Tectonophysics 483 (2010) 327343

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Tectonophysics
j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w. e l s e v i e r. c o m / l o c a t e / t e c t o

Active fault, fault growth and segment linkage along the Janauri anticline (frontal foreland fold), NW Himalaya, India
Javed N. Malik a,, Afroz A. Shah a,1, Ajit K. Sahoo a,2, B. Puhan a, Chiranjib Banerjee a, Dattatraya P. Shinde b, Navin Juyal b, Ashok K. Singhvi b, Shishir K. Rath a
a b

Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208 016, UP, India Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380 009, Gujarat, India

a r t i c l e

i n f o

a b s t r a c t
The 100 km long frontal foreland fold the Janauri anticline in NW Himalayan foothills represents a single segment formed due to inter-linking of the southern (JS1) and the northern (JS2) Janauri segments. This anticline is a product of the fault related fold growth that facilitated lateral propagation by acquiring more length and linkage of smaller segments giving rise to a single large segment. The linked portion marked by at-uplifted surface in the central portion represents the paleo-water gap of the Sutlej River. This area is comparatively more active in terms of tectonic activity, well justied by the occurrence of fault scarps along the forelimb and backlimb of the anticline. Occurrence of active fault scarps on either side of the anticline suggests that the slip accommodated in the frontal part is partitioned between the main frontal thrust i.e. the Himalayan Frontal Thrust (HFT) and associated back-thrust. The uplift in the piedmont zone along southern portion of Janauri anticline marked by dissected younger hill range suggests fore-landward propagation of tectonic activity along newly developed Frontal Piedmont Thrust (FPT), an imbricated emergent thrust branching out from the HFT system. We suggests that this happened because the southern segment JS1 does not linked-up with the northwestern end of Chandigarh anticline segment (CS). In the northwestern end of the Janauri anticline, due to no structural asperity the tectonic activity on HFT was taken-up by two (HF1 in the frontal part and HF2 towards the hinterland side) newly developed parallel active faults (Hajipur Fault) branched from the main JS2 segment. The lateral propagation and movements along HF1 and HF2 resulted in uplift of the oodplain as well as responsible for the northward shift of the Beas River. GPR and trench investigations suggest that earthquakes during the recent past were accompanied with surface rupture. OSL (optical stimulated luminescence) dates from the trench suggests occurrence of at least two events during the recent historic past, with the latest Event II during 1500 AD (?). 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Article history: Received 27 October 2009 Accepted 30 October 2009 Available online 10 November 2009 Keywords: Active faults Fault related fold growth Lateral propagation of fault Segment linkage Paleoseismology NW Himalaya

1. Introduction The tectonic collision between Indian and Eurasian plates has made the Himalayan arc as one of the most seismically active regions of the world. Since collision ( 50 Ma) along the Indus Tsangpo Suture Zone, the successive zones of deformation have progressively advanced southward, resulting in faulting and folding along the prominent structural features of the Himalayan orogenic belt (Gansser, 1964; Seeber et al., 1981; Lyon-Caen and Molnar, 1983). From north to south these prominent structural features

Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: javed@iitk.ac.in (J.N. Malik), afroz.shah@jcu.edu.au (A.A. Shah), sahooajitkumar@gmail.com (A.K. Sahoo), shindedp@prl.res.in (D.P. Shinde), navin@prl.res.in (N. Juyal), singhvi@prl.res.in (A.K. Singhvi). 1 Now at School of Earth & Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville Queensland 4811, Australia. 2 Now at Reliance India Limited, Mumbai. 0040-1951/$ see front matter 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2009.10.028

represent the principal intracrustal thrusts: the Main Central Thrust (MCT), Main Boundary Thrust (MBT), and Himalayan Frontal Thrust (HFT), with younger initiation ages towards the south (Thakur, et al., 2007). The strain accumulated across the Himalayan zone due to ongoing deformation has been episodically released in form of large to moderate magnitude earthquakes in the region. The recent 2005 (Mw 7.6) Muzaffarabad earthquake has again proved the capability of the Himalaya in producing large magnitude earthquakes. Field investigations revealed a rupture of about 65 km along an earlier identied Tanda active fault having lateral extend of about 16 km (Nakata et al., 1991; Kaneda et al., 2006; Yeats and Hussain, 2006). These earthquakes have raised concerns toward the seismic hazard assessment in Himalaya, especially in the foothill zones bordering the thickly populated Indo-Gangetic Plain. Apart from few large magnitude events in NW Himalaya with M 7.6 viz. 1555 and 1885 Kashmir events; 1905 Kangra and recent 2005 Muzaffarabad, no historical records are available from this region. In seismically active regions of the

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Fig. 1. (a) DEM of the area around NW Himalaya showing prominent NNWSSE striking frontal foreland fold the Janauri anticline. Inset shows map of India with location of Janauri anticline and study area, (b) Prole AA` is across the Hajipur fault in the northwestern fringe of Janauri anticline, (c) BB` is drawn in the central part of Janauri anticline, and (d) CC` is across the southern fringe showing the Frontal Piedmont Thrust. HFT Himalayan Frontal Thrust, BT Back Thrust, SnT Soan Thrust and NaT Nalagarh Thrust.

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world, active faults are considered to be the source for large magnitude earthquakes, and the paleoseismic investigations along such faults have proved their capability in producing large earthquakes periodically (e.g. Nakata, 1989; McCalpin, 1996; Yeats et al., 1997; Meghraoui and Doumaz, 1996; Oatney et al., 2001; Meghraoui et al., 2003; Malik and Nakata, 2003; Pantosti et al., 2004; Malik and Mathew, 2005; Lav et al., 2005; Kumar et al., 2006; Kaneda et al., 2006; Yeats and Hussain, 2006). It is therefore extremely important to have precise active fault map in the region like Himalaya, where not much information is available on the distribution of active faults. Because without such studies the hazard posed by these faults may be underestimated. The studies on active tectonic deformation in the Himalayan frontal zone from Nepal and India have revealed occurrence of uplifted-tilted late Pleistocene and Holocene uvial terraces and alluvial fan surfaces, with prominent fault scarps ranging in height from 5 to 50 m resulted due ongoing active deformation along the Himalayan Frontal Thrust (HFT), Main Dun Thrust (MDT) and the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) (Nakata, 1972, 1975; Valdiya, et al., 1984; Nakata, 1989; Nakata et al., 1990; Valdiya, 1992; Yeats et al., 1992; Mugnier et al., 1998; Wesnousky et al., 1999; Lav and Avouac, 2000; Malik and Nakata, 2003; Malik et al., 2003; Mugnier et al., 2004). However, still there are several areas particularly in NW Himalaya were very little information is available. Along with active fault identication it is important to know the pattern of deformation, which in turn, helps in understanding the overall evolution of the landscape and also towards identifying the geometry of the fault related fold segments. Frontal fault-propagation fold growth in forward as well as lateral directions are commonly noticed in active fold-and-thrust belt (e.g. Mueller and Talling, 1997; Delcaillau et al., 1998; Champel et al., 2002; Delcaillau et al., 2006; Malik and Mohanty, 2007; Simoes et al., 2007). Lateral propagation of fault and related development of fold to some extent has been attributed to slip along the fault during major earthquakes (Walsh et al., 2002). It has been suggested that fault and associated fold grows by radial propagation and linkage of several smaller foldsegments develops an elongated fold or anticline (Catwright et al., 1995; Davis et al., 2005). Development of elongated folded segments and lateral propagation results in uvial diversion in fold-and-thrust belt, hence helps to rebuilt the landscape history (e.g. Bes de Berc et al., 2005; Champel et al., 2002; Burbank et al., 1999; Burbank and Anderson, 2001). Keeping this in mind we focused our present study along the frontal foreland fold Janauri anticline (30453200 N Latitude, 75457635 E Longitude) emphasizing towards (1) mapping and documenting the traces of active faults, and (2) understanding the segmentation relationship based on remote sensing and eld observations. The study area falls under meizoseismal zone of 1905 Kangra event (Fig. 1). Apart from some preliminary information available on active faults (Nakata, 1972; Malik and Nakata, 2003; Malik and Mohanty, 2007), no attempt has been made to map active faults from this region. In this paper we report several newly identied active fault traces and attempted to propose a model to explain the pattern of ongoing deformation. For identication of active faults and related landforms, along with high resolution declassied CORONA KH-4B satellite data (stereo pair) with ground resolution of approximately 6 feet acquired during 28 September 1971, Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) 3 arc second data with resolution of about 90 m and SOI (Survey of India) topographic maps (scale 1:50,000) were used. Digital Elevation Model (DEM) extracted from SRTM was utilized to construct the terrain proles to understand the morphology of the landscape and prominent breaks in the terrain (Fig. 1ad). To conrm the pattern of faulting and most recent earthquake event we excavated a trench across a branching fault of HFT in the northern fringe of the Janauri anticline.

2. Geomorphology 2.1. Geomorphological setting and active fault distribution The area along the NW Himalayan foothill zone shows three major geomorphic zones (Figs. 1 and 2) from north to south. These zones are bounded by major fault lines (Fig. 1a). The longitudinal intermontane valley Soan Dun (Dun = valley) is the northern most major geomorphic unit in the study area. The Soan Dun is conned between the Lower Siwalik Hills to its north and the Sub-Himalayan range (Upper Siwalik) in south. The boundary between the Lower Siwalik Hills and Soan Dun is marked by Nalagarh Thrust (NaT) and the southern limit by Back-thrust (BT) along the back-limb of Janauri anticline. The SubHimalayan range marked by the Janauri anticline represents the youngest foreland fold demarcating the southern boundary the Himalaya with respect to the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) to its south. This vast at alluvial plain (IGP) represents the present foreland basins (Nakata, 1972; Powers et al., 1998; Malik and Mohanty, 2007). The boundary between the Janauri anticline and Indo-Gangetic Plain is marked by Himalayan Frontal Thrust (HFT). The Sutlej and Beas Rivers emerging from higher Himalayas are the major drainage in the region (Figs. 13). The Beas River borders to the northern fringe of the Janauri anticline and Sutlej River to its south before debauching on the Indo-Gangetic Plain. The growth of the 100 km long Janauri anticline has inuenced the ow paths of these major rivers. The at topped uplifted surface in the central part of the anticline marks the paleo-water gap of Sutlej River and a linked-up segment formed by the linkage of two smaller fault segments (Malik and Mohanty, 2007). 3. Active fault distribution along Janauri anticline Several traces of active fault scarps were identied in the central portion along the Janauri anticline by Malik and Mohanty (2007), but no ground truthing was carried out. In this study re-interpretation and ground truthing was carried out in the central portion and several new active fault traces were identied in the central, and along the northwestern and southeastern fringes of Janauri anticline (Fig. 2b). Most prominent fault traces (HF1 and HF2) were observed from the northwestern fringe of the anticline on the left bank of Beas River (Figs. 2 and 3). Some discontinuous traces were observed from the central portion along forelimb and backlimb of the anticline (Figs. 2a and 8). These fault traces on the surface are discontinuous, but probably connects subsurface. The discontinuous pattern could be due to the rapid degradation as well as burial of the ground deformational features along dynamic range fronts. These fault traces have displaced late PleistoceneHolocene oodplain surface along the northern fringe and central part of the Janauri anticline as well as alluvial fan deposits (Fig. 2b). In the southeastern fringe of the Janauri anticline, uplift has been observed in the Piedmont Zone (Figs. 2a and 9). 3.1. Active fault along HFT in northwestern fringe of Janauri anticline Two active fault traces striking NNWSSE, parallel to the trend of the Himalayan arc were identied along the northwestern end of the Janauri anticline, named as Hajipur fault (Figs. 15 and refer proles e-h in Fig. 2). These faults (HF1 in the front having boundary between the Indo-Gangetic Plain and HF2 towards the hinterland side) have vertically displaced and warped the late Pleistocene to Holocene oodplain deposits of the Beas River, made up of gravel and sandy lithounits (Figs. 2a5). Vertical displacement is revealed by well developed southwest facing fault scarps ranging in height from 5 to 15 m (Fig. 2b). Distinct back-tilting of the uplifted oodplain surface was observed along HF2 near the range front (Fig. 2a refer prole g and 4a). The HF1 and HF2 faults are about 2.5 km apart, marked by prominent step like topography; this is well revealed in the topographic proles

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Fig. 2. (a) Mosaic of CORONA photos of the frontal foreland fold Janauri anticline. The Sutlej River in the southeast and the Beas River in the northwest denes the edges of the Janauri anticline. Black boxes show the location of Figs. 3a, 6a, 8a and 9a. The forelimb of anticline in the piedmont zone marks boundary with low-lying Indo-Gangetic Plain. Topographic proles extracted from DEM across the fault scarps identied in the central part a and b in along the forelimb, c and d along the backlimb, e and f across HF1 and, g and h across HF2. (b) Generalized geomorphic map of the study area along Janauri anticline. The alluvial fans (AF) occur as coalesced fans at the base of front. The at-uplifted surface in the central portion of the Janauri anticline marks the paleo-water gap of the Sutlej River. Two parallel active faults (Hajipur faults) propagating towards NW have been responsible for the deection and shift of the Beas River further northwest.

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Fig. 2 (continued).

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Fig. 3. (a) Close-up of CORONA photos of the northern fringe of the Janauri anticline showing two traces of newly identied active faults HF1 and HF2, named as Hajipur fault. Yellow box marks the location of Fig. 4a. Open arrow shows direction of lateral propagation of the faults. (b) Fault scarps associated with HF1 near Siprian and Bamonwal village. The height of the scarp is about 15 m with gentle free-face. The total 15 m height is a cumulative height indicative of long-term deformation along HF1, and (c) NWSE striking fault scarp along HF2 near Hajipur village. The movements along this fault have displaced the oodplain deposits of Beas River resulting into 6 to 8 m high scarp. The scarp along HF2 trace shows less dissected morphology.

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Fig. 4. (a) Stereo-pair of CORONA photos of the area around Siprian and Hajipur village. The HF1 and HF2 fault traces are shown by black arrows. The height of the fault scarp is much higher along HF1 as compare to that along HF2. The HF1 scarp morphology is diffuse and degraded by more erosion (refer to Fig. 3a for location), and (b) Geomorphic sketch prepared from the above CORONA photo interpretation. Two levels of uvial surfaces (T1 and T2) are displaced along the HF1 and HF2 faults.

AA drawn across these faults (Fig. 1a and b). The HF1 fault extends for about 8 to 8.5 km and HF2 for about 10 to 10.5 km (Figs. 2b and 3a). The scarp height ranging from 10 to 15 m was observed along the HF1 fault

near BamonwalSiprian village, reduces up to 8 m along the strike and as low as up to 2 to 3 m before it die out towards NW (Figs. 3a and 4). The scarp height along HF2 ranges from 6 to 8 m near the range front, which

Fig. 5. (a) 3D GPR prole collected across the HF2 fault near Hajipur village with 200 MHz antenna (refer to Fig. 3a for location). Data collected in a 22 m long and 10 m wide grid revealed a low-angle thrust fault displacing the near sub-surface sediments of older oodplain of Beas River. Fault was traceable up to the depth of about 6 m from the surface with prominent georadar reection between 0 m and 12 m horizontal marker. (b) SW facing active fault scarp ( 5 m high) along HF2 at Sandhwal village. Trenching site is shown by black arrow and red arrows show trace of fault. For location refer to Fig. 3a. (c) Northwall trench section excavated across HF2. (d) Interpretation with fault traces and stratigraphic units on northwall of trench excavated across HF2 fault scarp. F1, F2, F3 and F4 are the thrust faults dipping in NE direction. Latest event has been observed along F1, F2 and F3 displacing the units a, b, c and d.

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Fig. 5 (continued).

is comparatively less than measured along HF1 (Figs. 3a, b and 4). Similarly reduction in height along the strike as seen along HF1 was also noticed along the HF2 fault trace (Figs. 2b, 3a, c and 4a). Satellite data interpretation, topographic proles as well as eld survey suggests that the surface manifestation of both the faults die out along the strike as we move away from the hill range in NW direction, this is well justied by the gradual reduction of the scarp heights along the HF1 and HF2 faults (Figs. 3a and 4). The fault scarp morphology along HF1 is much more diffused and degraded as compared to HF2 (Figs. 3a and 4). Also the scarp along HF2 has relatively lesser height and less dissected topography as compared to that along HF1 (Figs. 3a, c and 4a). The diffused morphology of the HF1 suggests more erosion and probably an older scarp, whereas the younger movement has been taken up by the HF2 fault showing sharper and less dissected topography. The gradual reduction in height of the scarps is attributed to lateral propagation of faults and growth of associated folds along strike towards northwest. It is also suggested that the scarps along HF1 and HF2 with more height near the hill range are indicative of accumulation of greater displacements on faults as compared to the area near the tip where the faults gradually die out. This phenomenon of lateral propagation of HF1 and HF2 faults has been responsible for the northward deectiondiversion of Beas River (Figs. 2 and 3). The geometric occurrence of these faults indicates phenomenon of imbricated fault system, most commonly observed in fold-and-thrust belts. The morphological characteristics and length of both the faults suggest that HF2 fault is more active as compare to the HF1 fault.

3.1.1. Ground Penetrating Radar survey and trench investigation Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) prole was acquired across Hajipur fault (HF2) to conrm the near sub-surface faulting (Fig. 3a). A 200 MHz antenna with SIR 3000 GSSI system was used to collect 22 m long GPR prole. To get better cross-sectional view of the fault geometry 3D data with 22 m 10 m grid was collected (Fig. 5a). Prominent inclined georadar reections were identied between 0 m and 12 m horizontal marker (Fig. 5a). The inclined reections mark a low-angle thrust fault strand with fault plane dipping towards NE. This clearly suggests that even this part of the Himalayan front along HFT has been ruptured during historic past as observed in other locations from paloeseismic investigations (Lav et al., 2005; Malik and Nakata, 2003; Kumar et al., 2006; Malik et al., 2008). Along with the GPR survey trench investigation was carried out to nally conrm the near surface displacement, to know the pattern of deformation/faulting and occurrence of most recent event (Fig. 3a). A 16 m long, 1 to 3 m deep and 4 to 5 m wide NESW trench was excavated across HF2 (Fig. 5bd). The height of the SW facing scarp varies from 5 to 6 m. Five sedimentary units a older to f younger were identied. Units a and b are the gravel units, about 3.0 m thick comprise rounded to sub-rounded poorly sorted cobble-pebble, weakly stratied ning upwards sequences with sandy matrix. Unit a is marked by coarse clasts and b mainly contains pebble clasts. These units represent deposition by a coarser bed-load stream under channel-ll environment. Unit c consists of medium to ne sand

J.N. Malik et al. / Tectonophysics 483 (2010) 327343 Table 1 Optically-stimulated luminescence ages from trench excavated across HF2 Hajipur fault along Himalayan Frontal Thrust, NW Himalaya. Sedimentary units in trench Unit e Unit d Unit d Unit d Samplea HT-1 HT-4 HT-8 HT-10 Grain size Course grain (150 30 m) Course grain (180 30 m) Course grain (180 30 m) Course grain (180 30 m) De (Gy) 1.75 0.3 4.3 0.1 5.11 0.1 4.27 0.1 U ppm 4.93 0.94 3.63 0.75 3.5 0.76 3.47 0.72 Th ppm 7.62 3.1 6.91 2.49 8.42 2.6 7.79 2.47 K (%) 1.7 0.04 1.3 0.04 1.6 0.04 1.3 0.04 Dose Rate (Gy/Ka) 3.20.3 2.46 0.3 2.8 0.3 2.5 0.3

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Age (ka) 0.55 0.1 1.75 0.2 1.8 0.2 1.7 0.2

Equivalent dose (De) computed using minimum plus two sigma, water content assumed to be 10%, cosmic ray dose 150 micro gray per year. Dating was carried out at Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, India. a Refer trench section to Fig. 5d for sample location.

( 0.5 m) with scattered gravel (pebble) clasts overlying the unit b represents colluvial wedge. Unit d is a thick ( 1.5 m) medium to coarse sandy unit capping the units b and c. Its lower part comprises more clayey silt package, whereas, medium to coarse sand along with sparsely scattered gravel clasts in the middle and upper portions. This unit marks deposition under overbank deposition. The contact between the gravel unit b and overlying unit d is sharp and irregular. The unit e made up of medium to coarse sand with scattered gravel clasts caps the units b and d. This unit shows abundant scattered gravels as compared to the underlying unit d. The contact is irregular erosive suggestive of deposition in channel ll environment. Finally, the sequence is capped by loose sandy material with few gravel clasts unit f, suggests articial ll. Displacement has occurred along NE dipping thrust faults F1, F2, F3 and F4. The dip of F1 varies from 24 at a depth in the northeast of trench and graded to 8 to almost horizontal in the southwest near surface, whereas, F2 and F3 shows fault dip from 24 to 15, the fault F4 shows slightly higher angle of about 45. F1 has displaced units b and d by about 5 m, and F2 and F3 have displaced units a, b, c and d. Near surface displacement of these units ranges from 0.5 m to 0.75 m. Looking to the pattern of vertical stacking of the gravel clasts in units a and b it is suggested that more than one events have occurred along the HF2. F1 marks the main fault with maximum displacement and other are the subordinate faults. The deformation pattern also indicates that major part of the deformation has been consumed by folding. OSL (optical stimulated luminescence) ages obtained from four samples from the northwall of trench succession range from 1.8 0.6 ka to 0.55 0.1 ka (Table 1). Unit d yielded age of 1.7 to 1.8 ka, and the overlying unit e gave an age of 0.5 ka (Fig. 5d). Taking into consideration pattern of displacement and stratigraphic relationship our preliminary interpretation suggests at least two events have occurred along the HFT in this region with manifestation of surface faulting along HF2. The Event-I occurred before the deposition of unit c and d, and after the deposition of unit b. During Event-I gravel unit (a and b) was displaced along F1 and its subordinate faults. The colluvial wedge (unit c) deposited after this event only remained preserved in the upper portion of the scarp. Later the depositional took place under overbank environment, could be attributed to shifting of Beas River to its present position due to the lateral propagation of the HF2. The latest Event-II occurred after the deposition of unit d and before the deposition of unit e, i.e. between 1.7 ka and 0.5 ka. 3.2. Active fault along HFT (forelimb) in central part of Janauri anticline Active fault traces facing the Indo-Gangetic Plain were delineated between Jaijon and Bhudia-Pau villages in the central portion of Janauri anticline (Fig. 6a and in Fig. 2a refer prole a). Whereas, further southeast no prominent traces were observed other than the topography revealing warped surfaces and sharp linear fronts. These active faults extend with variable length ranging from 1 to 4 km (Fig. 6a). The most distinct NNW

SSE trending scarp was identied near Bhatpur village (Fig. 6a, b, d, and refer prole b in Fig. 2a). The fault trace extends for about 4 km in length, has displaced the alluvial fan surface comprising well-rounded pebblecobble debris deposits in the proximal part. The vertically displaced fan surface is marked by 15 to 20 m high SW facing scarp (Fig. 6b and d). The streams crossing the active front exhibits deeply entrenched narrow channels, and formation of paired terraces close to the front (Fig. 6ad). Two set of paired terraces were observed around Bhatpur (Fig. 6b). Further north near Jaijon village Panjolanwala Khad (Khad=stream) show very similar evidence of paired terraces (Figs. 6a, 7a and b). Here the fault has displaced the fan surface giving rise to 15 to 18 m high SW facing scarp, most prominent was observed along the left bank. Along the left bank in the upstream side close to the front the river has incised the channel-ll deposits (late Pleistocene-Holocene age e.g. Valdiya, 2003; Malik and Mohanty, 2007) along with the underlying southerly dipping Upper Siwalik succession giving rise to strath terrace. Total incision of about 10 to 12 m was observed (T1-surface), which includes the bed-rock incision 8 to 9 m along with the overlying 2 to 3 m thick late Quaternary channel-ll deposits (Fig. 7c). The T2-surface was about 5 to 6 m from the top of the T1-surface, giving a cumulative incision of about 15 to 18 m (Fig. 7a and c). 3.3. Active fault along backlimb in the central of Janauri anticline The front along the backlimb of the Janauri anticline marked by back-thrust provides excellent example of slip-partitioning along in the sub-Himalayan zone. The north dipping thrust has displaced the uvial terraces as well as coalesced alluvial fan surfaces (Figs. 2a, b, 8a e). Most prominent fault traces trending NNWSSE were observed between Palata and Bathu villages (Fig. 8ae, and refer prole c in Fig. 2a). Two parallel trace of active fault scarps were noticed near Palata and Supalwan village (Fig. 8a, b, e and f). These faults extend for about 2 to 2.5 km, have displaced the alluvial fan surface resulting in NE facing scarps (Fig. 8a, b and e). The alluvial fan surface is seen displaced in proximal as well as in the distal end parts. Two distinct levels (L1 and L2) of uplifted surfaces were observed along the fault scarps with height ranging from 8 to 10 m (Fig. 8b, e and f). The streams crossing the thrust-front are marked by narrow deep incised channels (Fig. 8b). Another prominent fault scarps were observed around Bathri village (Fig. 8a, c, d and g). Here two parallel fault scarp traces of about 2 to 4 km in length, trending NNWSSE have displaced the uvial surface resulting in formation of NE facing scarps ranging in height from 12 to 15 m (Fig. 8c and g). Displacements along these faults have resulted into two level uplifted surfaces (L1 and L2) (Fig. 8a and g). Back-tilting was noticed at one location southwest of Bathri (Fig. 8c and refer prole d in Fig. 2a). This uvial terrace is a part of the at-uplifted surface with thick gravel deposit, suggestive of older oodplain of the paleo-Sutlej River, which owed through this area in the past. Further northwest distinct convex slope along the edge of the front was noticed between Bathu and Mankot with prominent scarp around Taliwal (Fig. 8a, h). We interpret this slope as a exural or

336 J.N. Malik et al. / Tectonophysics 483 (2010) 327343 Fig. 6. (a) Contour map showing distinct topographic variations in the central part along the forelimb of Janauri anticline, between Bhudia Pau and Lalwan village. Discontinuous traces of active faults were identied around Bhatpur, Jaijon and Lalwan villages, (b) Stereo-pair of CORONA photo showing occurrence of fault scarp around Bhatpur (refer to Fig. 6a for location). The NWSE striking scarp is well marked by uplifted paired-terrace close to the front. The fault scarp extends for about 4 km along the strike, height of the scarp ranges from 15 to 20 m. The streams crossing the front are marked by deeply incised narrow valleys, (c) Geomorphic map showing major landforms in the area. Paired terraces are seen along the frontal part. T1 younger terrace, T2 older terrace. AF marks the active alluvial fan surface, and (d) View of fault scarp at Bhatpur village. Faulting has displaced proximal part of the alluvial fan surface giving rise to SW facing scarp (15 to 20 m). Dotted circle shows the person standing at base of the scarp with 1.5 m height. Fault trace is marked by white arrow.

J.N. Malik et al. / Tectonophysics 483 (2010) 327343 Fig. 7. (a) Stereo-pair of the area around Jaijon village along the frontal part of Janauri anticline (refer to Fig. 6a for location). Fault trace is shown by arrows. The occurrence of terraces and high degree of incision in the alluvial fan material close to the front suggests displacement along the active fault. The fault trace further NW is marked by sharp front and prominent geomorphic boundary between the hill range and Indo-Gangetic plain. The fault extends for about 1 to 1.5 km, (b) Geomorphic sketch prepared from the CORONA photo interpretation showing major landforms. Paired terraces are noticed along the frontal part along the HFT. T1 younger terrace and T2 older terrace. Active fault trace is marked by arrows, and (c) Incised section along the left bank of Panjolonwala Khad shows occurrence of strath terrace (T1) and valley ll terrace (T2). The T1 terrace cliffy bank is about 12 m, where river has incised about 23 m of uvial deposits and 8 to 9 m of Upper Siwalik succession (bedrock). White broken line show the bounding surface of the channel-ll troughs with respect to the underlying Upper Siwalik succession. Total incision of T1 and T2 is about 1518 m. 337

338 J.N. Malik et al. / Tectonophysics 483 (2010) 327343 Fig. 8. (a) Contour map of the area along the back-limb in the central part of the Janauri anticline showing prominent traces of active fault scarps between Palata and Supalwan village, and around Bathari and Bathu. Distinct warping was observed near Bathu village and further up to Mankot, (b) Stereo-pair of the area around Palata and Supalwan village. Two active fault traces with NE facing scarps are marked by arrows, (c) Stereo-pair of the area around Bathri village showing traces active faults displacing the uvial surface giving rise to NE facing fault scarps (refer Fig. 6a for location). (d) View of NNWSSE striking fault scarp near Bathri village, (e) View of displaced fan surface in the distal part near Supalwan village, (f) Geomorphic map showing displaced alluvial fan surfaces along the Back Thrust. Fan surface is displaced along two fault parallel traces resulting in two northeast facing scarps. L1 and L2 represents the two level of surface, (g) Fluvial surface, part of at-uplifted surface has been displaced along two parallel fault traces giving rise to northeast facing scarps. L1 and L2 represent the two level of surface. (h) stereo-pair of the area around Taliwal village showing warping and active fault scarp trace (marked by arrows). T1 younger terrace and T2 older terrace.

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Fig. 8 (continued).

warping scarp caused by thrust faulting beneath the scarp. The occurrence of two parallel traces of active fault along the front are interpreted as the branching out imbricated faults, and the exure northwest to Bathu probably points toward the change in dip of the fault plane from high to low along the strike of the fault. Such variable manifestation of the deformation on the surface is common along the fold-and-thrust belt in Himalaya (Malik and Mathew, 2005). 3.4. Uplift in Piedmont Zone along the southeastern portion of Janauri anticline The Piedmont Zone is a part of the Indo-Gangetic Plain made up of coalesced alluvial fan deposits, drained by the streams originating from the forelimb side of the Janauri anticline, nally joining the higher order main channel of Sutlej River (Figs. 1a, 2ab). Younger hill range was observed in the piedmont zone around southeastern end of the Janauri

anticline formed as a result of movements along Frontal Piedmont Thrust (FPT). The hill range trending NNWSSE extends laterally for about 7 to 8 km between Rel Majra and Mauhar (Figs. 2ab, 9ab). It is marked by gullied surface, relatively less dissected compare to the Janauri anticline. It extends in EW direction for about 3 to 4.5 km (Figs. 2a and 9a). The height of the ridges ranges from 10 to 20 m. Along the strike the height of the range is variable, at places near Retwal village the range is marked by higher elevation (Fig. 9b), whereas around Mauhar village it reduces and die out further NW. The streams owing across this range exhibits well developed terraces and at places channel is marked by deep incision along the course (Fig. 9ab). The uplifted piedmont sediments and evolution of this growing young hill range is a result of southward propagation of tectonic activity and movements along FPT which represents an emergent imbricated thrust branching out from the main HFT system (Figs. 2ab, 9ab). Similar evidence of uplift in the piedmont zone has been observed around the foothill zone of Dehra Dun

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Fig. 9. (a) CORONA photo showing the uplift in the piedmont zone due to movement along Frontal Piedmont Thrust (FPT). The uplifted gullied surface extends for about 7 to 8 km between Rel Majra and Mauhar village, and (b) A view of active fault scarp in the piedmont zone near Retwal village along FPT (refer the topographic prole CC` in Fig. 1d).

(Thakur, 2004). These observations provide support to the model that large-to-great earthquakes originated in the locked part of the detachment and propagated southward to the range front, producing surfaceruptures, fault scarps and uplifts in the Gangetic Plain (Thakur, 2004). 4. Discussion The phenomenon of fault related fold growth, lateral propagation and fault segmentation-linkage in many tectonically active region have played pivotal role in shaping the landscape (e.g. Delcaillau et al., 1998; Burbank and Anderson, 2001; Davis et al., 2005; Bes de Berc et al., 2005; Malik and Mohanty, 2007), and could be considered as a source for future earthquakes. Several experimental as well as eld based studies from normal faulting environment have given remarkable understanding towards the phenomenon of fault-growth, fault segmentation and segment linkage, which in turn also helped in understanding the scaling relationship between the displacement (D) on fault and length (L) of the fault (e.g. Cartwright et al., 1995; Walsh et al., 2002). In recent years some studies have proved that the lateral propagation of faulting-and-folding, fault-growth and segment linkage is also most commonly observed phenomenon in the active thrust-and-fold belt region (e.g. Mueller and Talling, 1997; Delcaillau et al., 1998; Burbank et al., 1999; Burbank and Anderson, 2001; Champel et al., 2002; Bes de Berc et al., 2005; Davis et al., 2005; Delcaillau et al., 2006; Malik and Mohanty, 2007; Simoes et al.,

2007). In this phenomenon it has been suggested that (1) the tectonic activity (faulting) initiates at the location above the pre-existing fault system with a nucleation close to the centre of each fault, (2) as displacement occurs during major earthquake - fault grows, propagates laterally by acquires more length, and (3) the propagating fault segments either overlap or get linked-up giving rise to one single large segment (Walsh et al., 2002; Champel et al., 2002; Davis et al., 2005). The new active fault traces identied along the northern, central and southern portion of the Janauri anticline provided ideal opportunity to understand the pattern of ongoing tectonic deformation in the frontal part of the Himalayan arc. The active fault distribution and associated geomorphic features revealed that the evolution of Janauri anticline is not only related to one single fault segment, but more than one fault segments were responsible for its development (Figs. 2ab and 10). The occurrence of fault scarps along the forelimb and backlimb of the Janauri anticline suggests that the slip accommodated in the frontal part along the HFT system is partitioned between the main HFT and associated back-thrust (Figs. 18). The prominent fault scarps extending in length up to 4 km around Bhatpur, and 1 to 2 km around Jaijon and Lalwan along the forelimb suggests that Himalayan front had ruptured in the past (Figs. 6ad and 7ac). The fault scarps heights up to 20 to 25 m and occurrence of paired alluvial-ll as well as strath terraces (Figs. 6a and 7ac) are suggestive of cumulative uplift and ongoing long-term deformation along the fault. Similar evidences of occurrence of fault scarp traces along the backlimb side

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Fig. 10. (a) Stage I: Fault related fold growth initiated along the smaller segments along NW Himalayan frontal viz. CS the Chandigarh anticline Segment; JS1 the southern Janauri segment; and JS2 the northern Janauri segment. Gaps between the growing folds allowed the rivers to ow through, (b) Stage II: The lateral propagation of the growing folds resulted into linkage of JS1 and JS2 segments. Uplift of the linked segment caused disruption and deection of Sutlej River, and (c) Stage III: Due to sub-surface structural asperity the JS1 segment does not linked up with the CS segment. The tectonic activity propagated towards foreland along newly developed Frontal Piedmont Thrust (FPT). Due to no structural asperity in the northwestern end the tectonic activity was transferred and taken-up by two parallel to sub-parallel young active faults (Hajipur Fault) branched from the main JS2 segment. The lateral propagation and movements along HF1 and HF2 resulted into shift of the Beas River.

around Palata, Bathu and Bathri (Fig. 8ag) are indicative of partitioning of slip from the main Himalayan Frontal Thrust (HFT). Also the scarp heights ranging from 8 to 25 m represent the cumulative uplift

and ongoing deformation. Along the backlimb side we identied more than one line of fault scarp traces. The occurrence of these parallel to sub-parallel fault scarp traces suggest propagation of tectonic activity towards hinterland side in the Soan Dun, which represent imbricated thrusts. It is suggested that the shortening in the frontal part is absorbed by the main HFT and back thrust (BT). In the southern portion of the Janauri anticline the uplifted piedmont zone marked by dissected landform (Fig. 9a, b) suggests that the tectonic activity has propagated towards foreland along the newly developed range front registering movement along Frontal Piedmont Thrust (FPT). The FPT represents an imbricated emergent thrust that belongs to the HFT system. Similar phenomenon of uplift has been also noticed in the region west of the study area from the piedmont zone of Dehra Dun hills (Thakur, 2004). Also, the most prominent two active fault traces Hajipur fault (HF1 and HF2) along the northern fringe of Janauri anticline provided an excellent example of lateral propagation of faulting along HFT and relation of fault and associated fold growth (Figs. 2a and 3a). The movements along these faults are well represented on the surface in form of SW facing fault scarps formed due to vertically displaced oodplain deposits of Beas River (Figs. 2b, 3a and 4). Also the gradual reduction of the height of the scarp in northwest clearly points towards northwestward propagation of these faults, which forced Beas River to shift towards northwest forming huge U shape turn (Figs. 2b, 3a and 4). An alternative interpretation could be that the Beas River during the period of tectonic movements i.e., lateral propagation of the HF1 and HF2 was not capable enough to cut through the uplift along these active faults, and had low energy conditions causing lateral shifting-deection to its present position. 3D GPR prole further helped us in identifying the evidence of lowangle fault (thrust fault) dipping NE along HF2 (Fig. 5). This was also conrmed from the trench investigations across HF2, which revealed clear displacement along low-angle thrust faults. Preliminary interpretation suggests at least two events have occurred during recent historic past, with the latest one (Event II) during 1.7 to 0.5 ka registering displacement of more than 3 m during one single event. The historic record from the surrounding area suggests occurrence of major earthquake during 1555 AD Kashmir event and the paleoseismic studies from the Chandigarh region located about 150 km southeast of the study area suggests evidence of occurrence of large magnitude event during 14001500 AD (Malik et al., 2008). Considering the above information it is quite possible that the latest event (Event II) in our trench might have occurred during 1500 AD (?). The only present convergence rate available from this region is from the recent GPS measurements collected during the period from 1995 to 2000 (Banerjee and Brgmann, 2002). The rate of shortening observed across 100 km long transect between the frontal Himalayan zone (subHimalaya) and the Higher Himalaya was 14 1 mm/yr, also based on restoration of balanced geological cross-sections similar rate of 14 2 mm/yr was deduced across the Kangra reentrant for 140 km long transect (Powers et al., 1998). It has been suggested that at present HFT is locked and have showed no movement during the period of observation, and the major portion of the slip is accommodated by the faults to the north of sub-Himalayan foothill zone (Banerjee and Brgmann, 2002; Malik and Mohanty, 2007). The present study along the frontal zone suggests that HFT had observed slip during recent historic past as indicated from the trenching data and traces of active fault scarps. The 100 km long Janauri anticline ridge represents a linked segment formed due to inter-linking of two fault segments; the linked segment marked by at-uplifted surface in the central portion represents the paleo-water gap of the Sutlej River (Malik and Mohanty, 2007). Taking into consideration the evidences of active faults along Janauri anticline and models of lateral propagation of faults and segment linkage suggested by Malik and Mohanty (2007) and Delcaillau et al. (2006), an attempt has been made to reconstruct the phases of evolution of Janauri anticline along the frontal zone (Figs. 2ab and 10ac). Stage I: Smaller segments along NW Himalayan

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frontal viz. CS the Chandigarh anticline segment; JS1 the southern Janauri segment; and JS2 the northern Janauri segment, started growing (Fig. 10a). The growing folds allowed the rivers to ow through the gaps available between them. Stage II: The lateral propagation of the growing fault related fold resulted into linkage of JS1 and JS2 segments. The linked portion experienced rapid uplift, causing upliftment of Sutlej River bed along with disruption and deection Sutlej River (Malik and Mohanty, 2007) (Fig. 10b). The high (rapid) degree of activity in the linked area is well manifested by the at uplifted surface in the central portion of the Janauri anticline (Figs. 1 and 2). During this stage the southeastern end of the JS1 segment has not been linked-up with the northwestern end of the CS. Stage III: It is suggested that due to subsurface geological asperities the tectonic activity along the Himalayan front was transferred further south towards the foreland along the newly developed Frontal Piedmont Thrust (FPT) (Figs. 1, 2, 8 and 10c). Whereas, probably due to no presence structural asperity on the northwestern end of the Janauri anticline resulted into further northwest propagation of fault related fold (Figs. 2, 3 and 10c). The northwestward propagation of activity in this part was transferred and taken-up by two parallel to sub-parallel young active faults branched from the main JS2 (Figs. 4a, 10c). The lateral propagation and movements along these newly identied active faults HF1 and HF2 (Hajipur fault) resulted into uplift of the oodplain of Beas River as well as responsible for the northward shift (Figs. 3, 4a and 10c). The recent 2005 event triggered along earlier identied Tanda active fault (Nakata et al., 1991), has pointed towards the importance of active fault identication in Himalayan domain where very few studies are focused for active fault mapping. The evidence of active fault distribution along the Janauri anticline, lateral propagation of fault related folding, linkage of smaller segments giving rise to one single large segment and diversion of drainage suggests that tectonic activity not only have implications to the landscape evolution but also towards the potentiality of producing large magnitude earthquake in future in this region. It is also suggested that the future rupture along the Hajipur fault will result into further propagation of the fault towards northwest. Our nding will be helpful in further understanding the ongoing deformation in Himalayan frontal zone and will form base for detailed paleoseismic investigations in the region. Also several newly identied active fault traces along the Janauri anticline will be helpful in seismic hazard assessment of areas marked by increasing population growth in the foothills. 5. Conclusions The major ndings of the present study are as follows: 1) The 100 km long NNW-SSE striking frontal foreland fold the Janauri anticline is a product of a linked-up segment form due to inter-linking of two segments JS1 and JS2. 2) Occurrence of active fault traces along the forelimb and backlimb of Janauri anticline in the central portion and less dissected topography of the at uplifted surface (paleo-water gap of Sutlej River) suggests partition of slip along the HFT and associated back-thrust in the frontal zone and probable region of rapid uplift. 3) Development of Frontal Piedmont Thrust (FPT) suggests propagation of tectonic activity towards foreland. 4) The lateral propagation and movements along HF1 and HF2 (Hajipur fault) are attributed to the uplift of the oodplain as well as northward shift of Beas River. 5) GPR survey conrmed the near sub-surface deformation and displacement of young alluvial deposits along a thrust fault. 6) Trench excavated across HF2 indicates occurrence of at least two earthquake and associated surface rupture during recent historic past, with the latest one occurred around 0.5 to 1.7 ka. Considering the historic and paleoseismic records from the surrounding area it is suggested that the latest event (Event II) occurred during 1500 AD (?) with a rupture length extending for more than 150 km.

Acknowledgements JNM pays his due respect and gratitude to Prof. Nakata, Hiroshima University, Japan for constant encouragement and support to undertake this research along Himalaya. Financial support provided by Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) and Department of Science and Technology (DST), New Delhi is duly acknowledged. Authors are thankful to Ashutosh Kumar, Prashant Mishra and Arvind Pandey for their help. We are grateful to Ashutosh Kumar, both the anonymous referees for providing valuable comments and suggestions, which helped us in improving the manuscript. We are also grateful The Editor for keeping belief in us and for give a chance to revise the manuscript. References
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