tailwater under low load factor operation cotiitions, if applicable, must k considered. Mth factors dictate a lower setting. Foundation conditions at the site my Me it economically desirable to set the unit higher by using a lower specific sped runner or to set the unit lower by using a higher specific speed runner. There is also the possibility of an economic trade-off between the rraximumoutput of the runner at the lower heads, cost of excavation, a draft tub with a shorter vertical lq, and more stainless steel prewelding of the runner to reduce pitting of the runner due to the higher setting. 3-5. SPIRAL CASE AND DRAET TUBE.

a. While the turbine mar~ufactuer is responsible for the design of the water passages from the turbine casing inlet to the discharge of the draft tube, there are limitations which are prudent to impose such as the velocity at inlet to the spiral case, the number and width of draft tube piers, the velocity at discharge of the draft tube and the elevation of the lowest pint of the draft tube that will k permitted. b. The di~ter of the inlet to the spiral case my & the same as, or preferably less than, that of the ~nstock ht the velocity at the If the velocity is higher, inlet should not exceed 22 percent of ~ a loss in efficiency and pwer result. There my & instances where it is desired to install, in an existing plant, a larger unit than the In this case the increased head structure was designd to acc~te. loss (HL) &tween the net head measurement section and the runner is The reduced approximately 2/3 of the increase in velocity head.

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efficiency E and power ~ E,=

can k

calculatd by the following:

E (H HL) H

HPr=HP

()

H-HL H

32

vl V2 Al A2

= = . .

Velocity at the inlet of the noml casing. Velocity of the smiler casing. Area of inlet of the noml casing. Area of the smaller casing.

Deviations from strictly homlcgous water passages my also c. affect runaway speed, thrust, critical sigma as well as design of roving parts. laws and tiel ati prototype d. While prwedures hsed on @el tests are necessary to the study and selection of equipment, they nto k augmentd by skills and judgment acquired by experience. 3-6. R~AWAY SPEED.

. The runaway speed of the prototype turbine is determined fra tie; tests by running the tiel at various gate opening for the full ranqe of mcdel ~M (N,) or phi (0) to rraximumRPM or @ at minimum values The of efficiency and power and extending the curves to zero. corresponding value, @mqx., is shown on Figures F1 through F8 of runaway speed is given by the following: Appendix D. Prototype umum

~==(E)(:) (2H)2
~max DTH = 1838 ~m~ DTH H* 3-6

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b. It is difficult to design a generator to withstand the highest overspeed conditions. Therefore, it is sowtimes necessary to limit the rMximum gate opening of the prototype turbine in order to limit the overspeed. c. While runaway speed is affected by sigma, for all practicable purposes, its effect, on a Francis turbine can be neglected. d. With medium head Francis turbines the rMximum oversped occurs at full gate but for higher heads where the inlet diameter of the runner is somewhat greater than the discharge diameter, the rMximum runaway sped may occur at less than full gate 3-7. DRAF1TUBE LINERS. Draft tube liners should extend a distance equal to at least one discharge diameter of the runner below the point of attachment to the httom ring. 3-8. AIR ADMISSION.

a. When Francis units are operating at part gate, air must be admitted to the center of the runner cone or hub. An air valve, mechanically connected to the wicket gate mechanism controls the admission of air. If the tailwater can be higher than the elevation of the valve and also, if a tailwater depression system is used, a check valve must k installd. Depending on the specific speed of the turbine and its required stirgence, it may & necessary for the runner to have alternate passages to admit air through the runner relief holes and to use a compressed air supply for air admission. b. For a required horsepower speeds will require deeper settings gate opening for stable operation. cases to provide fins in the draft acceptable level. at a given head, higher specific and increasd air admission at part It will also be necessary in some tb to reduce pwer swings to an

CHAMBER DRAINS. When runner seal drains are required, 3-9. RUNNER SW the seal chamber pipe drain header should discharge in the vertical lq of the draft th at a lccation furthermost away from the draft tb exit. 3-1o. SAMPLE CALCULATIONS. The basic calculations installation are includd in Section 1, Appendix E. for a typical

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CHAPTER4 PROPELLER mINEs 4-1. ~ USE.

a. Propeller type units, operating at higher speeds and at heads less than 100 feet, have generally replaced Francis turbines. Fixed blade units generally operate over a head range of 6 to 120 feet while adjustable blade units operate up to 250 feet. They have fewer blades than the Francis runner has tickets and consequently do not r-ire as close a spacing of trash rack &s. b. Fixed blade propeller units are kst suitd to a narrow range of outputs due to peaked efficiency curves. Kaplan units have adjustable blades which can operate under rducd heads while maintaining gd power outputs, have high part gate and overgate efficiencies and can be mde responsive to changes in wicket gate opening. c. Fixed blade propeller units are appropriate where operation will Capital & at or near constant load with SW1l variations in heads. cost will k 25 percent less than adjustable blade units for operation under the same conditions. d. While adjustable blade units meeting the same conditions could be of smiler diameter and possibly operate at a higher s-, they also have higher runaway speeds and require a lower setting or submergence of the blades.

4-2.

SPECIFIC SP~S.

a. A general discussion of specific speed is presentd in paragraph 2-1. The usual range in specific speeds is from 82 to 205 for fixed blade propeller type units and 90 to 220 for the adjustable blade propeller type (fiplan). The number of blades will vary from four to eight depending on the range in head, specific speed, and setting. b. Care must be taken when using specific speed values to insure that they are being correctly used. The best efficiency horsepower at rated head for a ftied blade propeller turbine is matched to 90 95 percent of the generator KW rating. The horsepower equivalent of the KW rating is used in calculating the rated specific sped, the blade angle or tilt of the blades being selected to best suit the project

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requirements. The ratd output of a Kaplan turbine is usually matched with the KW rating of the generator at rated head near full gate horsepower at maximum blade angle. The horse~wer equivalent of the rating is usd in calculating the rated specific speed. of existing propeller turbine installations have been c. A nhr examind to develop some general rules for the preliminary selection of specific speed with respect to ead. This information has been 3 of s~ized in the form, Ns = K/Hib , and is presentd on Fi~e Appendix C. The normal range in heads and associated K values for four, five and six blade runners shown on the curve sheets are recomnded for use in determining the first value of Ns. A preliminary value for speed (N) is then calculated from the formula:

N~ H514 N= HPi2

4-3.

MOD~

TEST CURVES.

a. Typical perforrrancehill curves developed from mcdel tests, covering both fixed and adjustable blade propeller turbines are shown in Appendix D, Section III. These curves follow the same format as that adopted for the Francis turbine designs (refer to paragraph 33a). Pertinent dimensions of the turbine parts and water passages, expressd as a ratio to ~ are shown in Tables 4 and 5, and Figure 5 of Apwndix c. b. In the fixed blade design the inclination of the blades or blade However, increases in the angle dictates the capacity of the unit. blade angle are accqied by redudion in the peak efficiency. This generally dictates a comprtise depending upn the requirements of the project. Mcdel test curves for an adjust~le blade turbine having the same number of blades and approx~tely the same pitch ratio can be helpful in evaluating the effect of change in blade angle on perfo~ce, bearing in mind that the smaller hub diameter of the fixed blade turbine will result in some increases in power and efficiency over an adjustable blade turbine of the same runner diameter and number of blades. The pitch ratio is the ratio of the blade length to blade pitch (L/T). This ratio is generally referred to the blade periphery where the blade pitch is equal to the circumference generated by the blade tip can be greatly affeded dividd by the number of blades. Critical sip

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by blade design and blade area, and ~le keep sips within acceptable limits. 4-4. P~IMINARY DATA FOR FIXED BLADE TYPE.

blade area is necessary to

a. The fixed blade hill curves shown in Appendti D are bas~- on designs that were developed to satisfy specific requirements. Their respective specific s~eds at the point of mimum efficiency are: 141 (Figure FBI, Appendix D.) 119 (Figure FB2) and 106 (Figure FB3). Referring to Figure 3 of Appendix C it may be noted that these designs are ideally suited for heads of 32, 57 and 88 feet, respectively. They my be used for other ratd head conditions with the precaution that the calculated speeds and runner throat diameters will b at variance with norml Corps practice. In the lower head range this error tends to prduce larger, slower speed units, whereas, in the upper head range it tends to produce smiler, higher speed units. b. If the user is chiefly interested in the size and speed of the unit, the following approxtition will prcduce results more consistent with norrral Corps practice. For rated conditions, compute the speed The peripheral speed using the methd presented in paragraph 4-2c. coefficient can be est~ted from the relationship:

4TH = 0.089 N~O.58 The runner throat di-ter is calculated through the equation:

1838 @TH H/2 DTH = N

c. The following prmedure the hill curves in Appendix D.

is used to c~ute

prototype data from

(1) Pick off ~1 at desired @~ and efficiency. This point will generally coincide with the wimum efficiency. Determine ~ from the equation:

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HF=HP1

()

DTH 2 H312 ~ HP . HP, () 112

DTH = ;:4

(2) Calculate N from the equation:

1838 (#)THH 12 N = DTH

(3) N must &

adjustd to the nearest synchronous speed. ti repeat steps (1) - (3), if requird.

(4) Readjust ~

(5) Check performance required at other heads. Computed performance full gate horsepowers should be at least 2 percent higher than the required horsepower to allow for governing and variations such as mufacturing tolerances. (6) The next step is to determine the setting by c~uting HPl for the requird horsepowers, picking off from the si~ curves the corresponding value of critical sigma and solving for Hs in the formula:

speds

(7) Usually it is necessary to investigate three synchronous in order to arrive at the most overall economic sped.

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4-5.

PRELIMINARY DATA FOR ~STABLE

BLADE ~E.

a. The adjustable blade hill diagrams shown in Appendix D are also hsed on designs that were developed to satisfy specific requirements. The precautions notd in paragraph 4-4a, also apply to these curves. One requirement that generally dictates this tof unit is a wisely varying head. In most of these cases the Himum capacity of the units is required at a rated head considerably lower than rraximumhead. For this reason the rated ~ is picked to the right of optimum ~~. Since most designs are capable of sustaining gocd efficiencies up to but 32 degrees blade angle, the rated conditions are generally associat@ with the on-cam perforrranceat this blade angle. However, other over-riding requir~nts such as restricted stirgence or efficiency rray dictate that the rated conditions be referred to other blade angles. As the associated point for rated conditions is roved to the right away from optimum ~H the oncam HP for fixed blade angles increases, which provides for a smiler, higk er speed unit. This advantage is generally offset by slightly reduced efficiency and higher critical si~. The method described in paragraph 44b may & used for b. approximating the speed and runner throat diameter for the adjustable type by using the following ~irical relationship for ~:

4TH = 0.049 N~O.695 c. The step by step prccedure for co~uting protot~ data through the hill curves in Appendti D is identical to the procedure descri= in A preliminary paragraph 44c (l)-(7) with the following exceptions. value of HPl may & obtained at the intersection of 32 degree blade angle curve and the following @~ values: 2.1(4 blades), 1.7(5 blades) horse~wer to ~ associated with this and 1.5(6 blades). The protot~ value of HPl will generally correspond to the generator rating. These rules may be varied to suit the specific requirmnts of the user. d. Foundation conditions may determine the setting, and require modifications in speed, diameter and vertical height of the tiaft tube. e. The selection of the appropriate adjustable blade turbine is more complex than for other turbines and requires much mre work in arriving at a satisfadory solution. The range in operating heads may require the prelimin~ selected value of Om to be increased. The requirement for a higher efficiency at generator rating my require the selected ~ to be decreased, while an acceptable lower efficiency would

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permit the @m to be increased. The horsepower requirements at minm head may require a change in speed, runner throat diameter and . The 9 aff~ value of critical sigma rrayrequire a change in HPl which WOU1 the runner diameter and require a change in speed and/or @TH. The effect of all these ramifications on the cost of the turbine, generator and powerhouse structure must be fully considerd in making the final seletiion. 4-6. SEITING OF RUNNER BLADES.

a. Overall plant efficiency is dependent on all portions of the water passages from forebay through the tailrace. The turbine rranufactureris generally responsible for design from the turbine casing inlet to the discharge of the draft tube subject to such limiting dimensions imposed by other considerations and mde part of the turbine specifications. included in Appendix C includes the b. The tiel test infomtion principal model dimensions of the semi-spiral or spiral casing, draft tube and runner dimensions. The following dimensions are necessary for inclusion in the c. turbine specifications as limiting dimensions: (1) Elevation of the center line of distrihtor. (2) Elevation of the low point of draft tb flmr.

(3 Horizontal distance from center line of unit to end of the draft t~. (4 Limiting dimensions and elevations of water passages.

d. The formula shown in 44 c. (6) is used to calculate the setting in 2-3 b. of the runner blades. The datum for defining Hs is descri~ The value of critical sip, dc, is obtained from the mcdel test curves at the HPl corresponding to the rated output. Depending on the value of si~, Hs may be negative or positive, although it is usually negative for propeller units. Refer to paragraph 2-3. e. A safety factor must be added to the calculated values of Hs as previously discussed under Paragraph 2-3 c., and Hs = Hb - Hv &c H - Safety

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f. When using mufacturers tiel curves, the mufacturers safety fa~or should be carefully considered in determining the setting of the runner. One rranufacturerrec~nds a safety factor equal to 0.2 + 0.7 H, where ~ and H are in feet. This safety factor does n~ t % e into consideration the prewelding of stainless steel on the low pressure side of the blades to mitigate the removal of metal from-the surface of the blade by cavitation. Considerable judgment is required in determining the setting of a turbine with consideration for the n-r of units to & installed, the methcd of operation and tailwater elevations for initial and ulthte conditions.

4-7.

S~ISPIRAL AND SPIRAL CASING, AND Dm

TUB=.

is responsible for the design of the a. The turbine mufacturer water passages frm the entrance to the turbine casing inlet to the discharge of the draft tb. Design conditions and limitations, such as velocity at the inlet of the semispiral casing, velocity at the discharge of the draft tube and setting the width of the semi-spiral casing should k set by the Corps. These conditions my also include the exit dimensions of the draft tube including the width and number of piers, and lower than normal distances from the center line of the distrititor to the httom of the draft tube and from the center line of the distri~tor to the rmf of the semi-spiral casing. b. Deviations from strictly homologous water passages may also affect runaway sped, thrust, critical si~ as well as design of roving parts . c. Procedures bsd on tiel laws and mcdel and prototype tests are necessary to the study and selection of equipinent,however, they need to & au~nted by skills and judgment acquird by experience. d. 4-8. For c~nts regarding spiral casing see paragraph 35.

RUNAWAY SPEED.

a. The runaway speed of the prototype turbine is determind from @el tests @ running the mcdel at the various gate openings and blade angles for the full range of @el RPN (Nl) or ~ to wimum RPN or at minimum values of efficiency and power and -ending the curves 9 o zero. b. As runaway speed is affected by sigma it is also necessary to run si~ versus runaway N or ~ for a range of gate openings and blade angles.

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c.

Prototype maximum runaway speed is given by the following: 1838 @THH12 (1) or (2) Nma = NI N~a= DTH max value ~ @TH =

()
& m

H12,N1

=max

value gate opening is a

d. Restricting minimum blade angle and/or Himum means by which runaway s~ed can ~ reduced.

the turbine will operate at e. When the blade angle is restridd, reduced efficiency throughout the lower range of output. f. When the blade angle is restrided, the outer edge or tip of the blade is required to k mchined to the contours of the discharge ring with the blades locked in a position corresponding to the minimum angular position of from 14 to 20 degrees with 16.5 degrees king the usual minimum angular position specified. While restritiing the blade reduces the flexibility of operation and the efficiency of the turbine at horsepowers below the blade angle restriction, it decreases the maximum runaway speed and improves the efficiencies at and *ve the blade angle restridion with the greatest increase being in the range of the lower heads. Restricting the blade angle has mde it possible to design generators for installations where otherwise it would be i~radicable to design generators to withstand the higher overspeeds. When units with restricted blade angles are operated as spinning reserve or mtoring as synchronous condensers, the energy taken from the system is greater than it would be if the blade angle were not restricted; however, the economics are invariably in favor of restricting the blade &gle. 4-9. DRAFT TUBE LINERS.

Draft tube liners should extend a distance equal to at least one discharge diameter of the runner below the point of attachment to the bttom ring. 4-1o. a. AIR ADMISSION. Ftied blade turbines require the installation of air valves

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connected to the wicket gate mechanism to control the air which must be admitted to the center of the runner cone or hub, the same as for Francis units. A check valve must be installed if the tailwater will be higher than the elevation of the valve or if a tailwater depression system is used. b. Adjustable valves, fittd with to break the water also act as a check 4-11. blade turbines require large automtic air inlet dash pots to open on sudden load rejection in order column upon the gate closure. The air valve must valve to prevent the outflow of air or water. TURBINES.

SLANT AXIS ~STABLE-BLADE

a. The Corps of Engineers has used axial-flow adjustable-blade turbines of the slant (inclined) axis type in three low head projects. Engineering studies indicatd a considerable savings in the first cost of these projeds. Due to problems with these units, operation and maintenance costs have teen high. Also, consider~le down time has resulted from turbine problems. For these reasons, consideration of slant axis units should be limited to sites where small units are required and there is an economic advantage. b. The first installations designed by the Corps of ~gineers were for the Ozark and Webbers Falls Projects, hth on the Arkansas River. (Rated head - 21 feet. Head range 17 to 34 feet). Each turbine was set at an angle of 12 degrees to the horizontal and drives through a 33,800 horsepower speed increaser a 20,000 KW generator. The size of the turbine was limited by the horsepower of the speed increaser. c. S&equent progress in design has permitted a direct connection btween turbine and generator, thereby eliminating the need for a speed increaser. This design has &en adoptd for the Harry S. Tr~ Project (Kaysinger Bluff) pump turbines which have their shafts inclined at an Each unit is rated 42,400 horsepower when angle of 24 degrees. o~rating as a turbine at a net head of 42.5 feet and the range in heads is from 41 feet to 79 feet. These are adjustable five blade units and are capable of operating as a pump at a range in pumping heads frm 44 to 55 feet. The size of the pump-turbine was ltitd by the physical size of the generatorrotor that could & installed, maintaining the required concrete dimension between the generator housing and the top of the draft tb. 4-12. The basic SAMPLE CALCULATIONS. installations are included in Appendix E. calculations for typical

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c~

PUMP TURBINES 5-1. GENERAL. a. Pump turbines are dual pu~se mchines. They operate as a p~ in one direction and a turbine in the reverse diredion. b. A pump will perform in reverse rotation as a good turbine. However, a turbine does not generally operate in the reverse rotation as a good pump. Consequently, the design of a pumpturbine impeller follows mre closely pump design practice than turbine design practice. c. There is a dependent relationship between the two modes of operation and a compromise can & made to favor one rrcdeof operation over the other. 5-2. BASIC CLASSIFICATIONS. There are three bsic 1. classifications of p-turbines:

Radial flow Francis type

2. Mixed flow or diagonal type Fixed blade and adjustable blade (Deriaz) Axial flow or propeller type Fixed blade and adjustable 3. blade (wplan) 5-3. RADIAL FLOW - FRANCIS TYPE.
. Francis type p~-turbines to 1~00 feet.

have ken

installed for heads of 75

b. The design of the impeller is basically that of a pump impeller rather than that-of a turbine runner. The i~ller has fewer and longer blades than does a turbine runner with a view to effecting an efficient deceleration of flow in the water passages. The overall diameter of a pumpturbine runner is of the order of 1.4 times larger than the conventional Francis turbine runner. This is due to the requirements for a larger discharge diameter than eye (throat) diameter in the A lower runaway speed results, due to to the choking pumping -e. This action of the impeller on the flow at higher speeds. characteristic affects the cost of the water passages and the cost of

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the rotating parts of the pump-turbine and motor-generator. c. As the unit is designed as a pump, it may be preferable to establish the pumping capacity for a specific total head which fixes within narrow limits the turbine capacity. This is particularly true for a combind installation of p~turbines and turbines. Following the selection of the p~ing capacity of the p~-turbine unit to fit the desired program of operation, the turbine capabilities in the generating tie is determind and the rating of the conventional units fixed to give the desired generating capacity for the several specified head conditions. d. If the installation is strictly a pump-storage scheme, then the selection of the unit would bin with the determination of the required generating capacity at minimum head and the n-r of units to provide this capacity. Establishing the generating capacity for a given type and specific speed determines within a narrow range the pumping capacity. Establishing the pumping capacity for a specified total head also establishes within narrow limits the generating capacity for the corresponding turbine. e. It is custo~ to guarantee the discharge in the pumping de of a pump-turbine only at rated head or near best efficiency. f. Only if a suitable runner is available from existing tests is it practicable to specify very closely the requirements for both the p~ing and generating cycles. 9 Economics generally favors the higher capacity units unless an excessive number of runner splits is required by mchining or shipping limitations. The design of split runners bec~s mre difficult with higher specific speeds. Runaway speed for higher capacity units is a larger percentage of synchronous speed and the centrifugal force *es the design of the splits more difficult as the additional metal increases the centrifugal force and the stress level. of a pq-turbine decrease h. Head losses through the draft tb the net available suction head and increase the runners sensitivity to cavitation. Therefore, p-turbine runners must be set deeper than turbine runners. In order to reduce the size and cost of p-turbines, higher specific speeds are utilized for purr@-turbines relatively to The unit is more turbines ti consequently require deeper settings. subject to cavitation in the p~ing tie than in the generating mode. Therefore, the p~ing tie determines the setting of the runner.

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turbines rray i. While in general higher specific speeds for pq appear to be desirable for economic reasons; efficiency, cavitation characteristics, mechanical and hydraulic design must & evaluated to determine the most favorable specific s-. Cavitation increases with higher specific speds. The use of mtals more resistant to cavitation , damage may allow the acceptance of higher cavitation levels.

j Transient Behavior. A transient in hydro-power is the history of what occurs between two states of equilibrium. A study must be m e of the transient condition in order to determine the minimum (WK$ ) flywheel effect for the rotating parts of the entire unit. The study should include a power failure in the p~ing tie and load rejection in the generating mcde. The Corps has a cquter pr~am which should be utilized when tiing these studies.
k. Four Quadrant Synoptic Curves.

(1) The necessary infomtion to analyze transient behavior is provided by mcdel tests mde of the tiel runner and furnished as Four Quadrant Synoptic Curves which show the possible combinations of Unit Discharge (Q,,): under one foot of head and one foot eye diameter runner versus Shaft Speed (Nl,), under one foot of head for one foot eye diameter in hth p~ing and turbine dirtiions and Torque (T,,), under one foot of head for one foot eye di-ter versus Discharge (Qll), under one foot head for one foot eye diameter for hth p~ing and turbine directions. (2) These curves are prepared from test infomtion obtain~ from all gate openings in the c~lete turbine and pump performance curves, plus infomtion from two additional tests. The first one of these tests is identical to a noml p~ test except that the sense of rotation of the impeller and of the torque appli~ to the shaft ue opposite to that for a no-l p~ test with measurements being taken the a as during normal pq tests. The second test involves rotating the impeller in the normal pump direction with water being pumped through the mcdel in the no-l turbine direction by service p~s. (During the test the head, discharge, speed, and torque are measured for various gate openings @ shaft spe~s.) (3) The Four Quadrant Synoptic Curves may also be supplied showing the relationship of horsepower and discharge to phi (~) for the various gate openings. The curves show the possible combination of head, discharge, torque or power in the following ties of operation: (a) wing operation

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(b) Dissipation of energy with rotation direction flow in the generating direction. (c) Turbine operation (d) Dissipation of energy with rotation direction and flow in the pumping direction. 5-4. MIXED ~w OR DIAGONAL ~ (DERIn).

in the pumping

in the generating

a. The mixed flow or diagonal flow type pqturbines the @ium head range up to more than 250 feet.

are used in

blade machine (Deriaz) b. While the mixed flow adjustable previously manufactured by the ~glish El@ric Company are presently mnufatiured and preferred for use in Japan, the less costly Francis mixed flow types are preferrd in the U.S.A. 5-5. AXIAL FLOW - PROPELLER TYPE - FIXED AND DSTABLE BLADE.

a. Alternates for use in the low head range, below 75 feet, are the axial flow machines arranged with the shaft vertically, horizontally or inclined. b. The Corps of Engineers Harry S. Tr~ (Kaysinger Bluff) project has the largest capacity slant axis axial flow p~ storage machines under construction as of 1 January 1981. 5-6. SPECIFIC SPEEDS - SINGLE STAGE REVERSIBLE PUMP/TURBINES.

. The turbine specific speed (Nst) of a pump turbine in the gene~ating mcde is defind as the speed in revolutions ~r minute (N) at which a pm turbine of hmlcgous design would operate if the runner was reduced in size to that which would develop one horse~wer under 1 foot of head.

b.

The turbine specific sped

is expressd as follows:

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c. The turbine specific speed is somewhat higher than for a conventional turbine, being in the range of K from 800 to 1250, where K =N H 1/2. The range of K for a conventional Francis turbine is 7~ to ~~0, &sed on Nst at bst efficiency. specific speed (N ) of a p~ turbine in the pumping d. The p~ mcde is defined as the speed in rev 8lutions per minute (N) at which the Pump turbine runner of homologous design would operate if the runner were rduced gemtrically to such a size that it would deliver one U.S. gallon per minute under one fmt of head. e. The pump specific speed is expressd as follows:

N Sp

= N Q* 314

Q = gpm

f. A recornnendsdrelationship for selecting p~ specific speeds for a range of pumping heads is shown on Figure 2, Ap@ndix C. 9 In selecting the specific speed consideration must be given not only to p~turbine and generator rotor costs, powerhouse and auxiliq equipment costs, but to efficiency in both modes of operation, cavitation characteristics, mechanical, hydraulic design features and to any restrictions *seal by foundation and site conditions. 5-7. P~IMINARY DATA FOR FRANCIS PUMP-TURBINES.

a. Mdel perfo~ce data for p~turbines is shown in Appendix D. This data is basal on tiel tests covering low, intermediate and high specific sped designs. The original test data has ken reduced to the more convenient form shown on Figures FTl, PT2 and FT3, which are based on~=12andH=l foot. The performance for the generating mcde is presented in the same format as that adopted in the other Sections covering the conventional Francis and propeller turbine designs. The discharge, efficiency ti critical si~ curves for the p~ing mode represent the envelope perfo~ce for bst efficiency from a nhr of

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fixed wicket gate tests. The curve of pumping specific speeds is derived from the other data. Pertinent dimensions of the pump-turbine and associated water passages, expressed as ratios to ~, are shown in Table 3 and Figure 4 of Ap@ndix C. established by the Project Planning and Field Survey b. Infomtion Studies is listed in paragraph 1-5. For the pumping cycle this information includes the p~ing requirements and maximum, minimum and average heads. c. The results of planning studies will generally dictate the rated pumping conditions. This information should include the rated gpm discharge and the associated rated dynamic head. An appropriate s~cific smd for the ratd head is obtained fra Figure 2, ApFndix C. A-prelimin-~ value for speed (N), is then calculatd-from the formula:

~ =

N~p H34 *1/2

The calculated value is rounded to the nearest synchronous speed. d. If the user is chiefly interested in the size of the prototype unit, the following empirical relationship may k used to approx~te a value for ~.

@TH =

0.0015 N~~.785 as follows:

e.

The runner throat diameter is calculatd

DTH=

1838 @TH H2 - N

f. The following procedure is used to calculate prototype pumping performce from the tiel performance curves:

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(1) Fra Figure 2 pick off the value of N=. corres~nding with -P the rated dynamic head. (2) Inspect the @el ~rformce curves, noting the s~cific speed range of each, and select the design that best suits the value of . N Sp (3) From the selected curves, note the value of Q, for maximum pumping efficiency. Also note that this value is in cfs units. The prototype runner throat diameter (eye diameter for p~ impeller) is calculated from the following relationship, where the subscript 1 refers to the mcdel and subscript 2 refers to the prototype:

%=(%)(%)2
D, = 12 inches and H, = 1 fret. (4) At this spoint note the value of o~. is calculated from the relationship: The pump sped N = 1838 @TH H DTH

Round to the nearest synchronous speed. (5) Readjust ~ for synchronous speed, pick off a new Q1 from the mcdel curves and repeat steps (3) and (4), if required. Continue this process until the re-adjustd value of @~ and corres~nding Q1 from the model curves produce a value of DTH that results in a synchronous s~ed in step (4). (6) With fixed values for ~ and N, the @~ corresponding to other p~ing heads is calculated from the following relationship:

4TH=

1838H/2

NTH _ ~11 Kn
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(7) For given head and corresponding value of @~ extract Q, from the mcdel curves and calculate the uncorrected value of prototype discharge from the following relationship:

Q2=Q, ~

()

DTH 2

H112

(8) The prototype efficiency of the pump-turbine is determined by the Mocdy formula in accordance with ~-4.5 of Guide Specifications CE-2201.02 HYDRAULIC PUMP-TURBINES - FRANCIS TYPE Paragraph MT-4.5. The efficiencies are increased by the ~ munt in hth the p~ing and generating ties of operation. The following formula is applied to the peak efficiency value:

E2 = 100(l

OO E1)

()

Dm 0.2 ~ P

E2 - El = stepup in efficiency

Using twothirds of the step-up, the model efficiencies (El ) are or prototype increased by 2/3 (E2 El ) to give the expected efficiencies, E2 . (9) The values of discharge in step (7) are increased lYY the ratio (E2/E1) to account for the increasd efficiency of the prototype. The increased values are used in plotting the expected headcfs curve of the prototype. (10) With Q, H and E beinq tAen directly from the perfo~ce usi~g the formuia: curves, the horse~wer-cfs curve i~c~leted

HP_QHw 550 E

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9 The following procedure is used to calculate prototype performance in the generating mcde from the associated hill curves shdm at the bttom of the tiel curves in ApPndix D. (1) @T values for the range in net operating calculated from he formula established in (6) ave.

heads are

(2) Prototype horsepowers for each head are calculated by intercepting the fixed gate curves at the associated value of @ , noting the corresponding HP, and substituting known values in R e following formula:

(3) The expected prototype efficiency (E ) is calculated by adding the stepup determined in f(8) ~ve to t % e associated mcdel efficiency (El), at each fixed gate point. (4) With HP, H and E king taken directly frointhe expectd performance curves, the qctd prototype discharge is calculated from the following formula:

550 HP Q= wHE

5-8.

S~ING

OF PUMP-TURBINE RUNNER - FRANCIS TYPE.

a. The setting, which is generally referred to the elevation of the distributor centerline, is determined by critical sigma in the purr@ing tie. The appropriate siy value for each pqing head can be picked off directly at each corresponding @TH on the mcdel curves, then stitituted in the following formula to compute the suhnergence, Hs:

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UC ==

Hb Hv H~ Safety H

(1) Appendix c.

Appropriate values for Hb and ~

are

shown on Figure

6,

(2) A rec~ed in the following formula: Safety ~gin

safety margin is calculated by shtituting

= 0.2 Di + 0.4 H/2

where Di is the protot~ runner inlet diameter in feet. This diameter ratio, D, in Table 3 and Figure 4. The is qressed as a d~nsionless actual diameter is the product of the ratio t-s ~, in feet. b. The values of critical sigma from the mcdel tests are referred to the httom of the runner. Likewise, the suhne.rgence(Hs) c~uted above is referred to this same point. The distance, a, from the distrihtor centerline to the btta of the runner is expressed as a dimensionless ratio, d, in Table 3 and Figure 4. The distance is the prcduct of the ratio times ~, in feet. The setting is calculatd as follows: Elevation distributor centerline = Tailwater Elev. + Hs + a 5-9. SPIRAL CASIK AND DRAFT TUBE - NCIS TYPE.

a. The turbine mufacturer is responsible for the design of the water passages from the upstream end of the turbine casing inlet to the discharge of the draft tube. Deviations frm the tiel dimensions can affect performance. b. ~ing considerations dictate the design of the spiral casing and draft th, except for the nti and width of draft tube piers which deon structural requirements.

5-1o. DRAET TUBE LINERS. extend to the pi= noses.

Draft tube liners for pq-turbines

should

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5-11. RUNAWAY SPEEDS.

a. Runaway sped tests for Francis type or fixd-blade propeller type pump-turbines are conductd the same as those for the Francis type turbines.

b. The runaway s~d tests for adjustable blade propeller type pump turbines are conductd the same as for the adjustable blade turbine.
c. The calculation of prototype Himum as that shown in paragraph 48c. runaway sped is the same

d. It is sometimes necessary to limit the gate opening of the prototype Francis pumpturbine to limit overspeed because of the difficulty of designing a generator to withstand the higher overspeed of high gate openings. e. The effect of sigma on a Francis type pump-turbine neglected, however, sip must k considered for propeller t= turbines. can be pump-

5-12. AIR ADMISSION. An air and check valve (or valves) should k installed for Francis-type PW turbines to permit operating at gate openings blow 50 ~rcent.
SEAL CHAMBER DRAINS. The seal chmr 513. R~ pipe drain header should discharge in the vertical leg of the draft tube on the side furthest away frm the draft tb exit.

5-14. SAMPLE CALCULATIONS. A typical calculation for a pump turbine installation is included in Ap~ndix E.

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CHAPTER 6 GENERATORS AND GENERATOR - M~RS

. 6-1. GENERAL
generators and generatormotors are a. The hydroelectric Both produce electric energy by the synchronous machines. transfomtion of hydraulic power into electric power kt the latter also acts in reverse rotation as a rotor to drive the pump-turbine as a Pump b. As hydraulic turbines and pump turbines must k designed to suit the specific range of conditions under which they will operate, each generator and generator-motor is unique in that the electrical and mechanical design must conform to the hydraulic characteristic of the site and to the specific requirements of the electrical system. A major difference between a generatormotor and the c. conventional generator is the special design features inco~rated in the former required for starting and operating the unit in the reverse direction as a rector. d. Guide Specifications cover the electrical and mechanical characteristics and the structural details of generators and generator rotors. 6-2. THE S-ION AND NUMBER OF UNITS.

a. Factors affecting the selection and number of units are outlind in Chapter 1, Paragraph 17. b. The type of generator or generator-motor depends on the type of turbine or pqturbine to which it is connected and also whether the center line of the shafts will be vertical, horizontal or inclind. c. Vertical shaft generators connected to Francis and Fixed Blade Propeller Turbines have three basic designs:
1. Suspendd Generator - a thrust bearing located on top of the generator with two guide &arings.

2. Umbrella Generator bearing lccated below the rotor.

- a thrust bearing and one guide

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3. Mdifid Umbrella Generator a combination guide and thrust bearing located below the rotor and a second guide bearing located tive the rotor. Horizontal shaft generators usually require thrust bearings d. capable of taking thrust in hth directions. The thrust required my not & the same in hth directions. While svertical shaft generators connected to adjustable e. blade turbines have ken of the umb;ella type, the Corps requires all vertical shaft adjustable blade turbines and all vertical shaft pturbines to have two guide bearings and one thrust bearing located either -ve or below the rotor. f. Generators and generatormotors connected to inclined axis turbines require thrust bearings capable of taking thrust in both directions (away from and towards the generator) and two guide bearings. RATING. Generators are rated in kva (electrical output) 6-3. G~TOR with the power factor determined by consideration of anticipated loads and system characteristics to which the unit or units will be connected. 6-4. GENERATOR VOLTAGE AND ~mc!z . Determination of generator voltage is hsed on economic factors which include the cost of generator leads, instrmnt transformers, surge protetiive equi-t, circuit to serve local loads and breakers, space limitations, the requirmnt The the generator costs for the various voltage levels available. standard frequency in the U.S.A. is 60 Hz. 6-5. SPEED . The speed of the unit is established by the turbine selectd speed which must take into consideration that some synchronous speeds have a number of poles which for the kva rating desired would not give an acceptable winding design. See Table of Generator Speeds in Appendix A. 6-6. m FACIt)R.The power fader of the generator is determind @ the transmission and distritition facilities involved in addition to If the generator is probable loads and system characteristics. connected to a long, highvoltage transmission line, it rray& economic as well as desirable to install a generator capable of operating with leading pwer fa~ors. If the project is located near a large load center it my @ econtical to install a generator with larger than normal reactive capability by using 0.80 or 0.90 power factor mchines. For the majority of insta-lla~ions 0.95 power factors generators will b the economic ones to specify. In general, for kst o~ration the pwer

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factor of the generators should retch the power factor of the load.

6-7.

FL~EFFEcr

(WK2).

a. While the moment of inertia (WK2) of the rotating parts of a unit (generator plus turbine) is a factor affecting system stability, the use of high speed circuit breakers relays has in most cases 9 from the stand int of the r~ved the need for higher than normal WK electrical system. Then the need for higher than normal WKF depends on the WK3 needed to keep the speed rise of the unit W the pressure rise in the water passages for the turbine or p~turbine within accepttile limits. b. Greater than noml a unit serving an isolatd 6-8. GENERATOR - M~R WK2 rraybe required for an isolated plant or load.

RATING.

a. The generatormotor rating depends on the pumpturbine characteristics and the system to which it will be connected. Having selected a p~turbine to meet the required capacity b. head conditions, the rotor rating can be determined. In p~turbine installations there may be considerable variations in head and The motor consequently a variation in the motor requirements. requirements may dictate the maximum rating of the generatorrotor tit in no case should the Himum horsepower required in the p~ing tie be more than 94 percent of the 100 percent, 75 degree Centigrade nameplate rating, the rotor rating king in KW (shaft output) or its horsepower equivalent. c. The power factor de~nds on the system voltage cotiitions and transformer ieance and usually results in selecting a power factor of There rMy be cases, during the hours of p~ing, 0.95 (over-excitd). in which the system voltage may be reduced to where voltage studies show it is necessary for the mchine to operate in the pumping tie at a lower voltage than in the generating tie. The range may be such as to require a dual voltage rating. Usually a difference in ratings for generating and motoring of ~ut three percent less can & furnished without undue cost or complication. 6-9. EXCITATION SY-. While for many years the excitation for synchronous generators

a.

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was provided by directly connected main and pilot exciters, the pilot =citer was later eliminatd and a rotating and/or a static voltage regulator system was used in connection with the direct-connected min exciter. Currently, except for very small generators, a static excitation system is specifid. A static excitation system is specifid for all reversible units. b. The static excitation system is a static potential-sourcerectified type with power for the ~citation circuit normally taken directly from the generator or generator-rotor leads. The c~lete excitation equipment consists of the excitation transformer, rectifiers, ac ~citation power circuit breaker, a-c hs &tween the transfomr and rectifier, silicon controlled r~ifiers, dc hs from the rectifier cubicle to the generator or generator-rotor field brush terminals, and a static aut~tic voltage r~lator which controls the firing of the SCRS. The system designd for a generatorrotor includes the necessary provisions for bth directions of operation. Most of the recent -citation systems have been provided with ~we; system stabilizing equipment which changes the generator field current in proportion to instantaneous deviations from normal frequency to help dampen oscillations. This equi~nt should usually & furnished with solidstate excitation systems. d. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Standard Definitions for Excitation Systems for Synchronous Machines, ANSI/IEEE Std 421.1-1986 should be consulted for an understanding of the application of solidstate devices to excitation systems. This report includes the new and revised definitions for excitation systems as applied to synchronous machines and gives particular emphasis on solid state devices. The report includes figures illustrating the essential elements of an automatic control system, the components corrrnonly used d figures which show the actual configuration of principal excitation systems supplid by domestic mufacturers.

6-10. TI-IRUST AMD GUIDE BEARINGS.

a. The Guide Specifications require that the generator and or generatorrotor & provided with a nonspherical, adjustable-sh= or self-equalizing Kingstype or a General Electric spring type thrust king and for a generator-rotor be suitable for rotation in either direction. For vertical mchines the thrust bearing may be above or areas below the rotor. Units with very high thrust bearing loads where space below the rotor is limited generally have the thrust baring lccated *ve the rotor. Locating the thrust bearing below the rotor

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can reduce costs. be considered.

Effects of the bearing location on vibration should

b. The generator of a vertical mchine rray k provided with ode guide baring &low the rotor if the generator is connected to a Francis or fixed blade propeller turbine. ~ upper guide bearing must be provided if its installation is deemed necessary by the manufacturer for satisfactory operation or if the thrust tearing provided is of the self equalizing type.
c. The generator of a vertical mchine connectd to an adjustable blade propeller turbine must be providd with two guide bearings. d. The generator-rotor of a vertical mchine must be provided with two guide &arings with provisions for adequate lubrication in hth directions of rotation. It is now c~n practice to require that thrust bearings b c. provided with an externally pressurized system for providing high pressure oil to the thrust karing surfaces during the starting and stopping of the mchine.

6-11. THRUST BEARING Bm

THE R~R.

a. When the thrust bearing is located below the rotor the shaft coupling must be located farther below the stator than when the thrust bearing is located above the rotor. b. The thrust bearing blcck is required by specifications to be forgd integrally with the shaft. c. Thrust bearings located below the rotor must be larger in diameter (for the same load carrying ability) than thrust bearings located tive the rotor, due to the larger dimter of the shaft at the karing location. d. Two mthcds of inspection and removal of thrust baring parts are provided, depending on the manufacturer of the generator or generatormotor. One methd provides r~vable karing housing covers the in a bridge type lower bearing bracket. With the covers rmved thrust bearing is exposed for ins-ion and can & r~vd through the space between the bracket arms without disturbing the min support. The second method involves the lowering of the thrust bearing by use of a specially designd lowering device into the turbine pit. This design requires that the shaft coupling be located at a greater distance blow

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the stator.

6-12. ~UST

BEARING ABOVE THE R~R.

This design permits access to the bearing parts by overhead a. crane and assures ad~ate working space regardless of mchine size and thrust bearing capacity. b. This location is the standard location for srralland high speed machines where the space blow the rotor is limited. c. This lccation does not place a limitation on the size of shaft forging facilities available. Large structural _rs are required to support the thrust bearing located above the rotor. These members support the thrust bearing loads and must & stiff enough to minimize They have to bridge a larger span than the baring bracket defledions. located below the rotor. of karings as d. The location does not require as large a di-ter does the thrust karing located below the rotor and consequently the karing losses are lower. e. The bearing my be split when required for installations, such This not only facilitates handling, but as with Kaplan turbines. the Kaplan permits rmval of bearing and parts without dismtling piping.

6-13. THRUST BEARING NOT INCO~RATED

M~R .

IN THE GENERATOR OR GENERA~R.

a. Slant axis adjustable blade turbines and p~ turbines require a thrust baring design to take thrust in hth dir-ions and my or my not & purchasd with the generator de~ing on its location. b. It is the common practice in Europe to procure the thrust bearing with the turbine and to mount the thrust bearing on the turbine head cover. Ssavings is claimed in certain installations by so doing as it omits the large thrust bearing supports. c. This lccation presents problems in coordinating the procurement Thrust bearings are customarily and installation of the bearing. furnishd by the generator tranufacturersin the U.S. and installed by them in the generator.

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d. econ~c

For very large capacity slow speed units it may k necessary for reasons to locate the thrust baring on the turbine head cover.

6-14. HIGH PRESSURE OIL SY~. High pressure oil starting system in a thrust bearing is essential for the operation of a reversible unit.and should be specified for any unit over 31,260 kva in rating. To start these units, the oil is pumped under high pressure through openings in the stationary segments, forcing lubricating oil btween the stationary and rotating -s of the bearing hfore the unit is started. This reduces the friction and breakaway torque to very low values, and reducing wear. It is also in service during shut-down. 6-15. ~ICAL
CHARAC1ERISTICS.

a. The electrical characteristics of a generator and generator motor, in addition to determining its individual performance, will affect the performance of the power system to which it will be connected. These characteristics can be varied within limits to best suit overall performance. The values for these characteristics must be includd in the procurement specifications. b. Characteristics of a generator or generatorrotor which have an -rtant eff~ on the stability characteristics of the electrical system are Short Circuit Ratio, Transient Reactance, Excites System Performance, and the electrical damping provided by the WK of the rotating parts of the units. c. A short circuit ratio (SCR) is the ratio of the field current required to produce rated voltage at no load to the field current required to circulate rated current or short circuit. With no saturation, it is the reciprocal of the synchronous ~ce (Xd) and a convenient factor for comparing and specifying the relative steadystate characteristics of generators and generator-motors. The higher the ratio, the greater the inherent stability of the mchine. A system stability study is necessary to determine whether a higherthan-noml short-circuit ratio is required. Increasing the ratio above noml increases the machine size (the mchine king deratd), the normal flywheel effect (WK2) and the machine costs, and decreases the efficiency and the transient reactance of the machine. d. Some electrical systems require a lower than normal transient reactance. However, when a higher than normal SCR is specified, the transient reactance will be less than noml. Either the lower than no-l transient reactance or the higher than normal SCR, ht not both, will increase the cost. The cost increase is determined by the more

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expensive option. currents.

Decreasing

transient

reactance

increases

fault

e. An increase in the rotor inertia (WK2) tive noml increases the cost, size and weight of the mchine and d creases the efficiency. 5 of the generatorrotor In a p~turbine installation increasing the WK increases the starting time in the pqing de. See Paragraph 67. f. ~citer System Performance (See IEEE 69TP154 - PWR).

(1) Mcdern voltage regulator systems have increased the dynamic as well as the steady state stability of electrical systems. (2) The excitation system should be capable of reversing the excitation voltage of full negative voltage to rapidly reduce field current when required. Capability to reverse field current, however, is normally not required. (3) It must be recognizd that Ssystems, at times, require operation of the generating equipment at voltages below normal. It must also be recognized that the excitation system should be capable of achieving the requird perfo~ce at a specifid voltage available from the generator terminals. However, specifying a voltage materially below normal will increase the size of the excitation equipmnt, the space required to house it, and its cost. h. -rtisseur Windings.

(1) While -y hydroelectric generators have been provided with non-continuous mrtisseur windings in the past, continuous ~rtisseur wi~ings are now normally specified for all Corps of Engineers machines. Continuous ~rtisseur windings provide substantial benefits over nonconnected windings regarding stability, supplying tilanced loads, These benefits are effects on hunting etc., as described below. particularly advantageous because of the difficulty in prior determination of system conditions. Continuous, heavy-duty amortisseur windings me required for generator-rotors which are to be started as induction motors. (2) ~rtisseur windings are designed for a calculated ratio of quadrature-axis subtransient reactance to direct-axis subtransient reactance not to exc~ 1.35 for an open amortisseur winding and not to exceed 1.10 for a closed winding.

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(3) The advantages of amortisseur windings ae: (a) They reduce and in some cases eliminate hunting or sustained pulsations in current and voltage that occur under certa;n conditions of operation of a synchronous generator. (b) They are effective in reducing the overvoltages due to unbalanced loads and faults, which can be an ~rtant factor in the application of lightning arrestors and in the cmrdination of insulation levels. (c) Because they are a material aid in damping out oscillation they are of &nefit in @roving the ability of the machines to ride through system disturbances. (d) They provide additional stabilizing generators which are automatically synchroniz~. torque for

(e) They reduce circuit breaker recovery voltages bt tend to increase the magnitude of the current required to be interrupted. (f) They aid in protecting field windings against current surges caused by lightning or internal faults and in case of the latter are effective in reducing additional tige to the machine. (g) They permit pump-turbine started as indudion motors. motor-generators to be

(4) ~rtisseur windings increase stresses in the rrachineand connected equipment due to the increase in short-circuit current. The additional winding in the rotor must be hilt to withstti the stresses at mimum overs~ conditions and the stresses in the rotor parts are A continuous amortisseur winding complicates the also increased. cooling and disassembly of the field coils. (5) An amotiisseur winding designd for a calculated ratio of quadrature-axis subtransient reactance to direct-axis subtransient reactance not to exceed 1.35 will increase the price of the machine by approxirratelyone percent. For a ratio not to exceed 1.10, the price For a continuous winding increase is approximately three percent. suitable for use in starting, the price increase is five percent due to the increase in th~l capacity of the winding required.

6-9

ETL

1110-2-.317 15 Dec 1988

6-16. METHODSAVAILABLE FOR STARTING PUMP-mI~

OF OPERATION.

IN THE PUMPING MODE

a. The methds for starting p-turbines in the pumping tie of operation can k classified into three groups, namely: Group 1 which requires continuous ~rtisseur winding; Group 2 which does not require continuous amortisseur windings; and Group 3 which requires separate sttiing devices. b. Group 1 Starting Methds: Four methcds of starting the unit as an induction motor with full or reduced voltage applied to the generator-motor terminal as follows:
(1)

Full voltage start.

(2) Reduced voltage start. (3) Part winding start. (4) Rduced frequency induction start. another generator or generator-motor which my & duty . c. Group 2 Starting Methds: (1) Synchronous start. (2) Static converter start. d. Group 3 Starting Methcds: (1) Wound rotor induction motor start - Pony motor. (2) Shaft connected starting turbine. (3) =citer sttiing. This method utilizes isolatd for starting

e. The first three methds und~ Group 1 are applicable only to tierately siz~ units. Of these methds, the full voltage methcd has the lowest cost in its applicable range because no extra switching equipment is required. It also has the shortest starting time of any methcd (approxtitely 20 to 30 seconds). Because of the large starting kva that the full voltage method requires (unless the unit will be connected to a very stiff system), the system voltage drop my be too great for the system to tolerate when a unit is king startd. Methcds

6-10

ETL

1110-2-317 15 Dec 1988

(2), (3) and (4) are applicable within the range of metal clad type breakers. The start up time will be of two to three minutes and the The part starting kva in the neighborhood of the machine rating. winding start, Methd (3) of Group 1 requires a careful investigation in each case. The difficulties in design of the motor-generator my -e this type of starting impractical. The reduced frequency induction stti ~thd, Group 1, Method (4), s-times referred to as the semi synchronous start methd, is applicable to plants having conventional generating units as well as generator-rotor units, where provision is mde so that a generator unit and a generatormotor unit may be isolated for starting or where a remote unit and transmission line may be isolated to start or be startd by an isolated unit in the plant. This methcd is the one that has ben most applicable for the Corps pump turbine installations. The amortisseur duty for this type of start is much less than for the other methcds in Group 1. In this methcd of starting, the water in the pump-turbine draft tb is depressd, the generator unit is brought up to approxtitely 80 percent speed without excitation and then connected to the generator rotor, field current is then applid to the generating unit and the generator-rotor accelerates as an induction motor ti the generating unit will decelerate until the At this same speed is reached usually 30 to 40 percent rated s~ed. mint field current is applied to the rotor synchronizing it to the generator, the turbine wicket gates opened and the units brought up to rated speed and synchronize to the system. The pumping load can now be transferred to the system at the rate desird and the generating unit This shut down or usd to start another pqing unit if so requird. methd of starting and synchronizing to the systm eliminates any sudden load change on the system. This methd of starting is applicable to all ratings ~t requires a careful study of starting conditions be rode. Usually the rating of the gener ting unit is ~ut equal to that of the 2 can be as little as 50 percent of the unt to be started, tit its wlZ WK3 of the unit to be started. f. The synchronous start methd, Method (1) of Group 2 as in the semisynchronous start method uses an isolated generating unit to provide the starting power. Water is depressd in the pump-turbine draft tube and bth units are electrically connected at standstill. Excitation is applied to hth rrachinesat rest and they are then brought This up to sped in synchronism ~ admitting water to the turbine. system provides smth and rapid starting in 1-5 minutes. A separate A continuous source of excitation is required for each unit. amortisseur winding is not required for this methcd of starting. It is applicable for all ratings. The units have the same ratd speed and the starting unit can k as srrallas 15 percent of the rating of the Himum unit to be started. This system will permit start-up without the no-l

6-11

ETL

1110-2-317 15 Dec 1988

tailwat- depression. As soon as the unit reaches a speed high enough to pr~ the p~turbine, the gates of the pump turbine are opened. This avoids a rough pumpstart condition at shut-off head and synchronous speed and provides smth and rapid starting and transfer ofload to the system. 9 The static converter start, Method (2) of Group 3 is applictile to all ratings but its cost limits its use to a plant having 3 or 4 The static converter is connected to a units of large capacity. starting bus which in turn is connected to the unit to be started. During starting, the converter supplies a variable frequency output to the rotor. The generator-rotor is connected to the starting tis with zero frequency, and the input frequency during acceleration up to synchronous speed is controlled by silicon-controlled rectifier thyristors. As soon as the p~ing unit has been synchronized to the pwer systm, the static converter can h de-energized and the starting bus and converter connect~ for starting the next unit. The static converter can be usd as a brake to reduce deceleration time when a unit is being removed from service to maintenance, or in an emergency. Its use will also rdu~ w= on the generator. h. Wound rotor induction motor start (Pony rotor), Method (1) of Group 3 is applicable to any size unit, ht because of its high cost for small units, its use is usually limited to large units. The starting time depends on the motor capacity providd, ~t usually is of the order of ten minutes with an approx~te starting kva of five percent. This is pro~ly the most costly methcd because starting motors are required for each unit. The starting control also requires a large floor area. It dces provide for a very s~th starting system, however, and permits balancing of the c~lete unit in bth directions of rotation without watering the unit.

6-12

ETL 1110-2-317 15 Dec 88

APP~IX

Al A2 A3 A4 A5

PuMP AFFINITY LAws PUMP MODEL RELATIONSHIPS TURBINE AFFINITY LAws TURBINE MODEL RELATIONSHIPS ~~R SP= VS. NUMBER OF POLES

A-3 A-3 A-4 A-5 A-6

A-1

ETL 1110-2-317 15 Dec 88

PAQ

A-2 ~oNALLY

LEFr BLANK

A-2

ETL 1110-2-317 15 Dec 88

Al . PUMP APPINITY LAwsWith roller Diameter Held Constant With Speed Held Constant
Q1 D1 = Q2 D2

Q1 N1 = Q2 N2
HI = H2 Bhpl BhP2

()
N2 .5

N, 2

HI = H2 BhP1 ~

()
x% ()

N, 3

()
D2 .5 () N1
N2

D, 2

D, 3

A2. N, =

PUMP MODEL ~TIONSHIPS D2 D, HI 1/2

Q1 = Q2

D1 2

H1 /2

x%
D2

= x%
Q2

Q1

200

PI = P2

() ()
D, N, 3 N2 x% ()

D, 5

when

HI = H2

Then

H1D12N12 = H2 D2 D, N2 N,

()()
XT=

lheref ore

D2

Note: Skipt S*ipt

1 refers to 2 refers to

A-3

ZTL 1110-2-317 15 Dec 88

NxQ1/2

N~ = ~3/4

Where Qisin~,

Nis

~,@

His

in feet.

WXCFSXH Whp = 550 Where =

Sx~x 3960

W is specific weight of water (lb/ft3) S is specific weight of liquid referred to water at 68% H
iS

turbine net head in feet

Whp eff = Mp

NPSH = H

A3.

TURBINE AFFINITY Mws For Constant Head N, = N2 1/2

Q1

For Constant Diameter 3/2 PI = P2 N1 H1 ~ ()

Q1 HI

D2 ~

= = N2 Q2 H2

=
Q2

()

()
D1
D2

P1
P2

A-4

ETL 1110-2-317 15 Dec 88

A4 . TURBINE MODEL RELATIONSHIPS

N, ~=F

D2 x%

HI 1/2 ()

Prototype Runaway Speed

1838 X@X
%=

(H,)/2
&

D2

=
Q2 N2

Q1

N1

x%

()
D,

N~2 Rogers Curve: & = ,6 ~oo 8

NxD @ = 1838 x Hi/2 s=~

pi/2

HP x 8.8 = Hxeff

321,000X~/3
Turbine Shaft Di~ters: d = N x Stress (solid shafts)

321,000X
Hollow Shafts:
S =

d (d,
iS hSide bter)

N (d4 - d14)

A-5

ETL 1110-2-317 15 Dec 88

A5.

~~R

SPEEDS

V5

NUMBER

OF PO=

120 x Hz m=
n For 60 cycles: RFM =

7,200
n

Hz = R~ency

in cycles per second

n = No. of Poles

60 Hz X
Poles 24

chronous speeds Poles

Poles

300.0 277.0 257.1 240.0 225.0 200.0 180.0 171.4 163.6 150.0 144.0 138.5 128.6

60 64 68 70 72 76 80 84 88 90 96 98 100

120.0 112.4 105.9 102.9 100.0 94.7 90.0 85.7 81.8 80.0 75.0 73.5 72.0

104 110 112 120 126 128 130 132 136

69.2 65.5 64.3 60.0 57.1 56.2 55.4 54.5 52.9

26 28 30 32 36 40 42 44 48 50 52 56

Note:

~t

Poles 34, 38, 54, 58, 62, 66, 72, @

82.

A-6

ETL 1110-2-317 15 December 1988

TABLE

s~

PAGE

B-1

TABLEB-1 TURBINEDATA

I-3
54.5 22 13s 13s 176 44 72 9 26 61 & W67 s & 22 Iua 94 43 32.s 144 104 106 237 231 427.5 160 22 16s 100 112.5 514 16s 163 Ill 207 29 17s0s 1s2. s 1% 164 127 127 w 131 9 14s 14s IM 14s 53 62 62 54 54 u 52 62 ?0 70 70 22 72,12 M. 5 3s 39 16 170 33 33 2s 3s 65 42 42 M as @ so 73 13s al 2s.7 a7 32.5 206 67 7s 92 1% 69 69 69 70 62 21s 170 91 16s so 60 50 S2 59 in 136 136 19 190 345 69 42 70 234 11s 4s 27 170 170 103.5 )&s 103.5 54 33 33 112.5 450 a fi5 10s. 9 *1.8 163.6 la n 7s 2s7 69.2 1s6.5 128.6 100 277 12S.6 126.6 lU. 6 Ios. 9 60 Iw b 6s 78 1,2 4 1,2 1-4 1,2 1-2 1 l,? 1,2 3-1o S(O1 il-le FI,2 1,? 1,2 3 1-4 s-s 1,2 I-3 1-3 I-4,1%16 s-l+ il+l 55(2 I

-2.0 10.5 4.5 -26 7.0 7.2 -2.0 -2.0 7.0

23+ 13-9 3-L2 9-7.1 m is-3.4 23-2 12-4.2 1+-4 420 U2 609 S50.s 2s 3s9. 4

U1 40.0
S906 S9. 6

SOS 5.5 -?.d7 -20 4.2 7 .7 11.0 10.7 -12.9 3.8 6.6 -1 -1 -7 4

23-4 23-4 6-9 a7-6 II-2 12-s. 1 l+]a 6 %1. 1 12-2.5 12-s. 1 13-2 15-Q.5 22-io 15-3 15-% 7 16-10 3-A 1

900 w 1, 12s 17s u ~ 74.5 367.5 400 460 %7.3 550 713 600 572 12

hlt *IW c to c ft. *t* c Olst.to Ibttoa of hart T* COISt. to KJWlCilMter nltn Ithit ~~tl~ (-)indicates C Dist. IJIS1OU Min. TailWater

KllEsI

i.

Rum

~lti

in 1W7 by Voith

TABLE B-1 (cent) TURBINE DATA Mrlw mx,

10IK uElmT (lCWS) ..-. 520 4s0 615 79 9-5.5 22-0 12-0. L? 15-11.5 5.0 -4.6 -1 1.5 4i? 34.25 w 32 32 46 56 70 40 75 S9 40 I& 321 290 ?14 167 170 256 89 S5.7 75 90 138.5 45, DO0 23,4S0 k?-c w 42, 7W 49, W 05.7 71? 120.6 la 89 26.5 94 90 90 2s. 2 70 74 167 320 105 102 33 110 10s 10s 41.7 -O lw 117 161 156 144 170 -143 181.5 78 90 15 so 45 45 56 6s 6s 3s S6 S6 65 S3.5 60 w 10 65 66 71 90 w. 33 70 73 36 * b. 2 0 9.45 9.45 9.45 5 9 -10 24 47 47 60 ;8 20 37 4d 42 17 70.67 70.67 4s 76 30 43 59 * 45.5 6 6 8 6 -15 a 7 11 6.2 -16.5 -16.5 8 -40.5 5.9 6.5 17.2 -1 +.9 1o-1o 13-3 10-5 16-0 15-2 12-7.2 12-1.6 8-0 12-1.6 12-11 15-6 8-3 17-11.5 17-11.5 &-o IO-6 1-11.4 13-8 14-10 16-0 6-2 23-4 25-D 17-4 26-o 10-1 16-9 ?1-4 15-0 16-J 55 9+0 1,000 357.5 1,075 m 600 500 3s0 w 275 720 333.8 51J1.3 437 m. 5 30? S6u 443.2 ?12. 5 400 177 400 450 560 253 945 870 2.55.5 275 16 J76 SfnIE (Fll I 1-7 1-3 1,? JL UI 140 M 171 102.s 2s5 51 560
4s5

.. ._.BIN. WI1
w IFT) 69 75 62 S6 34 42 w 49 32 43 32 * 36 75 7.+ 64 54 51 45 65 61 53 46 46 -1 6U 4.5 24 7 15 5.5 69 6.5 39 e 24-2 5-4. 1? 14-10 112 ?6 257.2 115 20 144 75.5 225 51 457 70 % IN 120 120 115 75. s so 99 47.2 -9 15-5 IFII** (Fl)m (FI)* (F1 - IN) mlw #ln EITINS lH~l

Ml I@ -n

Wn (FTI 107 151 5s 446 154 53 216 131 375 5s. 3 631 &9 125 90 216 216 216 210 145 115 184 IM 60

ml

wlr

lYPE

*R. w Mm

-- .--- kc 128.6 IUJ 136 44 65.5 400 163.6 4s Iw 90 163.6 120.6 Zw 1c8.6 100 % 59 170 140 170 170 112 101 150 150 40 265 290 17s I@ 120.6 163.6 128.6 ltS.6 SS.7 257 90 90 75 163.6 900 120 10D 11?.5 277 560 75 WD Rli 17,250 25,000 Sl, soo 63, W 56,000 70, OcQ 20,/@ 142,000 34b,W 41,500 16,W 50,000 20,000 50,01Y3 55,000 57,000 13, s00 EL9,m 9D,000 54, W 55,00D 2,000 66,300 91,5000 126,m 21,700 143,000 174,000 14,~ 212,400 17,000 w Mu MILI w SLli MtD H a-c MtD M Sns SNs 9s H H SLEi SLH m E4.H F4-c JL Rtl W\D v+ SLH SNs a-c ND M KH WLD 58,200 55, W U,900

cLaREm -

MILL

WHDELL ML 1-3 1-4 I 1,? 1,? 1 1,2 3 1-3 1-4 1 2 3 4-5 s. WOT9 DREW 1-8 1,2 1-3 4,5 1-3 1,2 F1 1,2 1-4 5 1,2 1-3 4-6 I -3 1-16 1 2-7 1-4 TEFu4. 1

CWR

WE

HRLCU

WWLLE

MbFIflV

mlw OEIROI1

OEl IkR

wMRM

ELF~9 FORr GIEIW FORI PEW [l~tl

FORI CEW (lst)

FORI Km FORT KM

(lSt) (?ml)

FURI _

FOSTEFI

MRR12U4 N. WOIO 1s.0. OEGON oREsoN

N, WTR

WRRIW

Wlffi

PoINT

m.

GREENFEIER

GMEN PETER

MERS

FEkRY

WRIHEI.L oREm m. m FLORIM

m. t S.c.

WRIUELL

m. JS. c.

H1LL6 CREEK

ICE WSOR

ICE mm

JI14 ~F

n 14

JM

MY

ORE. tw

JWh.

KERR

N.C. t W.

JMH,

NERR

N.c. Lw

JLMS SLOFF

J. PEKV PRIEST

HEvSTM

TABLE B-1 (cent) TURBINE DATA

.
Ml Iw WT MI. MIT mlw (FT)** 33.5 63 63 w w 60 33 24 76 76 76 76 59.5 59.5 27 M 200.0 200,0 % 9a 302.5 202 203 60 ?1 Iw 144 75 128.6 bo 128.6 39,000 41, m 32,300 02s Mto EE&l Mo u 47, Wo 71, atxl 62, ouo 23, W 123,aoo 100 120 514 6CQ 75 128.6 150 a5. 7 29 20 21 21 49 70 745 945. s 81 190 132 81 35 176 162 47 22.6 22.6 22.6 57.9 aa 900 990.5 102 2cb 181 90,5 134 20 1.9.3 18.3 18.3 40.3 53 675 7aa 46 134 103.5 60 57 26 26 NIFI 5+ 44 & 130 114 23 17 32 32 54.5 54 76 60 65 32 71 la 87 28 54 49.5 18 10 3a.23 32 44 60 39. ?0 16.5 43 bl 21.2 36.33 27. S3 56 45.5 13 13 70.67 G 30 70.7 9 9 7.5 153.5 5a5 10 4 8 -14.7 3.7 1? 7.5 5 3.23 +.27 -10.4* -3.5 -2.0 -8 -6.5 7,2 7,9 -16 24-2 9-6 IW 9-2 ]a-6 15-0 4-3 4-3 23-4.6 13-6 9-b. 1 23-4 293.0 146 55 boo 326 247.5 1,025 675 s 60 36 w 90 90 90 a6 66 76 76 -39 -39 11.2 -0.5 -4 I -41 -40.5 -40.5 -a. 5 -0.5 -4 11.5 k 42 -1 0 IFT)*** (FIJ**tt -EPrn srllffi Iwr (FT - INI 13-3.1 14-IV 1+-10 26-o 26+ 13-0. a 7-1o 26-O 26-0 26-0 26+ 23-4 23-4 5-3.6 22-3 1-4.5 1-10 225.0 6-9 6-9 12-2 12-1.6 17-0 22-o 26-3 5-5 33s. o 740.5 055.5 745 70 w (Fl I (FTI 214 165 165 90.5 w. 5 126 194 76 76 67 87 b2 Q 62 25 225.0
1

-.--.-. MIN. lK -R SIAIE (FTI . 255 341 341 9a 9a 233 323 100 100 100 106 92 9? 92 41 m. o 200,0 153.5 WI r M30 T rr.t *R. @ mm-

..-.

TOTW Klmr (Iwl 4aa w. 5 5U2.5 1U75 la w. 5 I&. 5 1,075 1,2W 1,075 l,&A I,ow I,ow 50 550 2.7 7.3 a7. 3 87.3

Wrl

WI

.--- _-_-_ HENIWY 9a,Wo 231 300 3U0 93 93 la5 215 9J 93 9+ 9+ ao au ao 35.5 m. o m. o 132 132 460 160 la5 45 165,000 165,W 21?*W 21Z,UU0 52, 5U0 33, auo 211?,4u0 21?,400 212,400 ?1?, 400 SNs
111,300

--- ____- 144 128.6 1?8.6 90 90 128.6 ?40 9U 90 90 w 65.7

LWL wrm MNlm WSN. 1-3 *-6 I -3 1-r? 1-3 4-6 1-3 4-6 1-12 13,14 SNs 111,300 4,500 34,000 aov w IM.8 12,000 12,m 205,000 225 163.6 ldB. 6 100 7s 60. Z 277 42,000 128,500 45, m 27, w JL 9,400 104,W 3a,Ooo J, Uo 6,975 3, w v-R a-c R-c o-c w $tc 1,2 1,2 3 1 1-4 1,2 oREmN 1-14 R-c RBIWI w 225 lW Ew 69.3 217 SS{2J 1-3 1 I 2 1,2 3 1,2 1,2 1-7 1-4 1-5 1,2 1-4 1-4 10 1-3 & w. uRELiiJN UREW w. msN, H. U4sli. 5-8 1-4

LIBbV

LlkBY

-1

LIIILE

LllrLE

LooKwr mlNr

LOST LREEK

LKR

6RWIIE

LWR

GRWIIE

LWR

NONUNENrk

LOUER MNrm WRY

ORE. t bK4sN.

fU,NF4RV

ORE. t H. km MI WE

65.7

WRY MILLERS FERRV

ORE. 1 w

WIL

RIVER

WIL WRM

RIVER

WRRW NEWKLMS

mRFoNK

OLrl tiIwoRv

olflKu

fwlLlfflTr

RIWRD

b, m

FiVbERT S. KERR

WINT MRVS (WO)

WINI

MRVS (MK)

S81Nr MRYS (MEN)

WINI

SIELW

Mvwfw

SNElllsw

SNETTIW Sl~KllJN

T9SLE m

lENKILLER FERRY

r~

us

TABLE B-1 (cent) TURBINE DATA

.
mllw mx. WIT (FI) IFIJ (FT) (FTI** (FT - IN) ml. IVK m*a. w w m mlM3 oEPrn IFllwt *111* (FTI**os Wr Wlrnl RIM. Imll TM -R TOTm Ml

. . ..--

WR

ml

SlfilE

(lWI
sa9 167.5 42,5

---.
Iwdl? lqooo 90 da 90.5 60 11.5 37 5 3.76 la % 30 3a -2.0 -1.1 a. 5 7 -14. a N/O 4s. 5 -2.5 67 16-a 26-3 6-O 19-2 10-10.8 lW.5 25 15.44 5 32 82 30 i7 50.3 -5.5 5-3.5 S-2. 1? 55 35.5 40 -14.5 18,w 217 al 21.1 70 15 163.6 112.5 257 Fl, F2 do 73 5a 74 66 25-o 70,7 -14

-m 10+

-.

Ssl?) 1-2 1-4 1 1-3 2;3 1,2 12a.6 91.5 1?6 77.5 Ill 5a 46 214 160 105.9 1-6 W. 24 321 I@ 17 44 44 31 71 72.4 65 M/a 77

378 745

17.5
437.5 1M7.5 557.5

4, 5U0 *O 45,500 177 30,900 5, w 51,500 20, 7(JO 62,m

22 77 5a

TABI,EB-2 GENERATOR DATA

mT1w .. s-c W UN UT -1-3 0. w 14,200 36,000 2, w 33,000 d. o 6,332, w 114,0V0,000 57, w, 109,400,000 9,000, Uoo 44,000,000 113,000, m 113,000,000 M4, m lM,960,04kl 4,231,000 41.0 43,0 44.0 34,400,W So,ovo, Ooo 7s0, Ovo 20t.0 w S1.o 43.0 44.0 43.0 42.0 44,0 44.0 0.30 u, o 45,0 32,500 5s, w *m 18*W 37,500
44 m n, Ooo

lMIENT WTIVE WI Nr (L2. +1.21 5S,W,000 39,000, Oov 09,000 27-6 w -0 41-O 45-8 31-0 40-0 48-0 40-0 20-0 52-2 E M. O 40-0 43-4 676.9 4s6. s 677.5 237.3 435 750 I,ooo 56 w 165 348. s SS7. s 91 1? -6 (WX) M-o 4S -6 444 413 2s. 3 ( FT. -lN. ) (wRcfNl) 55.0 43.0 UElwr (lWJ OIWTER w WING Tolu KV rmrlo

KX4ER ml

STfilE

UNlr w.

*R.

KVR

.. ------54.5 13.8 1.10 1.2.2 1.00 1.175 1.10 1.175 101?s 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.30 1.04 1. 17s 1.175 1.175 1.10 1.10 1.17 1.175 1.175 1.10 13.0 1398 13.e ~ooo 2,400 27,000 0.90 0.90 0.55 0. 9V 37,632 42,105 w 163.6 128.6 w 3S, 842 S5, SS5 IS, W 94,737 0095 0.95 0.9s o. w 1.00 0.95 40, Ocil 33,333 12,s00 18,w 31,000 40,000 Iw 35,000 50,000 lS,000 90,000 13.6 4.2 13.8 13.a 13.8 6.9 13.8 20, ~ 13.a 13.8 13.8 13.8 13.8 13.a 1.10 1.17 1.17 1.17 low 1.175 1.10 1.10 1.175 1.10 1. 17s 1.175 1.s0 1.76 1.25 1.175 13.8 2.4 13.d 13.8 13.b 13.8 14.4 13.s 13.8 118 4.16 13.e 13.8 13.8 1300 13.8 13.6 13.6 13.e 13.8 11?.5 0.90 0. w o. 9s U? 0.90 0. 9s o. s o.% o. w 0.90 0, w 0.00 o.% 66, w 13,110 so, m 40,000 6, 00Q 40, m 4$000 la, Ooo 4$000 12,000 64, w 64,000 0.95 0.90 0.90 0. 9s 0. 9s o. 9s 0.90 0, so 0,95 0.95 0.95 0, ao o.% 4, m 11J5,9 01.8 163.6 120 15 75 257 69.2 1%. s 128.6 100 277 6,667 42,100 47, M 131,S79 50,000 13,333 67, 3SS 67, 36S 100,000 3,1m)o 28,421 44,444 37, 1)37 13, 15s 128.6 128.6 ]63.6 105.9 60 100 100 112.5 s14 12&6 100 6s. s 400 16306 7s 44,444 52, W 13,E14M) 0.95 70,000 qooo 60,000 4e,m 41,%7 W,000 61,579 *947 2H: 450 i, 500 40, Ln)o 1$770

1,? 4 1-2 1-4 1,? 1-8 1 1,2 1,2 3-1o Ss(o) II-1a Ful 42 1,2 1,2 3 1-4 5-8 1,2 I-3 1-3 I-4, 15,16 5-14 17-27 SS(2) I 1-7 1-3 1,2 1-3 1-4 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2

u. o
41.0 S7. o 43.0 S4.o 43.0 43.0 37.0 NOM 43.0 43.0 4s, o 3s. o 42.0 4s. o 40,0 43.0 31.0 46.0 36.0

18- 4(WX) 40-0 34, Voo,Ooo 34,000, m 97,000,000 5s, Ooo, w 47,500,000 B4, W,000 L44,000,000 97,000, W 7s, Ooo 15, SO0,000 Ss, 000,000 114,m,ooo 1,43S,000 7, Soo,Ooo 54,500,000 34,000,000 S5,000,000 29,000,000 9, m, Ooo *200,000 4L)-O 42-O 40-0 44-2 42-6 42-6 46-O 12 (ml) 3s-0 41-0 54 -(mx) 22-o 26-4 4239-o 3s -2 3s-3 31-8 3s -1 a

360 u. 77s w 431.6 w 680 53s 33.9 265 569 5s4. 5 10I.9 195,8 460 33s 497 S90 2s2 445 b

TABLE B-2 (cent)

IOa91
1a6 o.% Iw 100 128.6 14667 O.w O.w 1.10 1.17 46.0 42.0 34.0 43.0 Wo 4ao 41.0 u. o 4L0 4ao 43.0 32b4 S3.o 43.0 1.17s 1. 17s 1. 17s 1. I& i. 10 1. 17s 1.10 1.17s 1.17s 1.17s 1. to 1. 17s 1. 17s 1.17s 1,17s 1017s 4L o 4%0 *.O *O &o 4ao 4ao 4ao 4L0 Qo 42.0 3s00 43.0 43.0 4380 43.0 q3so 40,qooo %Wooo 1~000,000 S0,200,W 22,000,000 l* OOO,ODO 2,0U0,000 U,ooo,aoo u -0 1.17 i.in i.% 1. 17s 1.17 )* 17s 1. in 1.% 1.17s 1.17 1.175 1.17s i. 17s 1.10 42.0 m,qouo 3s -4 17-11122-10 w -6 W -6 47-10 3244-o 38-0 44-0 e u. o 30,000,000 36-0 ~M9 *W9 1.10 3%0 *O 7,000,000 2S -6 30,000,000 * + 1?, 5n 31,579 231,572

3
39.0 2U0,0U0,000 31,900,000 l* SOD,W 2s -0 226.s 39-2 * -3

1.17s
1.17s
1.10 4%0

afi
a90 O.m 1.26
m 41t.4 614 11s.s 1,122.s m 631.4 342.5 342. s 424 61S

1-3 1-4 1
2 3 b-5 12s.6 61 2s7 lq 526 24,210 64,210 q 100 am a% o. 9s 90 90 7s l-a 1,2 1-3 4,5 I-3 1,2 163.6 1,s00 S0,326 ?& 3.U o.% M,21O Iq 169 0.9s 94,737 Il&sw o.% 11,111 142, 10s 14333 %sss 17,s9s a9s 0.90 31,111 %642 67,779 0.90 110,S26 o.% ass 110,S 142,10s Iu, 10s 47,222 & 7b9 0.90 w 120 100 112.s 277 w 25.7 7s 90 13s.5 6.7 12 12s.7 120 144 12S.6 12S96 90 w !2S.6 240 42,10s FI 1,2 1-4 s 42,10S 42, Ius 164 12S.6

44.0
M 16s

921 345

0.9.

0.% 0.%

a9s
&% b%

a% a9s

n,614,0110
l,soo,olm 1**000

1,2 1-3 4-6 1-3 l-I6 t 2-1 1-4 5-8 I-2 1 1-+ s-a 1-3 4-6 1-3 ;-~ 1-3 4-6 1-3 4-6

44 21-b
49-o -*W ~ 20,000,00037-10 245,W,W 7, SO0,0(I0 60,000,W 30,400,000 28,0u0,000 30,000,000 44000*000 9?*SO0,000 24,362,000 24qw,ooo 341,000,000 * 4so,oul 7, Ioo,ooo 24%000,000 241,300,000 24$~000 241,qoal + (w) S4 -0 31-a 42-6 69-4 36-6 3s -2 3941-0 45-o 54-0 S4 -0 37-o 244=-0 54-0 S4 -0 S4 -0 S4 -0 a

113 1,013 267.5 1, I*.O 170 S12.S m 310 401. s 421 553 W2 i, 161 1,176 4s4. s Ias 1,161 I, i76 1,161 I, 176

a90 a% an

ass a9s
a9s

90 w w 90

I% 105 142,10s 142,10s l% la

a9s as o.% o.% a9s as

TABLE B-2 (cent) GENERATOR DATA

--.. --- -
Mllw . Erlcllw MT
(K~Nl) (LEI.~T.2] 1

.
TWIENT s-c w ml (Tom) 1,200 1,165 50.5 430 24,650.0 33,075,0 22-o 21-0 4t+ 3-4 4W 70, Doo,Ooo 600,000 63, W,w 61, W,000 24* 36.6 36.(J 1.175 1.0 13.8 1.1 44.0 34.0 34.0 1,500,000 6, 7S0, W 1,500, W 1.00 20,700,000 1,300,000 l,m, ooo 45-a 11-10 23-3 44-e 16-4 a-2 16-4 x-s &-0m16-6 26-OH 17-0 162 156.5 62.5 303 451 95 91 3s6. s 226.5 559,5 113.5 FT. -lN. ) -. Dl~IER W1ON1 Rv Ki ___- I-12 GE 6s. 1 0,% 13.6 13. Q. 16S,000,000 Ooo 4.2 13,8 .42 .42 13.8 1.10 43.0 38.0 43.0 42.0 46.0 35.0 J7.O 49,0 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.175 1.00 1.175 1.175 1.175 1.4 1.10 165,000,000 2,000,000 b7, W,0u0 30, m, Ooo 43.0 13.a 13.0 13.8 13.8 13.e 13.8 13.8 13.8 4.0 13.8 4,2 13.8 13.8 2, Ouo, m d, 400 4,500 1.175 I.CXT 17-71m1) 43-6 1.90 130,000, W 51-s 1.90 65.1 277 3,750 3, m a, Ooo rb 1,333 a, w El,500 150,000 35,000 65, m 25,000 20,000 75,01xl 27,500 2,W 4, w 2, m 26.000 23,560 31,050 45,200 50,000 17,W 76, m 65,95 l&500 0.95 0.20 0.90 0. 9U 21,053 3,750 21 100 120.6 1U5.9 36,842 16,667 50, Ouo 3,W 4,000 32,500 36,111 20,000 3,375 35,000 15,000 43000 26,316 w I,& 9,444 69.3 lM 900 225 73,664 73,6s4 51-8 13,14 SS(2) 1-3 u% *J *J ELLIOT 1 2 1,2 > 1,2 1,2 u E 128.6 100 89,474 31, m 21,053 70,947 26,947 2, w 5,3.33 2,500 75 514 120 7s
1C806

.-..
Nlnrslffi Tolm

-R SIRIE Lmir ms. ---... W* KW W Ku mrlo

ml

W R.

---.------..-.-

wRf

WWRY EE!r Efi

10,000 70,000

e w,
53,500,DO0

NLmRv

141 LLERS FERRY

2.0 o 35.0 2.0

WIL

RIWR

~lL

RIV2R

WRROHS

0.95 0.20 o.% .8 ,8 0.90

0.90

W* u M SE 225 16.E.6 9,444 166,U7 36,609 w SE SE Sil SE E SE so 128.6 120 514 600 34,500 47,579 *, w 17,855 0.95 0.95 0.95 u, 105 90,500 14,210 3,750 4,444 75 1?8.6 150 05.1 SE MlH SE SIENENS E u mE ELLIor SE S2 u w 200 27? 163.6 112.5 514 EH C6E ELLlor SE w SE o-c SE

MN MLMS 1-7 1-4 1-5 1-4 1-4 10 1-3 h 1,2 1,2 3 1 1-4 1,2 I-14 15-22 F1, F2 SS(2) 1-2 1-4 I 1-5 1 2,3 1,2 1-6 13.8 4. I? 13.8 13.8 13.e 1.175 1.10 1.175 1.10 1.10

mom

OLD HIOUWIV

O1ORN

RILWD

B. RUSSELL

ROEIERIS. URR

Saitir mTRvs (uLo)

24T1r4rWRVS (Ku)

MINr Wvs

(Mu)

0.90 0.90 0.95 0.so 0.95 0.55 0.95 0.s0 0,90 0.80

WINr SIEMW

rmYsLIRN

xrrl~

21, w 26,200 13.8

13.8 13.8 13,8 13.0 13.8 4.2 4.2 13. e

Wrllm

slurm

1.175 1.17 1.17 1.115 1.115 1.175 1.00 1.10 1.10

41.0 41.0 44.0 44.0 44.0 43.0 mRN 31.5 43.0

26, w,

Ooo 40,000,000 8, 5U0,Ooo 136,W,000 163,000,000 2,900,000 360,0U0 547, m 40,000, OoD

46-0 30-0 ??-3 50-8 50-4 d4-7 16-O(Wi) 16-7x14-4 36-o

716 436 173.5 %9 607.9 165 50,5 47.0 464.5

TWE

0.95 0.90 0.90 0.95 o.%

rENRILLER FERRY

IW C41LLES

I*

mLEs

20

lt4E WL2S

ltE

us

TUU4 KWF

WIER

F. SE-

-LLo

WE6ERS FmLS

&o
44.0 44.0 45.0 43.0

600,

w
215,000 35,200,000 II, ooo,ooo 55,000,000

11-10 15-5116-1 40-8 33-o w

113.5 53 3.s1.1 215.5 560

ussr ra[Nr

UESI w174T

14HI rwv

~F

CREEK

00% 0.90 0.95 0.90 0.w

TABLE B-3 PUMP-TURBINE PERFOWCE DATA

mllm

Mrlm

mK.
ntti
W. GF.R IFTI {Fl) IF1 ) (Fl) m w slalE w {FT) 44 F~lS Iw n @m 7s JO? F=lS F-IS mSiD N W Ml 1 TWE *k m mwmm

niw

mn

Plml

m (FT )

.-.

mlESS

SEossia

ll&ooo
427.s 216 60 170
w

34s 341
171
42.5 4,m

Mlssasll 128.6
100 *W

327 60
110 M

21 w
Iw 44.4

UFISEU Uwv 44,m W.a.

41

320 69 144

4,43s $500 I,w

Tw

Fl[@I

2 2 1-6 lK1..m. u

19.2

TABLE B-4
~UMP-TURBINE WEIGHTS AND DIMENSIONS

01s1. ala 1 lull -Mllm [Fl) -21. s -9 -J -30.4 T.u,

CDIS1.

TO

cDlsT. Wlm m IF1) -21 0 -1 -26

10 MIN. T.U, -R olDI*TER (Fr. -lN. ) 14-2 19-3 11 -3.8 El-e -n IM.ET OIWIER (Fr. -1M.) 20-8 22 -6.4 Is -9.5 Wn TOTA Klwl ( IINS) 797 I,0J6 32 6s3. s

lmll WIT m (FT) 44 E 2 I-6 W. J2J.. Jm. S26S7 3s FMIS F~lS 49 32 62 w F~IS 63 2s (FIJ Clot m T= (F ml mlw

10 mlfi

mER

ml

S191E

msrEss

Emln

mm

HISSUJS1

DE9mv

Iw

Hiwl

TABLE

B-5

~TESS 3-4 e 2 I-6 n-c E STs m

1~ 12S.6 10

131,579 2&42J 29,474 2s, m

0.9s O.% O.% o.%

lqooo 27,000 24000 ~%7

13.t 13. s IL D 13.B

1.17s
1.17s 1. 17S 1. 17s

34.0 Iqooo 0.9s

42.0 33.0 4%0 40,463 43,240 *W 0.9s 0.9s 0.9s

13.8
1A 5 13. s i318

90,000,000
SJ, w,m 19,200,* *ooo,m 4s-0 39-0 40-0

651.0
432. s

masEm

SEonsln MISSWSI

DEWY

I-

Mlul

274.0 32s.0

ETL 1110-2-317 15 Dec 88

APPENDIX c

IURBINE S_ION

CHARTSAND D=SIONS PAGE

mm
1

FRANCIS TYPE TURB~

, ~

E3?FICI~CY

c-3 c-4
,

AND PHI, SPECIFICSP~

2

VS. HEAD
, RATEX)PUMPING

FRANCIS TYPE PUMP-TURB~

~ITIONS
3

, UING

HEAD VS. SP=IFIC SPEED

~ITIONS

PROP-

TYPE TURBINES, RA~

c-5
C-6

SPECIFICSP_ 4
5

VS. m
D-IONS AND

FRANCISTYPE TURBI~, PROPORTIONS

PROPELLER TYPE lWRBINES, D-IONS

c-7

DATA AND DmIW

RATIC6 - ~=1.o

-CIS

TYPE iURB~

c-9 TYPE TUFU31NES c-lo C-II C-12 C-13

2 3 4 5

FRANCISAND PROP~

FRANCISTYPE PUMP IURB~ PRO~ PROPTYPE TURBINES TYPE m=

c-1

ETL

1110-2-317 15 Dec 88

c-2

ETL 1110-2-317 15 Dec 88

1001.. J._,...A.., . .---,+~~

. . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. A.._. t -4 --+

, ,

! -.

,,
-J.. ., -------

,,
+..

m ~n~ .-_{..-.+

. . . . .. -. f

.4-

.- t-. +

~-t--J

30

15

In

,-

60

80

100

150

200
HEAD IN FEET

300

400

500 600

800

1000

Figure 1. FRANCIS BEST

TYPE

TURBINES

EFFICIEfiJCY AND PHI SPEED VS. HEAD

SPECIFIC

c-3

ETL 1110-2-317 15 Dec 88

Note: Plotted points are from existing installations.

1000 800 600 500 400 300

200
z
H

150

100 80 60 50 1000 1500 2000 3000 4000 40 10000

6000

SPECIFIC SPEED - N P Figure 2. FRANCIS RATED PUMPING TYPE PUMP-TURBINES CONDITIONS SPEED

PUMPING

HEAD VS. SPECIFIC

c-4

ETL

1110-2-317 15 Dec 88

10

15

20

30

40

50 60

80 100

150

HEAD IN FEET FIXED BLADE RUNNER

300
z m

200 150

100 80 10

15

20

30

40 50 60

80 100

150

HEAD IN FEET KAPLAN (ADJUSTABLE BLADE) RUNNER

Figure 3. PROPELLER RATED SPECIFIC

TYPE

TURBINES

CONDITIONS SPZED VS. HEAD

c-5

ETL 1110-2-317 15 Dec 88

1,

buckets

~ b Runner 2a

t-;a

Tti3 -1
A N~

Gnd Distributor

= 37

k
Draft Tube Figure

n ------1
Elevation

4.

FRANCIS

TYPE

TURBINES

DIMENSIONS

AND PROPORTIONS

C-6

ETL 1110-2-317 15 Dec 88

Plan

I I

Elevation

-ctionX-X

Figure 5.

PROPELLER TYPE

TURBINES

DIMENSIONS

c-7

ETL 1110-2-317 15 Dec 88 51.5 4 3 ~ & L

z 11.0 >

G-i5 CA z

~oo5 5 L

4 >

5 H 4

0 30

40

50

60

70

80

WATER TEMPERATURE - F. Figure 6(a). WATER VAPOR PRESSURE VS. WATER TEMPERATURE

Figure 6(b). BAROMETRIC

PRESSURE
C-8

VS. ELEVATION

ETL 1110-2-317 15 Dec 88

TABLE 1

DATA

AND DIMENSIONAL

FRANCIS TYPE TURBINES RATIOS - DTH = 1.0

(Refer
F3 37.2 24

to Fig.
F4 44.7

4 )
F5 50.6 20 F6 63.1 20 20 15 10.883 12 1.083 11.698 11.271 0.333 0.431 F7 65. o 24 24 13 11.008 13~ 1 .05ti ]1.590 [1.194 0.299 0.429 1.856 1.773 F8 80.0 10 20 15 10.859 13.57 1.136 11.639 /1.217 0.429 0.434 (1) 42.8 20 20 37 I 1.056 12 1.000 . ~

gates
buckets

I
I

22
14

I
I

20
16

24 15 1.011 12 1.000

24 18 10.976 11,1 1.000 I

20 15 10.920 12.52n 1.o18 11.518

11.895 11.385
10.184

[1.698 11.256
10.177 0.343 1.803 1.656 1.476 1.198 11.307

1.490 1.171 0.231 0.323 1.705 1.560 1.38u

I 1.715
1.266 0.160 0.287 1.793 1.657

b c

1.17211.150 0.254 0.352 0.290 0.377

~ I

d
e f g

0.320
1.883 1.738 1.569 1.313 11.440

1.572

1.501
1.274 I 1 / 1.3151 I 1.000 I

1.106 1.281
1.179

I
I
I

!.243

II
II

11.254 11.155

3
k

0.976
1.728

1
m

0.864 2.876 4.153 12.546 0.330 2.960 4.365 12.609 0.351

2.501 i I 2.35312.64712-610 12.795 I 2079 I

n 0
P

0.329 1.006 1.207

0.384 1.023 1.228 0.747

0.454 1.097 1.626

o.h31 1.060 1.500

0.U34 1.141 1.483

0.290 1.004 1.260

4.68 1.281

4.5 1. Q27 I 0.593 ~3.039 0.266

7* 1.260 /0.479 ~3.983 0.303*

6.5 1.244 10.305 I 1.o61 o I 0.920 I

10.261

01
3.540 0.337

14. I!8 i 3.500 .. .. 0.337 -i-d 9.380 ..

two

piers

(1)

other

designs

c-9

ETL

1110-2-317 15 Dec 88

TABLE 2

FRANCIS AND PROPELLER TYPE TURBINES DATA AND DIMENSIONAL RATIOS - DTH = 1.0
(Refer to?ig.

4 )
FTopeller tie
K(I)

Fig.
N =nes gates

No,

(1)
48 23 24

(1)
50.8 20 20

(1)
57.6 20 20

(1)
65.2 10 20

FB3
m ~

F(l)

m 5

a 5

buckets

13 1.060

17 0.935

15 0.968
15.75 1.022 1.542 1.164 0.317 0.399

15 0.807
14.87W 1.081 1.580 1.190 0.403 0.441

0 v=- $
WL

0 o~- <
QL.

0 clm- <
Q~

1
D3

D~ = D~~ 13.72 12.52

1.000 1.018 1.518 1.150 0.290 0.377

DC mu
m~

DZ au
mb

D.c -m*
m~

a
b c d e f ~ h i J k 1 m n 0 P Q r
B t

1.600
1.239 0.267 0.402 1.797 1.636 1.448 1.179 1.273 1.205 1.386

2.199 1.989 m + r a m 3 w c 1.310 1.577 a 1.715

2.774 1.962 1.7o8 1.305

1.998 1.796 1.553 1.160 1.333 1.377

1.523 1.587 2.215

1.458 1.467 1.62o

3.117 5.122 2.712 0.404 1. Oou 1.536

2.711 4.328 2.333 0.379 1.023 1.228

2.754 4.054 2.355 0.399 1,024 1.270

2.646 5.867 2.201 0.445 1.08ti 1.831

6.9
1.276 0.313 3.272 0.321+

4.5 1.238 0.593 3.039 0.266

5.3 1.095 0.522 3.860 0.328

blade;

7.6 1.149 0 3.307 0.304

K =

v
u x
G

Two piers

F c fixed

Kaplan

(1) other

des~na

c-lo

ETL 1110-2-317 TABLE 3

15 Dec 88

DATA

FRANCIS TYPE PUMP TURBINES AND DIMENSIONAL RATIOS - DTH =

(Refer to~ig. 4 )

1.0

Fig.No.
:p(l)
vanes gates buckets D1 2 = TH

PT 1
2150 20 20 7 1.604 9.995

PT2
3200 14 28 6 1.317 11 .205n

PT3
4700 10 20 6 1.154 13.000

(3)
26OO 20 20 6 1.493 12.328W

(3)
4500 14 28 6 1.135

(3)
2650 20 20 6 1.459

(3)
5100 10 20 6 1.o78

12.000J 12.850 12.030

1.712 1.346 0.334 0.385 2.005 1.829 1.615 1.316 1.494 3.351 1.247 2.101 1.712 0.253 0.409 1.919 1.784 1.620 1.388 1.470 0.921 1.000 1.701 1.342 0.336 0.392 2.oo4 1.829 1.620 1.325 2.524 1.214 1.666

D
G

1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000

2.369 1.876 0.221 0.434 2.159 2.010 1.826 1.570 1.699 1.039 2.647 1.832 1.479 0.289 0.399 1.855 1.703 1.521 1.257 1.381 1.071 1.607 1.810 1.423 0.315 0.385 2.050 1.887 1.690 1.394 1.455 1.212 1.682 2.254 1.785 0.264 0.433 1.967 1.831 1.665 1.435 1.501 0.923 1.622 b c d e f 6 h i ~ k 1

m
n
0 P q r s t u v u x (1)

2.823
1o.525 2.382 0.441 1.000 1.299

2.853
3.893 2.473 0.380 1.000 1.284

2.690
3.700 2.286 0.40U 1.000 1.183 0.638

4.329
5.640 3.863 0.465 1.000

2.598
4.610 2.209 0.389 1.000 1.173

2.353
4.747 1.940 0.413 1.000 1.118 0.600

2.b76
3.698 2.035 0.441 1.000 1.240

(2) 6 1.615 0.470 1.615 (2) No pier, 7.4 1.507 0.623 3.429 0.312
Gs

7 2.162 1.941 3.838 0.485 Gpmtits piers ;

10 1.238 0.555 3.094 o.309@

7 1.009 0.404 3.63o 0.269* ; (2)

7 1.403 0.903 3.600 0.424~ leg b circular. 1.012 0.389

Gt
(3)

Max . other

horizontal

# Tvo

designs

C-II

ETL 1110-2-317 15 Dec 88

TABLE 4

PROPELLER TYPE TURBINES

DATA AND DIMENSIONAL RATIOS - DTH =

(Refer to Fig.
FBI I FB2 I FB3 K1 10 20 K2 20 20 5

1.0

5)
K3 20 20 6 12N

b
gates
D

vanes

10

I24I2O

20124120

blades

*
12.441 1.571 1.194 12N 112.08 1.542 1.192 0.404 0.365 0.327 1-1.443

Fa
-mode a
b

1.148

0.482

0.394

0.427

0.367

Ie

0.327

0.350

3.00012.911

t2

sz
12.4Uq112.51n! 12.441 1.571 12n 1.578 1.501 1.567 11.477 11.178 1.193 1.151 1.200 1.194 0.482 0.390 0.406 0.482 0.422 0.360 0.406 0.368 0.390 0.427 0.370 0.368 0.327 0.400 0.440

z
1) (1
K F-27 10 24 20 4 24 5 3.062 0.855 0.248 I 1.800 1.467 3.060 0.855 0.248@ 0.269 I 0.889
2.780 4.o6o 1.280 2.9 4.529 1.303 1.333

24 5
12

1.148 0.394 0.367 0.350 2.911 0.787 0.275 1.780 1.318

I
I

3.171

I 0.857

0.300

1.854 1.515

E
1 m n
G

3. Ooc 0.818 0.273 0.227 1.566 2.773 4.500 1.174 1.424

2.912 1.338 0.236 0.325 1.534 2.790 3.627 1.130

3.251 1.415 0.431

3.o6o 1.4o6 0.248

3.127 0.875 0.251~

3.171 1.457 0.257 0.268 1.671

3.307

2.912 m 0.236 m s
6

o.321~

2.791 3.730 1.231 1.139

3.020 3.900 1,170

2.907 4.391 1.323

5.030 3.930 1.220

m 3.627 1.130 1.102 0.659

1.102

(1)

two piers; F = fixed other designs

blade;

w
K = Kaplan

= *

1.240

C-12

ETL 1110-2-317

15 Dec 88

TABLE

PROPELLER TYPE TURBINES

DATA AND

DIMENSIONAL RATIOS - DTH = 1.0

(Refer toFlg.
5)

*
Ident.
-nes gates

(1)
K
20 20

(1)
F-29 24 24 .6*

(1)
K 24 2ti

(1)
K 24 24

(1)
F 20 20 r

blades

5
12 1.574
1.200

6
12W 1.443 1.14.8 0.394 0.367 0.350
2.911 0.787 0.275 1.780

6
12 1.443 1.148 0.4b6 0.394 0.440
2.911 0.787 0.275 1.78o 1.318 2.912 1.338 0.236 0.325

6
12 1.443 1.148 0.446 0.39Q 0.440
-; . . w ~~ H a w u ~~ 2.892 0.787 0.266~ 1 --

8
12 1.500 1.200 0.409 0.551

Dm-model
a
b

c d d e

0.406 0.368

f
g h 1 ~ k 1 m n

; . . :: v al u ~~ 3.394 1.457 0.480

1.318 2.912 1.338 0.236 0.325

I
r

n
Q

I
13.030
]3.930 -.-

I 1.534
I 2.780 1.220 1.200 1.130 1.102 0.659

1.534
[2.807 !2.628
I 4.063

I
13.028
]4.414 ,

I
1! ,

I
II

I
{
J

I 3.62713.627 -.. -.

r
s t

1.130 1.102 0.659 1.137 0.545

1.221 1.326 0.780

0.720

L
(1)

7
piers; F = other designs

11
blade;

4.6
K s

# two

fixed

Kaplan

C-13

ETL

1110-2-317 15 ~ec 88

APPWIX
MoDm TEsrcuRvEsm

AND-

=121NmANDH=l RUNNER SI~

FWI

FRANCISlURBINES FRANCISPUMP-m= PROPEKIER mm CRITICALRUNNER SIQ4AS

D-1 D-13 D-19 D-27

2 3 4

-ON mCISmINE FIGURE F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 MODEL ~CURVES D~FIION N~ = 27.2 N~ = 34.3 N~ = 37.2 N~ = 44.7 N~ = 50.6 N~ = 63.1 N~ = 65.0 N~ = 80.0 -RMANCE

I FOR~=121NCHES AND H=lm PAGE

D-3 D-4 D-5 D-6 D-7 D-8 D-9

D-lo HIU DATA, = PHI CONDITIONS D-11

El

ETL 11+~-2-317 15 Dec 88

D-2

XTL 1110-2-317 15 Dec 88

0.12

0.10

0.08

o.06

0.04

0.02

0.50

0.55

0.60 0 TH

0.65

0.70

Figure

F1. MODEL TH

TEST

DATA

- FRANCIS HEAD

TURBINE N~ = 27.2

= 12

ONE FOOT

D-3

m lllo-2-x7 15 Dec 88

0.

0.
#
1

1 I

UI

- -

--- --

-~

0.

& x

. .-+.

.&.
t

+.._ 1,,

,,,
/

-+-

-t-t

0.60

0.65

0.70
0

0.75

0.80

TH

Figure

F2. MODEL TEST DATA - FRANCIS TURBINE TH = 12

ONE

FOOT

HEAD

N~ = 34.3

D-4

ETL 1110-2-317 15 Dec 88 o* o. 0. 0.134 .% J..-d< 0.12 0.11

L L_jJ.w#,#+AQ

A ..

0.

..7 _____ .

0.09+_. . - .. A . .. +... .. -.--

.
&

:-+--+-T

+%-

---

EJ:5F=7!.7 -.

.J.

0.08 -~_,l-~,:,]-L--+. - ..+ --.+-~--

-:_-

;:2 .-. . . ---

! .

~ 0.07~--. . . . . . .;__ - i . ..~... :;.. -_ ~ -. Z-:$.zxl .: ._-__+_< 06r ._.:+ L . . _---t . - - I 0. .-. -... /----- ~ -+... _
t ?t-. -. . .. ,... k-- -------- --- - .:-:11;---1.... --- - - - k-- .. .. .

__ ~:.-:.. j:: %-: :- ---;

J -so*-L------ -::~?? ------

. a --.--4;:-~-

. ~:-_q-===

0.05 t-0.04j 0.03 0.

a._ .. ._. . ._ . .. . . . .-- -. --0.01 ._. -. . +.-...+.

- .- .. ----...-.=4 ~ .. 0

.-. -. . . ~og:j - .+ . L_ ~, . 1 ! .t . 76%! ;~i ! ; : __L _,_:_.._ .. -1 .... . ..,, , 0.80 OTH 0.85 0.90

*. .-+ T, 1,F-~

0.65

0.70

0.75

FigureF3. MODEL TEST DATA - FRANCIS TURBINE = 12!! TH ONE FOOT HEAD D-5 N~ = 37.2

Em

1110-2-317

L!i ??eC 88

0. 0. Id I H 1 t -.lo~;,!j I ..---- ...+ J..L -....+ .--- 4----. 1 J-x

o.o8

. }.:=. +._._-.; .. .+.._._. .{ -..-.-y-. . .t. _._.-j ~-b~

cl. uo~
. ./ t-~----?;-7-

L.++L-;-.

.-.--i .

l--

+ -.-.+. i ---- -~ -_ 1 I ...----.-. , ! . .., .7. .

.... . .-. .,. L -, 4 ---+--- :+-: -~~=~ - ;___ ; -~--+~~

.. +-.-t - ---

L.: .1
-..

0.04 ~
.+

W:-5L ------- 3:.:*5~

I . -. . .. .-. ...

Lq;! . .,___ ..
I

:.. I ...
0.90

II!

0.02

-- .. I -. .+. -+ - -

--~- -:-

+ - +------

..L -._._. 1 - ..+. .- ..---- .- i------i {

0.70

0.75

0.80 OTH

0,85

0.95

FigureF4. MODEL TEST DATA - FRANCIS TURBINE 1H = 12 ONE FOOT HEJ.D D-fj N~ = 44.7

ETL 1110-2-317 15 I)ec 88

1 t I 1 / % -. --, -.:.1 k. .. .-. __ ,._. ... _...- ! ,+ ,,, 1 -- . ... . .e! . . .4. . . & !% 0.04 . ...+.- .. -... .. . ...L . -. ._, .+_. _-. ... - .. .. . . . ~. .- ... 4. -... ... . --.- ----. -... = -.. ..7 . . .T .7 * .... 1 ,, ,, ...= - ,, - .-q , +-. ,, 4I ..
r%

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

1.1

0TH FigureFS. MODEL TEST DATA - FRANCIS TURBINE N~ = 50.6 ONE FooT HEAD = 12 TH D-7

Em 1110-2-317 15 Dec 88 0 TH

0.30

0.05

0.30 0.28 0.26 0.24 0.22 % 0.20 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.10

FigureF6.

MODEL TEST DATA - FRANCIS TURBINE = 1211 ONE FOOT HEAD N~ 63.1

TH .

D-@

ETL 1110-2-317 15 Dec.88 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.09 0.08 o. 0. 0. 0. 0. o. o. 0. 0. 0. 0.

0.8

0.9

1.0 0 TH

1.1

1.2

1.3

FigureF7. MODEL TEST DATA. - FRANCIS TIJRBINE TH = 72!! ONE FOOT HEAD D..~ N~ = 65

110-2=317 c 88

0,

t).

0.

0.
im
x

o.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.85

0.90

0.95

1.00 0 TH

1.05

1.10

1.15

FigureF8. MODEL TEST DATA - FRANCIS TURBINE TH = 12 ONE FOOT HEAD D-10 N~ = 80

ETL 1110-2-317 15 Dec 88

. ..

b
w c
(u

x *
61

20

30

40

60 50 SPECIFICSPEED - N~

70

80

FigureF9. FRANCISTURBINES; PERFORMANCE HILL DATA - BEST PHI CONDITIONS. = 12 ONE FOOT HEAD TH

D-n

ETL 1110-2-317 15 Dec 88

PAGE D-12 INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

D-12

BTL 1110-2-317 15 Dec 88

FIGURE
Pr1

D~PTION N~ = 2,170 N~ = 3,160

PAGE
&l

D-16 -17

PT3

N~ = 4,670

D-13

ETL 1110-2-317 15 Dec 88

D-14

ETL 1110-2-317

15 Dec 88

0.54 2.0

0.58

0.62

0.66

0.70

0.74

90

1.6

86

1.2

82 0.4

0.8

78

0.3 6.2

0.4

0.1 0

0.16

0.14

0.12

0.10

0.08 0.74

0.54

0.58

0.62 OTH

0.66

0.70

FigurePT1. MODEL TEST DATA - FWC 1S PUMP-TUR81NE TH = 12 ONE FOOT HEAD D-15 s = 2,170

*TH
n 7q

+.-::

0.78 0.74 .+. ! ~~3=w:T*. . ...+.

oa8~

0.90 0.86 :+~:=+ ::; -F;-; ::..4 :--2;;;>-:! IQ-1

40Q0
1,

a 3000 0.28 0.26 2000 0.24 0.22

T . . . . . ... .

0.20 -:----\76 ,, ..,.) ... ..

$
. .

-4.

0.18
anr ,,
L&+.+,

-{~ IUO%gate-: .,

o.

C4
x
0. 0.
.. - .- .:- .

AIAQA

.
.,!

L-

._

-..

0.70

0.74

0.78 0m. ah

0.82

0.86

0.90

Figure PT2. MODEL TEST DATA - FWCIS

PW-TURJ31NE

= 121 ONE FOOT HEAD s = 3,160 n-l D-16

ETL 1110-2-317 .&5_:Q.e~ .88 OTH

2.4 2.2 2.0 1.8 u 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.35 0.30 0.25

0.9

1.0

1.1

1.2 0 TH

1.3

1,4

FigurePT3. MODEL TEST DATA - FRANCISPUMP-TURBINE TH = 12 ONE FOOT HEAD D-17

s = 4,670

ETL 1110-2-317 15 Dec 88

PAGE D-18 INTENTIWY

LEF1 BLANK

B18

ETL 111O-2-317 15 Dec 88

FIGURE
FBI

D~FTION FWR BLAD= m FIVE BLADESFl~ SIX -= AT 24 BLADE ANGLE AT 31 BLADE ANGLE ~

PAGE D-21 D-22 D-23 D-24 D-25 D-26

FB2 FB3 X1 K2 n

FIXED AT 27 WE

FWR ELADE KAPLANTURB~ FIVE BLADE KAPLANTURBINE SIX BLADE WLAN TURBINE

D-19

--_

ETL I11O-2A317 15.bec 88 -

D-20

ETL 1 I1O-2-317 .15Dec 88

-u;

o.

?0.

o.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

1.4

1.6

1.8 *TH

2.0

Fi&re FBI. MODEL TEST DATA - FIXED BLADE PROPELLER TURBINE FOUR BLADES 24 BLADEANGLE m = 12 ONE FOOT HEAD D-21

40

0. 36

0. 32

0. 28

0. 24

0.20

0.16

0.12

0.08 1.2 1.4 1.6 OTH TURBINE FigureFB2. MODEL TEST DATA - FIXED BLADE PROPELLER FIVE BLADES 31 BLADEANGLE m = 12 ONE FOOT HEAD D-22 1.8 2.0

ETL I11o-2-3I7. LK Dec.$8

@.50 b I 0.45

g 0.30 86 84 0.32 0.30 0.28 .0.26 0.24 F & x 0.22 0.20 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.10 1.2 1.3 1.4 OTH FigureFB3. MODEL TEST DATA - FIXED BLADE PROPELLER TURBINE SIX BLADES 27 BLADE~GLE 1.5 1.6 1.7 82

7H=

12

ONE FOOT HEAD D-23

m 1110-2-317 15 Dec 88

2.C I
I

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.4

0.3

! I 1 1 , I I &1 ! 1

T 1 I 1 I I I 1 1 ! 1 I z 1 I w! I uI 1 I

UI

0.2
, I

0.1

Figure K1. MODEL TEST tiATA - FOUR BLADE hPM

TURBINE

= 121 ONE FOOT HEAD D-24

ET L111O-2-317 15 Qec 88

o.44

0.40

0.36

0.32

0.28

0.24

0.20

0.16

0.12

0.08 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8

0

2.0

2.2

2.4

TH

FigureK2. MODEL TEST DATA - FIVE BLADE KAPLANTURBINE

= 12

ONE FOOT HEAD

D-25

m 11102-317 15 Rec 88 0.44

0.40

0.36

0.32

0.28

0.20

o.I6

0.12

0.o8

0.04 1.2 1.3 1*4 1.5 OTH

Figure K3. MODEL TEST DATA - SIX BLADE KAPLAN TURBINE = 12 n-I

1.6

1.7

1.$

ONE FOOT HEAD D-26

ETL 1110-2-317 15 Dec 88

FIGURE S1 S2 S3 S4 S5

D~~ON

(FRANCIS)

PAGE W29 D-29 D-30 D-30 B31

REFERS~FIGUREFl ~mFIGuREF2 REFERS~FIGUREF3 ~N)FIGUREF4 ~mFxGuREF5

FIGURE

D~ON REFERsm

(-

HE

FROPELLER)

PAGE D-32 D-32

S6 S7

FIGuREFBl

~mFIGuREFB2

FIGURE S6 S7

D~PTION REFERsm

(KAPLAN) FIGuREK2

PAGE D-33 W34

~mFIGuREK3

D-27

ETL 1110-2-317 15 Dec 88

D-28

ETL 1110-2-317

, , I ! 1 i; :#:- -- 4- -t . !, . ..U. L

15 Dec 88
! 1 .--+ I II --.-. 1 ---l - . , -- :. Ii; . ... * I 1 , . . . . . . _: _:..

J+ Lo , , . .. .. _

----

+ --

0.05 .L . ._J_:. , ..... -. -- --- . ,, 1.. -t4 .-- ;.. -J-J- ,, - .+4 ,,, L-- .- ,, .:.4

s 0
d 4 u

H z !, I

~..

. .

. . .. . .

..

,,

.<.

. ...=

0.02-
0.52

----.-. . ._. ..+ . .. ..-. .. _. . 0.54 0.56 0 TH FigureS1 0.58 0.60 0.62

+.-. . .. ... .- * +. ..+,

... .

0.

0.

,0.
I 4 g H m

0.

0.

0.

0. 0.60 0.64 0.68 OTH FigureS2 FRANCIS TURBINES CRITICAL RUNNER SIGMAS D-29 FiguresS1 and S2 0.72 0.76 0.80

1110-2-317 88 0.16
t

Is-c

+i:i:-c+_+.**Ti&-::=i--:.-7T7T .
, t ,

-. -. ah . . ... rua.ti.

. _.i:

%? :J ---d
..-.

- -. : .

::-:=-1 --.. . . .

---1---

~-- -: -m_. .
..~,

.l:-
.:.

-. .

-::

ial

..~

1. .. .::-..: - ..-f---~. -:.= ...1 --:-

. ... .

--

.
&.

..

+-=4 . . ... L..UL e-.. --.. 0.14...+... .&.-_. < . ... L-----.... ...4 ;. .._..%
-._L_ ___

.4=:--+

.--------+--

..: ..

,00.12
0.10

-..

0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0

0.68

0.72

0.76 *TH

0.80

0.84

0.88

Figure S3 0.16 -..

v 0.14
-.. . .. . .. . ..
1. . _ ~~ --_.___ ._ _ _

... .

-... +.:.

A__.

--..._.

...

0.06

0.70

0.74

0.78 OTH

0.82

0.86

0.90

FigureS4 FRANCIS TURBINES CRITICAL RUNNER SIGMAS b30

FiguresS3 and S4

ETL 1110-2-317 15 Dec 88

0.18, --~t 1
.. ;-

17+Y L+ --- . .. ....r . .+. -..

..+

.__.

-.

, 44.

.. . .

..

_-_..

.. .

. .. .

. . LA..

.LL.

~ .. -- .- -

-L.

. ..-

-. -.

.. .

..-

..

.. . . . .. .. . . .. , .. -

.-l . .: .__

L,

..-

..

.-.

2+.

+.. .

.-L

2 u n a d 3 g

1,

.+ .-.

. .

o.lo

.---,, .. ~..! -..+. .. .

H G u

. - .

-.. .

. .. . -A

. . -.+.

~+.

0.06 .7 1 ..+ -+.4-

:---+ ---L -.. . .-.. -.+ . . .. . ... .-. .. ____ ... . .._. ._ - +~.- + -.--. .-. . --. -+.- ..

0.04 .r. . . . .- .-. . . . .- T -.-1-. . . . . .. -+ . .l. .4 -. .- -. ..L. - -L. .. 4...+- ,.A .-...-1.-. .__.&l .--, ----.;-;.i. -. ~.<1.L.+ ---.. __+_ -.-.....L ... .. -y-+4+ .+ J.. _ -._. ---...+.-.. .. - . . ..+ -. - ~ -.-+ !, 0.70 0.75 0.80 OTH FRANCIS TURBINE CRITICAL RUNNER SIGMAS 0.85 0.90 0.95

D-31

Figure S5

ETL 1110-2-317 15 Dec 88

t .3

1.2
,
y

1.1

-.

. .-.

. . .. .._.

-..

-~

b
I

1.0
-% * --.+----

--~j---:+~+~

-f=---4-

--~ --~ ----...

0.9
.+

0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 OTH

1.9 2.0 2.1

____ ..

FigureS6 1.0 0.9

b0.8
I

.,. l. . .._
..1 .-

--
. . .. .

;--.. ..

:---

~no$ .. .

?Y-

0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4

1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7

- .. ~ -. ---...._._

1-. , .-- -..-.L.

.. .. .
.. .

i.,-.-~..

A .

i:::+;

1.8

1.9

2.C

OTH . . -. FIXED BLADE PROPELLER TURBINES CRITICAL RUNNER SIGMAS D-32

Figure S7

FiguresS6 and S7

ETL 1110-2-317 fi Dec 88

-4;.- i ___ _:

---+

KAPLAN TURBINE CRITICAL RUNNER SIGMAS D-33 FigureS8

ETL 1110-2-317
..15Dec &8

1.4 1.3 1.2

1.1

1.0
o
)

0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5 0TH

1.6

1.7

1.8

KAPLAN TURBINE CRITICAL RUNNER SIGMAS

&34

FigureS9

ETL 1110-2-317 15 Dec 88

APP~IX SAMPLE~TIONS -ON

FRANCISTYPE lURBINESAND PUMP-TURBINES

DESIGN~~ S~ION ~TING OF PUMP-KJRBINES CYCLE

E-3 E-3 E-7 E-9 E-13

2 3 4 5

CONVENTIONAL FRANCIS~INE PR~E DIMENSIONS

E-1

ETL 1110-2-317 15 Dec 08

E-2

ETL 1110-2-317 15 Dec 88

~pacity - 150,000 -a. Powerplant b. Installation:2 -turbines

KW

and one conventional turbine.

3,600 cfs each at a dynamic head of 153 . ~ing requir~ts: feet: The heads vary between 137.5and 160 feet. The mininumtailwater level for ~ing is Elev. 540 ft. m.s.l. The 3 units mst have an aggregate d. Generatingrequir~ts: dependablecapacityof 150,000W. The 3 units nust also be capableof producing 170,500W at a net head of 137.4 feet. The net heads vary between 132.5 and 151.9 feet. The average (ratd) net head is 144.8 feet. 2. sELEcrIoNOF w-m-. ReferenceFigure 2, ~ C to note that the r~ed head has a value of spec~~icspeed,N= for the 153 foot rated wing -t 4,000.
curves in Appendti D, selectthe design b. Referringto the tiel shown on Figure ~3 as the best choice for this specificx.

Q1

At maxm efficiency, note the following: El = 87.4 percent, ==;.57 Cfs ti ~ = 1.15. d. Calculate~:
3,600 = 1.57 b T () 2 (153)1/2

= 163 inches

e. Calculatespeed,N:
N.

1838 (1.15) (153) /2 163

= 160 ~

f. The calculationof the runner throat di-ter and associatd synchronousspeed generally requires an it~ative solution. Wer

E-3

ETL 1110-2-317 15 Dec 88

iterations are required-until the selected value for ~~ and as-iated value of Q1 produce a value for DT which substituted in the speed equation, step e, yields a synci ronous speed. The following oximationis us~tocalculate the next trial value of ~: appr
%

= 1.15

~=

1.176

The neces~

iterations for this case are as follows: Step

1

%%
1.150 1.57

%
163.4

N
160.0

2 3 4
5

1.176 1.160 1.165

1.162

1.65 1.59 1.61

1.60

159.4 162.4 161.3

161.8

167.8 162.4 164.2

163.2

The accuracyin reading the tiel test data does not allow a closer determination of D or N from step 5. Therefore, the solution ificates ~ = 162 E ches for N = 163.6rpfn.
9

At &is point the user should tie a cursory examinationof the wing efficiencies for other heads with a view to, perhaps,changing the speedto alter the headafficiencycharacteristic.In this _le, the following relationships are noted:
163.6
%=

(162)

= 14.42

1838 (H)/2

~ El
1.140 1.166 1.230 87.4 87.3 86.3

H
160.0 153.0 137.5

This relationship is satisfatiory and the klance of the _le ~letedontheksisof ~ = 162 i..nches andN= 163.6~.

is

E-4

ETL 1110-2-317 15 Dec 88

h. Calculateefficienq step-up. E2 = 100- (loo- EI) Wh=e, w. El = 88.5 -cent Dp= 162 inches.

()

D 0.2 m q (generating); Dm = 12 tithes;

E2 = 100 - (100 - 88.5) 12 02 = 93.2 percent m ()

step-up= (2/3) (93.2,-88.5)= 3.1 percent distige is calculated to includethe effect i. The expected-ing of the higherprototypeexpectd efficiency as follows:
Q2C= Q1

()
162
~

2 (]1/22

j.

The requird -ing

HP= Q2C \ 550 E2

horsepower is calculated as follows:

k. The rqired settingof tie runner is controlled@ the ~ head-rein- tailwatercotiition. For maxinum head, OTH = 1.14 and frun FigureFT3, ~ = 0.295.
Hb - ~ - Hs - safety H

d= =

Refer to Figure 6, AppendtiC: For tailwaterElev. 540, Hk = 33.3 feet and a water t~ature of 70 F., ~= 0.8 feet. safetymgin Refer to Table 3, mix = 0.2 Di + 0.4 Hi/2 C, notingthat D, = 1.154

E-5

ETL 1110-2-317 15 Dec 88

therefore, D1 = 1.154~

12

= 15.6 feet

subs: safetymargin = 0.2 (15.6)+ 0.4 (160)1/2= 8.2 feet

The requird s*gence 0.295 =

is calculatd as follows:

33.3 - 0.8 -Hs-8.2 160 H~ = -22.9 feet The distance, a, between the bottom of the runner and the distributorcenterlineis calculatd using the ratio, d, from Table 3, ~ C, as follows: d = 0.385
a=

0.385 (162/12)= 5.2 feet

The elevation of the distributor centerline is calculated as follows: Elev. = tailwaterElev. + H~ + a Elev. =
1.

540 + (-22.9)+ 5.2 = 522.3 ft. m.s.l. performance is as follows: 145.0 1.198
1.72 86.8

The -d Head
%

pqing

137.5 1.230
1.82 86.3

153.0 1.166
1.62 87.3

160.0 1.140
1.53 87.4

Q1

El
Q2C

4,029 89.4 70,200

3,909 89.9 71,420

3,777 90.4 72,410

3,652 90.5 73,140

E2 HP

E-6

ETL 1110-2-317 15 Dee 88

3.

~mcYm. a.

The prototype-d

perfo~ce

is calculated as follows:

162 (163.6) %=

14.42

1838 (H)l/2= =2

162 2 (H)3/2 HP~ = HPl ~ 550 HP2

Q2 = 62.3

()

= 182.25 HP2

(HPl)

(H)3/2

(H) ~

= 8.828
%

= El + 3.1

percent

Percent Head 132.5 ?rH 1.253

gate
100 90 80 70 60

HP,
0.204 0.198 0.185 0.164 0.140 0.203 0.198 0.187 0.166 0.143 0.202 0.197

El
83.3 84.6 83.9 80.9 76.0 83.5 85.0 84.7 82.1 78.0 83.6 85.2

HP2
56,710 55,040 51,420 45,590 38,920 59,590 58,120 54,890 48,730 41,970 64,280 62,690

Q2

4,375 4,180 3,940 3,615 3,280 4,420 4,240 4,015 3,675 3,325 4,515 4,320

86.4 87.7 87.0 84.0 79.1 86.6 88.1 87.8 85.2 81.1 86.7 88.3

137.4

1.230

100 90 80 70 60

145

1.198

100 90

E-7

ETL 1110-2-317 15 Dec 88

80 70 60 50 151.9 1.170 100 90 80 70 60 50 b.

0.188 0.169 0.147 0.119 0.200 0.197 0.189 0.171 0.150 0.123

85.9 83.8 80.0 74.0 83.5 85.2 86.5 85.0 81.8 76.8

59,820 53,780 46,780 37,870 68,240 67,220 64,490 58,340 51,180 41,970

4,090 3,765 3,425 2,990 4,580 4,425 4,180 3,850 3,505 3,055

89.0 86.9 83.1 77.1 86.6 88.3 89.6 88.1 84.9 79.9

The ~

runawayspeed is calculated as follows: = 2.09

Refer FigurePI3 to note that ~

~= 1838 (2.09) (151.9 162 )1/2 =292~

. The guarant~ capacitiesat the 132.5 foot and 137.4 foot net headc conditionsare calculatedat 98 percent of the 100 per-t gate =pacities indicatedin *ve ~lation. The guarant~ capacitiesfor the conventional unit at these two heads are as follows:

Kw Outpt = 0.98 (0.746)Eg HP2 m output = 0.98 (0.746)(0.97)HP2 = 0.709HP2 132.5 150,000 80,400 137.4 170,500 84,500

Head - feet Plant output- Kw -turbines - KW

E-8

ETL 1110-2-317 15 Dec 88

Conventional - KW Conventional - HP ---~ 4. ~IONAL FRANCISTURBINE.

69,600 96,180 98,140

86,000 118,850 121,280

a. The relationship for Ns vs. Head shown on Figure 1, AppendixC insures designs with moderate speeds and relatively shallow In a mixed installation with pump-turbines and submergence. mnventional turbines,the inh=ent deeper s~gences r~ird of the fo~ generallydictates a variationof this conservativeapproach. This is necessaryto providea mre balancedequi~t layoutavoid wggerat~ levels for the generator-mstors and generators. For this r=son the K value us~ h Figure 1 is increasedto, say, a value of 800. The mrrespoding Ns for H = 144.8 feet is 66.5. b. Referringto the @el curves in AppendtiD, it my be noted that the designsshownon FiguresF6 ti F7 are withinthe range of this specificspeed. A corr@arison of thesedesignsindicates that the fo~ has higherunit power with att-t highermitical si~s, wher~s the latter has higher overall efficacies with lower critical si~s M reducedunit PWW. The formerdesign, Figure F6, is selectd for the following reasons. The higher unit power will result in a smaller runner ~oat diameterwith mnsequent roller physical dimensionsof the turbineto mre nearlyapproachthe physicaltisions of the ~ turbines. The higher critical sigmas require deeper sutiergences, however,this is not inappropriate in view of the deep ~gen~ of the Purrp-turbines. c. The method for sizing this unit differs from the conventional approachfor Rancis turbines. In this instance, the atput requiredat the 137.4 feet critical net head dictates the size. This output is associated with the full gate capacityat a value of ~ slightlyhigher than the best ~ to be associatd with the averagehead of 144.8 feet. For the latter conditiona ftist value of o~ = 0.86 is chosen. The correspotiing value for the 137.4 fti head cotiitionis calculatd as follows : ~= 0.86 144.8 1/2=0.883 137.4

(-)

FrmFigure F6 for ~ = 0.883, the 100 percent gate HP = 0.29. This is associated with the required expected output of 121,280 HP to

E-9

ETL 1110-2-317 15 Dec 88

~lculate ~

as follow5: (137.4)3/2

121,280= 0.29 ~~2 \l-2 j

= 193.4

inches as follows:
(137.4)/2 = 98.4

d. Calculatethe e, N=
R@ 1838 (0.833) 193.4

to nearestsynchronous _

100

This speed and the ~H calculated a~ve are first values of an iterativesolutionsimilar to that describedin 2.f. of this -le. The necessaryiterativesteps are as follows:

0.883 0.897

0.29 0.29

193.4 193.4

98.4 100

Round ~

to 193.5

inches

e. fie expectedprototypemtput is calculatd as follows:

W2 = HPl 193.5

()

2 (H)3/2

= 260.02

(Wl)

(H)3/2

12

f. The efficiency step-up is calculated, using the procedure established in 2.h. of this _le, as follows:
E2 = 100(loo - 90)

H
1;

Soz

E2 = 94.3 percent step-up= (2/3) 9 The -ed

(94.3 - 90) = 2.9 percent

dischargeis calculatd as follows:

E-10

ETL 1110-2-317 15 Dec 88

550 Q2=62.3

HP~ (H)E2 = 8.828 ~

m~

capacityrequird at the 137.4 feet critiml head is h. The guarant~ 118,850HP. The generatoroutput is 86,000KW. The generator-plate rating is 86,000KW at 0.95 p.f. or 90,526WA. The turbineis designed to mechanically withs~ operationat the generator~plate rating or 125,100W. me turbine setting is predi=ted on the at 1.0 p.f. availability of 118,850HP at the criticaland higher h-ds. Although the critical head conditionswill generallydictate the sett~, it is r~ed that other conditions be checkedto assurethat the criti=l sigma chara~eristicsof proposeddesignor unusualtailwaterconditions do not alt= this no-l cticumstance.
i. The proceduredescribedin 2.k. of this _le is used to establish the turbine setting. The dimensionless ratios for calculating the dimensionsDi and a are obtainedfrom Table 1, ~ C. me results of pertinentcalculations are tabulatedas follows:

Net head, feet

137.4 550.8 118,850 0.898 0.284 0.245 33.3 0.8 14.2

144.8 548.5 118,850 0.875 0.262 0.1830 33.3 0.8 14.2 7.7 -1.7 6.9

151.9 541.6 118,850 0.854 0.244 0.160 33.3 0.8 14.2 7.8 +0.4 6.9

T.W. elev., ft.m. s.l. HP h HP, d= Hb, f=t q, feet Di, feet Safetywgin, H~, feet a, feet feet

7*5 -8.7 6.9

E-11

ETL 1110-2-317 15 Dec 88

Dist. elev, ft. m.s.l.

549.0

553.7

548.9

It is to be noted that the conditions at the critical and ~ headsdictatetit the ~ setting.
j-

The ~

runaway_ ~-=

is alculated as follows: 1.671

(151.9)/2 = 195.6 ~

RmFigureF6,

1838 (1.671)

k=
k. The Head
132.5 0.915

193.5

HP,
0.123 0.148 0.185 0.217 0.241 0.258 0.273 0.285 0.290

El 75 80 84 87 89 89 87 84

HP2 48,780 58,690 73,370 86,060 95,570 102,320 108,260 113,020

Q2

77.9 82.9 86.9 89.9 91.9 91.9 89.9 86.9 85.4 77.9 82.9 89.9

4,170 4,715 5,625 6,375 6,930 7,415 8,025 8,665 8,970 4,215 4,805 6,315

82.5 115,010 75 80 87
51,090 61,980 88,360

137.4

0.898

0.122 0.148 0.211

E-12

ETL 1110-2-317 15~ec 88

0.235 0.259 0.274 0.285 144.8 0.875 0.120 0.146 0.174 0.203 0.227 0.260 0.273 151.9 0.854 0.119 0.144 0.170 0.197 0.219 0.239 0.246

89 89 87 84 75 80 84 87 89 89 87 75 80 84 87 89
90 90

98,410 108,460 114,740 119,350 54,370 66,150 78,830 91,970 102,840 117,790 123,680 57,930 70,100 82,750 95,900 106,610 116,340 119,750

91.9 91.9 89.9 86.9 77.9 82.9 86.9 89.9 91.9 91.9 89.9 77.9 82.9 86.9 89.9 91.9 92.9 92.9

6,880 7,585 8,200 8,825 4,255 4,865 5,530 6,235 6,825 7,815 8,390 4,320 4,915 5,535 6,200 6,740 7,280 7,490

5. PR~E D-IONS. The prototype dimensions of the purrp-tu.rbines can be calculated from the dimensionless ratios shown in Table 3. Appendix C. Similar diwnsions for the Francis turbine can ~ calculatedfrm the ratiosshown in Table 1, ~ C.

E-13

Em 1110-2-317 15 Dec 88

E-14

BTL 1110-2-317 15 Dec 88

~ION 1
2

PAGE D=I@ ~
E-17 E-17

TURBINE ~oN

E-1 5

ETL 1110-2-317 15 Dec 88

PAGE E-16 ~IONALLY

LEFT RLANK

E-16

ETL 111O-2-317 15 Dec 88

1.

DESIGNw

UI~

.
W with 2 units.

capacity: 65,000 a. Powerplant b. Generatorrequirmts: (1) Nmplate 60

Hz.

rating: 36,111KVA, 0.9pf., 32,500KW, 13.8 KV

(2) Must hdesigned for continuous operationat rated KVA, voltage,p.f. frequency.

c. Turbiner~ir~ts:
(1)

Net heads: 78 fmt rated,60 foot titiand ~.

100 fmt

(2) Require30,000HPguaranteedoutputat 60 foot net head. (3) Turbineoutputis limitedto 49,900HP (ratd KVA at 1.0 p.f.).
2.

IURBINE~ION.

. To utilizethe capability of a generatormated with a ftied blad~ propellerturbine,the turbineat or near bst efficiency at rated of the horsepower equivalent of head &ould have an atput of 95 pcent the generatorrating:

HP=

0.95 (32,500) 0.746 (0.97)

= 42,600

b. ReferenceFigure 3, AppendtiC to note that the rated head cofition and the wide head range for this unit dictatesa 6 blade runner . The r~d ~ific _ at the 78 foot rated head is calculatd as follows:
N5 = 1,000
(78) /2

= 113.2

E-17

ETL 1110 -2-~17 15 DOC 88

c. The -

is calculated as follows:

N=

113.2

(78)5/4

= ,27

(42,600)J2

R-

to nearestsynchronous speed = 128.6 rpm

Correcting = 114.5 studiesrequiringonly an apprbte d. For preliminary runnerthroatdiarrket~, the following ~irical fomla used to calculatethe dimter:
~= 0.089 (114.5)058= 1.391
1838 (1.391)
%=

speed and for ~ may k

(78) /2

= ,75

128.6

6 tides

e.

The appropriate tiel test curvesfor these conditions are shownon is construed from the FigureFB3. A curve of hst efficiency following data taken fra the efficiency contours:

h
HP,

1.230 0.244

1.290 0.256

1.350 0.264

1.420 0.272

1.515 0.290

@ The locationof the designpoint along this curve is det-ned iteration. This is a~lished by stiitut~ as-iated valuesof HPl and ~ in the followingfornulafor specificx: N~ = 153.17(~) (HP1)/2= 114.5 in tie

The apprhte value ~ = 1.391fran (d) tive is uftist step of the iterative processas follows: % HPl N~ 1.391 0.2685 110.4 1.440 0.2745 115.6 1.430 0.2730 114.5

E-18

ETL 1110-2-317 15 Dec 88

The The design point is locatd at ~ = 1.430 and HPl = 0.2730. runnerthroatdiameterfor this preliminq selectionis =lculated as follows: 42,600 = 0.273 &2 12 () ~ = 180.6inches (78)3/2

f. It my be notd from inspection of Fiqure FB3 that the desiqnmint calculatd tive is locatd ~o the right &f &t The tiel effic~en~ at this point is El = 87.9 percent,which is less than the 88.4 per-t at the ratd conditions can be peak efficiency. The peak efficiency *rovd by selecting the n* lower synchronous speed, 120 rpm, and repeatinqthe iterativesolutionfor the new desiqn wint. The of the it=ative step= tie as follows: calculations and ~lation
(42,000) (78)5/4 1/2 (120) = 106.8

N~ =

Use firsttrial~
1.334 0.2620 104.6

= 1.43 120 = 1.334 128.6

1.362 0.2650 107.4 1.355 0.2645 106.7

()

ml N~

Calculatethe runnerthroatdiameter: 42,600 = 0.2645%2 T ()

~ = 183.5

(78)3/2

inches the peak efficiency of this desiqnto

The second sel~ion mt&es

&
~

rated conditions. This is aql~shd by seltiing a l~,-lower unit. At this point in the selection process,the user RUSt

E-19

ETL 1110-2-317 15 Dec 88

evaluatethe increasd &pital costs of the larger unit against the benefitsof the higherefficiency. The costs shouldincludethe effects taking into accountany change on tie powerhouse structure, excavation in the turbinesetting, generatorcost, . . . etc. The latterselection is arbitrarily usd in the r~inder of this exarfple. h. The tiel test curvesrrust be *ed to assure that the 30,000 W guarant- outputat 60 foot minirrum net head can be developed with the pr~sd design. The necessary calculations in this determination are
as follows:

= 120 (183.5)
1838 (H) /2

= 11.98 (H)l/2 2 (60)3/2

= , ~47 -

30,000

= ml

183.5 12 ()

HPl = 0.2760

Referring to FigureFB3 at ~ = 1.547,note that the full gate (loopercent)outputis HP, = 0.3070.
percent

margin

0.307 . 002~6

(100)

= 111.2

percent

that the expectedfull gate tie design =ts the requir~t outputis at least 2 percentgreaterthan the guarantq output. i. The prototypeexpectedperfomce is calculated as follows:

W2 =
~

HPl 183.5

,2 0.2 = 100- (100 - 88.4) = 93.3 percent 183.5 ()

()

(H2)3/2 = 233.84 (i-iPI) (H2)3/2

12

step-up= (2/3) (93.3- 88.4) = 3.3 percent Ec = El + 3.3

pcent

E-20

ETL 1110-2-317 15 Dec 88

550 W2
Q2 = 62.3 ECH2 = 8.828

HP2
E= H2

H2

?cH

HPl

El

HP~

E=

Q2
4,015 4,015 4,490 4,630 4,835 4,925 5,050 5,445 5,560 3,955 4,215 4,465 4,575 4,720 4,770 4,860 4,925 5,070

60

1.547

0.184 0.208 0.234 0.247 0.264 0.272 0.282 0.304 0.307

70 75 80 82 84 85 86 86 85 70 75 80 82 84 85 86 87 88

20,000 22,610 25,430 26,840 28,690 29,560 30,650 33,040 33,360 25,610 29,160 32,860 34,470 36,410 37,210 38,340 39,310 40,920

73.3 78.3 83.3 85.3 87.3 88.3 89.3 89.3 88.3 73.3 78.3 83.3 85.3 87.3 88.3 89.3 90.3 91.3

78

1.356

0.159 0.181 0.204 0.214 0.226 0.231 0.238 0.244 0.254

E-2 1

ETL 1110-2-317 15 Dec 88

H2

HF~
0.264 0.271 0.278 0.282 0.285 0.287

El
88.4 88 87 86 85 84.4 70 75 80 82 84 85

HF~
42,530 43,650 44,780 45,430 45,910 46,230 31,570 38,580 44,660 47,240 49,810 51,210

Ec
91.7 91.3 90.3 89.3 88.3 87.7 73.3 78.3 83.3 85.3 87.3 88.3

Q2
5,250 5,410 5,615 5,755 5,885 5,965 3,800 4,350 4,735 4,890 5.035 5,120

100

1.198

0.135 0.165 0.191 0.202 0.213 0.219

upon the outputrqirements ]0 The setting of the turbinede-s and the relatedhead-tailwater cofitions. The settingis generally pr~icated on the tailwaterlevelwith one unit ~atim. For this tile it is ass~ that it is desiredto opera~ethe &it at generatorratingand 0.9 p.f. underthe rated and higherheads. The cirmtances mrresponding turbineoutputis 44,500W. Mer noml the rated condition dictatesthe setting. However,it is gocd practim to check the uther head renditions to assurethat unusualsigma characteristics or head-tailwater relationships do not alter this noml circumstance . The outputrequtiements at the lowerheads are assumedto vary directlywith the head betweenthe 44,500HF at 78 foot d the 30,000HP guaranteedoutputat 60 foot head. The relation~ip ktween tailwaterlevelh dischargeis linearktween the followingsets of titions:

E-22

ETL 1110-2-317 15 Dec 88

TailWaterElev.- ft.m.s.l.

543.0

545.7

11,000 5,000 Discharge- cfs k. The followingsteps are requiredto establishthe turbinesettings on the basis of the conditions set forth*ve:

233.84H3/2
mom

Figure FB3, pick off &c W

El

E= = El + 3.3 percent 8.828 (HP2) E= (H2)

Q2 .

T.W. Elev. =

_ + 540.75 2222

Q2

@c =Hb-~-H~-Safety H2 Run Figure6, ~ safety= 0.2 ~+ C: Hb = 33.3 feet,~ 0.7 (H2)/2 = 0.8 f~t (70F.)

Distr.centerline elev. = T.W. elev. + Hs + a a= (d)% to noted = 0.365

Refer to Table 4 ti Figure 5, ~C a= 0.365 (183.5/12) = 5;6 feet

E-23

ETL 1110-2-317 15 Dec 88

1.547 30,000 0.276 85.4 0.375 88.7 4,975 543.0 8.5 1.5
550.1

1.432 38,600 0.282 87.4 0.365 90.7 5,370 543.2 8.9 -2.0
546.8

1.356 44,500 0.276 87.3 0.385 90.6 5,560 543.3 9.2 -6.8
542.1

1.263 44,500 0.223 85.1

1.198 44,500 0.190 80.0

HP~
HP,

El c E=
Q2

88.4 4,935 543.0 9.7

83.3 4,715 542.9 10.1

T.W. Elev. Safety H~ Distr.Elev.

1. AS generally-d, the ratd co~tions dictatethe turbine at the higherheads setting . The HPl valuesshown in tive tilatim This is due to the are well -low the range of si~ valuessh ~~~v~e~dilnter fact that HPl varieswith the inverseof H~~ . levelsdo not vary substantially at the higherheads,the plant sigma with the distrtitor set at Elevation542.1variesonly with the Inverse of H @ sufficient s~gence is assured. m. The cavitation limitsfor the higherheads can te established h terms of for the selectedsetting@ derivinga relationship for head then enteringthe criticalsi~ curveson FigureFB3ctoesthte the corre~nding value of HPl. This procedureis as follows:

h=
-c

(H2)/2
= Hb - ~

98

- (Distr.El. - T.W. El. - a) - safety H2

E-24

ETL 1110-2-317 15 Dec 88

known valuesand allowinga mnstant tailwaterlevel By substituting Elev. 543, this equation~s: c=

at

35.9 - 0.7 (H2)/2 H2

A s~

of the ~ H2 80 82 84 86 86.5 % 1.339 1.323 1.307 1.292 1.288

output limitsis as follows: c 0.370 0.361 0.351 0.342 0.340 ml 0.270 0.268 0.266 0.264 0.264 ~2 45,180 46,530 47,890 49,230 49,660

The limitingoutputof 49,500HF can & develcpedat 86.5 fxt and the higherheads withoutcavitation. n. The prototype~ runaway~ is esthted as follows:

Refer to FigureFB3 to nute that ~ ~=

= 2.765

1838 (2.765 )(100 )1/2=277~ 183.5

0. Asan =ercise, the user my el~ to analme the -its of the @ first selection with N = 128.6 fi fiis will = lhO.6 inches. f-liarize the user with the fornulas2 procedures requiredto developthe necessarydata for a given design. P- The prototypedimensionsof the principalparts and water passages of the turbinecan be calculated fran the visionless ratios shown in Table 4 -h C.

E-25

ETL 1110-2-317 15 Dec 88

E-26

ETL 1110-2-317 15 Dec 88

APP~IX

E III

=ION

MSIAELE BLADE PROPELLER ~INE S~ION PAGE

E-27

ETL 1110-2-317 15 Dec 88

E-28

ETL 1110-2-317 15 Dec 88

1.

DESIGN m~

: 69,000 KW with 2

capacity: a. PowerPlant b. Generatorrequir~ts:

units

(1) N-plate rating: 36,320KVA, 0.95 p.f., 34,500KW, 13.8KV and 60 hz. (2) Must &designed for mntinuous operationat ratd ~Aat ratd voltage,p.f. and frequency. c. Turbinerequir~ts: (1) Net heads: 70 foot rated, 53 fti mininunand 88 foot ~. (2) Requtie33,200HP guarant~ outputat 53 fmt net head. (3) ~bine outputis limitd to 50,190HP (ratedKVA at 1.0 p.f.) case.

(4) The settingrequiresa concrete~-spiral 2. TURBINE~ION.

a. The turbineoutput requiref3 to match the generatorrating is mlculated as follows:

HP=
34,500 0.746 (0.97) = 47,680

b. Refer to Figure 3, ~ C to note that the rated head rendition and the wide head range for this unit dictatesa 6 blade runner. The r~d specific~ at the 70 fmt rated head is calculated as fOllows :
Ns =
1,100

(70)l/~ c. The speed is calculated as follows: N= 131.5 (70)5/4 (47,680 )/2 =

121.9

,-

= 131.5

E-29

ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 88

Round to nearests@chron~s _ tirr~ed N~ =

129.5

= 120 P

d. For preliminary studiesrequiringonly an a~rox-te speed @ runnerthroatdiameter,the following ~irical fo-la for 0/\~ my be u- to calculatethe diameter: ~ = 0.049 (129.5)0695 = 1.440
1838 (1.440) %= 120 (70) /2 = 184.5

inches

e. The appropriate tiel test curves for these cofitions are shown on Figure K3, Appendti D. The designpoint for ratd conditionsis to be l-ted along the on-cam 32 blade angle curve. The l~tion of the design point is determined@ iteration. ~is is aqlished by substituting associatd valuesof I-IF, and ~ h the followingfo-la for specificspeed:
Ns = 153.17
~ (Wl)ljz

The a~roxtite value ~ pr~ss step of the iterative

% HPl N~ 1.440 0.342 129.0

= 1.440frand as follows:
1.450 0.343 130.1 1.445 0.342 129.4

tive is used in the first

The designpoint is l~ted

mer throat dimter fOllows :

at ~ = 1.445 d HP = 0.342. The for this prelixrunaryselection 1s calculatd as

47,680

= 0.342

% ()T

(70)

3/2

= 185

inches

E-30

ETL 1110-2-317 15 Dec 88

f. fie locationof this designpoint with referenceto the extr~s M cotitions shouldbe checkedas follows:
@= 120 (185) 1838 = 12.08 (H2)/2 (HP2) = (237.67)3/2

in

(H2)/2
(HP2)

ml

= (185/12) (H)23/2

(1) At the 53 foot mininumhead a~a.nteed requird:

outputof 33,200HF is

1208 = 659 G
33,200 = 0.362 237.67 (53)3/2
~ = 1.659

Hpl

Refer to Five K3 at (loo perCent)HF, = 0.405

to note that the full gate

111.9 percent

percentmargin = M
0.362

(100) =

The design meets tie requir-t that the -d full gate output is at least 2 percentgreaterthan the guaranteed output. (2) For the 88 foot~ ratd load:
~ = 12.08 (88) /2 Rated HP, =

head, check the efficiencies for generator

= 1.288

47,680 = 0.243 237.67 (88)3/2

FroinFigure K3, E = 88.1 percent ~is efficiencyis cons h ed satisfadory.

E-31

ETL 1110-2-317 15 Dec 88

(3) Fran FigureK3 it lS noted that the best ~ = 1.35,which correspotis to a net head of 80.1 feet. At ~ efficiency, E = 89.6 percent,the correspo~ingprototype-d output is 32,3;0~. corresponds to tit 68 percentof generatorratd load. . It is r~that alternate designsbe investigated beforegmaking a finalsel~ion. In this instane the adjacent synchronous speeds,112.5and 128.6~. shouldbe investiqatd. The of tils _le, however,will prti on the basi; of N = 120
~= 185 inches.

~is

me prototypeexpectedperformance is ~lculated as follows:

Hp2 = W,

(185/12)2

= 237.67

HPl

(H2)3/2

E2 = 100 - (loo - 89.6) (12/185)02 = 94 percent set-up=(2/3) (94.0-89.6) = 2.9pe.rcent E= = El +2.9 per~t 550 HP2 Q2 = 62.3 (Ec)H2 H2 ~ 53 1.659 HP, 0.072 0.080 0.086 0.098 0.115 0.151 0.184 *2 = 8.828 E2 H2 El 76 78 80 82 84 86 87 HP2 6,600 7,340 7,890 8,990 10,5s0 13,850 16,870 E= 78.9 80.9 82.9 84.9 86.9 88.9 89.9 1,390 1,505 1,580 1,760 2,015 2,590 3,120

E-32

ETL 111O-2-317 15 Dec 88

H2

HPl
0.276 0.298 0.327 0.352 0.372

El
87 86 84 82 80 76 78 80 82 84 86 87 88 88.5 89 89 88.5 88 87 86 84

HP~
25,310 27,330 29,990 32,280 34,110 8,070 8,770 9,740 10,860 12,670 15,310 17,260 20,180 21,990 24,080 32,430 34,660 37,720 42,040 45,100 49,410

E=
89.9 88.9 86.9 84.9 82.9 78.9 80.9 82.9 84.9 86.9 88.9 89.9 90.9 91.4 91.9 91.9 91.4 90.0 89.9 88.9 86.9

Q2
4,680 5,110 5,735 6,320 6,840 1,285 1,385 1,480 1,610 1,835 2,165 2,415 2,795 3,030 3,300 4,440 4,770 5,220 5,885 6,385 7,155

70

1.444

0.058 0.063 0.070 0.078 0.091 0.110 0.124 0.145 0.158 0.173 0.233 0.249 0.271 0.302 0.324 0.355

E-33

BTL 1110-2-317 15 Dec 88

Hz
88

%
1.288

HPl
0.060 0.069 0.082 0.101 0.115 0.134 0.144 0.158 0.190 0.218 0.232 0.245 0.270

El
80 82 84 86 87 88 88.5 89 89.5 89 88.5 88 87

HP~
11,770 13,540 16,090 19,820 22,560 26,290 28,250 31,000 37,280 42,770 45,520 48,070 52,970

Ec
82.9 84.9 86.9 88.9 89.9 90.9 91.4 91.9 92.4 91.9 91.4 90.9 89.9

Q2
1,420 1,595 1,855 2,230 2,510 2,895 3,095 3,375 4,040 4,660 4,985 5,290 5,900

h. The settingof the turbinedependsupon the outputrequir~ts and the relatedhead-tailwater codtions. The settingis gm-erally prdicated on the tailwat~ levelwith one unit operating. For this -le it is assthat it iS desird to operate the unit at the generatorrating of 0.95 p.f. under the rated and higher heads. The corresponding turbine output is 47,680 HP. Under nom-al cir~tances the rated renditiondictatesthe setting. However, it is gti practice to check the other head conditions to assure that unusual sigma characteristics or head-tailwater relationships do not alter this noml to circUlnstance . The output requir~ts at the lower heads are assd w tiectly with the head between the 47,680 HP at 70 fmt @ the 33,200 HP guarantoutput at 53 foot head. The relationship between tailwaterlevel and dischargeis linear between the followingsets of m@tions:

E-34

1110-2-317 1S Doc 88

Tailwater Elev.- ft. m.s.l.

Dihge-

500.0 5,000

543.5 11,000

cfs

i. The followingstepsare requiredto establish the turbine settingson the &sis of the-conditions set forthtive:

. ?LH=$
HP~
WI =

237.67 (H2)3/2 Rcm FigureK3, pick off d= and El for -ve E= = El + 2.9percent
HP2

and HPl values.

Q2

= 8.828

E= H2

Q2

+ 537.1 T.W. Elev. = 1714 Hb-Hv-Hs-safety tic= H2 Froin Figure 6, ~C: safety= 0.2 ~ Hb = 33.3 feet,Hv + 0.7 (H2)1/2 = 0.8 feet (700F.)

Distrtitor centerline Elevation= T.W. Elevation+ Hs + a a= (d) ~

E-35

ETL 1110-2-317 15 Dec 88

Refer Table 4 and Figure5, ~

C to note tit d = 0.368

a = 0.368 (185/12) = 5.7 feet Referto FigureS9 for valuesof critical runnersi~. H2 % HP2 HP, El c E=
Q2

53 1.659 33,200 0.362 81.0 0.880 83.9 6,590 540.9 8.2 -22.3 524.3

62 1.534 40,870 0.352 83.6 0.780 86.5 6,730 541.0 8.6 -24.5 522.3

70 1.444 47,680 0.342 84.7 0.725 87.6 6,860 541.1 9.0 -27.2 519.6

80 1.351 47,680 0.280 87.3 0.475 90.2 5,830 540.5 9.4 -14.9 531.3

88 1.288 47,680 0.243 88.2 0.375 91.1 5,250 540.2 9.7 -10.2 535.7

T.W. Elev. Safety Hs Dist.r. Elev.

*

generally ~ed, the rated cotitions dictate the turbine This is due to the factthat HPl varieswith the tive.rse of ij~ (H) . Sincethe tailwaterlevelsdo nd vary s~tially at the higherheads,the plant six with the distrtitor set at Elev. 519.6 variesonly with the inverseof H d sufficient stigence is assurd.
j= set

k. The invitation l~ts for the higherheadscan be established for the selectedsetting~deriv~ a relationship or tic in terms of head, then enteringthe =itical si~ mes on Figure S9 toest-te the corre~ valueof HPl This procedure is as follows:

E-36

ETL 1110-2-317 15 Dec 88

%=

(H2)/2 Hb - ~

208
(Distr. El. - T.W. El. -a) - safety

u= .

H2

By substituting known valuesand allowinga constanttailwater levelat Elev. 540, this equationk-s:
56 0.7

d=

(H2)/2

Ha

A s~

of the Hirtu.lm output limitsis as follows:

72 72

1.424 1.404

0.695 0.675

0.337 0.332

48,930 50,230

The limiting outputof 50,190~ can be devel~ at 74 feet and the higher heads withoutcavitation with distr~tor centerline Elev. 519.6.
1. The prototypedtisions of the principalparts and water passagaesof the turbinescan k calculatd fran the dimensionless ratios shown in Table 4, ~ C.

*U.S.

GOVERNMENT

PRINTING

OFFICE:

1990

720.527/10999

E-37