QUAL2K:

A Modeling Framework for Simulating River and Stream

Water Quality
(er!ion 2"#$%
Documentation
The Mystic River at Medford, MA
Steve &'a(ra) *reg +elletier and ,ua -ao
.une 2/) 2##$
Chapra, S.C., Pelletier, G.J. and Tao, H. 2007. QUAL2K: A Modelin !ra"e#or$ %or Si"&latin
'i(er and Strea" )ater Q&alit*, +er,ion 2.07: -o.&"entation and U,er, Man&al. Ci(il and
/n(iron"ental /nineerin -ept., T&%t, Uni(er,it*, Med%ord, MA., Ste(en.Chapra0t&%t,.ed&
0i!1laimer
The in%or"ation in thi, do.&"ent ha, 1een %&nded partl* 1* the United State, /n(iron"ental
Prote.tion Aen.*. 2t i, .&rrentl* 1ein ,&13e.ted to the Aen.*4, peer and ad"ini,trati(e re(ie#
and ha, *et to 1e appro(ed %or p&1li.ation a, an /PA do.&"ent. Mention o% trade na"e, or
.o""er.ial prod&.t, doe, not .on,tit&te endor,e"ent or re.o""endation %or &,e 1* the U.S.
/n(iron"ental Prote.tion Aen.*.
The QUAL2K "odel 5Q2K6 de,.ri1ed in thi, "an&al "&,t 1e &,ed at the &,er4, o#n ri,$.
7either the U.S. /n(iron"ental Prote.tion Aen.*, T&%t, Uni(er,it*, the )a,hinton -ept. o%
/.olo*, nor the prora" a&thor, .an a,,&"e re,pon,i1ilit* %or "odel operation, o&tp&t,
interpretation or &,ae.
The .reator, o% thi, prora" ha(e &,ed their 1e,t e%%ort, in preparin thi, .ode. 2t i, not
a1,ol&tel* &aranteed to 1e error %ree. The a&thor8prora""er "a$e, no #arrantee,, e9pre,,ed or
i"plied, in.l&din #itho&t li"itation #arrantee, o% "er.hanta1ilit* or %itne,, %or an* parti.&lar
p&rpo,e. 7o lia1ilit* i, a..epted in an* e(ent %or an* da"ae,, in.l&din a..idental or
.on,e:&ential da"ae,, lo,t o% pro%it,, .o,t, o% lo,t data or prora""in "aterial,, or other#i,e
in .onne.tion #ith or ari,in o&t o% the &,e o% thi, prora".
QUAL2K 2 J&ne 2;, 2007
2 34-R50U&-354
QUAL2K 5or Q2K6 i, a ri(er and ,trea" #ater :&alit* "odel that i, intended to repre,ent a
"oderni<ed (er,ion o% the QUAL2/ 5or Q2/6 "odel 5=ro#n and =arn#ell >?;76. Q2K i, ,i"ilar
to Q2/ in the %ollo#in re,pe.t,:
@ne di"en,ional. The .hannel i, #ellA"i9ed (erti.all* and laterall*.
=ran.hin. The ,*,te" .an .on,i,t o% a "ain,te" ri(er #ith 1ran.hed tri1&tarie,.
Stead* ,tate h*dra&li.,. 7onA&ni%or", ,tead* %lo# i, ,i"&lated.
-iel heat 1&det. The heat 1&det and te"perat&re are ,i"&lated a, a %&n.tion o% "eteorolo*
on a diel ti"e ,.ale.
-iel #aterA:&alit* $ineti.,. All #ater :&alit* (aria1le, are ,i"&lated on a diel ti"e ,.ale.
Heat and "a,, inp&t,. Point and nonApoint load, and #ithdra#al, are ,i"&lated.
The QUAL2K %ra"e#or$ in.l&de, the %ollo#in ne# ele"ent,:
So%t#are /n(iron"ent and 2nter%a.e. Q2K i, i"ple"ented #ithin the Mi.ro,o%t )indo#,
en(iron"ent. 7&"eri.al .o"p&tation, are prora""ed in !ortran ?0. /9.el i, &,ed a, the
raphi.al &,er inter%a.e. All inter%a.e operation, are prora""ed in the Mi.ro,o%t @%%i.e
"a.ro lan&ae: +i,&al =a,i. %or Appli.ation, 5+=A6.
Model ,e"entation. Q2/ ,e"ent, the ,*,te" into ri(er rea.he, .o"pri,ed o% e:&all*
,pa.ed ele"ent,. Q2K al,o di(ide, the ,*,te" into rea.he, and ele"ent,. Ho#e(er, in
.ontra,t to Q2/, the ele"ent ,i<e %or Q2K .an (ar* %ro" rea.h to rea.h. 2n addition, "&ltiple
loadin, and #ithdra#al, .an 1e inp&t to an* ele"ent.
Car1ona.eo&, =@- ,pe.iation. Q2K &,e, t#o %or", o% .ar1ona.eo&, =@- to repre,ent
orani. .ar1on. The,e %or", are a ,lo#l* o9idi<in %or" 5,lo# C=@-6 and a rapidl*
o9idi<in %or" 5%a,t C=@-6.
Ano9ia. Q2K a..o""odate, ano9ia 1* red&.in o9idation rea.tion, to <ero at lo# o9*en
le(el,. 2n addition, denitri%i.ation i, "odeled a, a %ir,tAorder rea.tion that 1e.o"e,
prono&n.ed at lo# o9*en .on.entration,.
Sedi"entA#ater intera.tion,. Sedi"entA#ater %l&9e, o% di,,ol(ed o9*en and n&trient, .an 1e
,i"&lated internall* rather than 1ein pre,.ri1ed. That i,, o9*en 5S@-6 and n&trient %l&9e,
are ,i"&lated a, a %&n.tion o% ,ettlin parti.&late orani. "atter, rea.tion, #ithin the
,edi"ent,, and the .on.entration, o% ,ol&1le %or", in the o(erl*in #ater,.
=otto" alae. The "odel e9pli.itl* ,i"&late, atta.hed 1otto" alae. The,e alae ha(e
(aria1le ,toi.hio"etr*.
Liht e9tin.tion. Liht e9tin.tion i, .al.&lated a, a %&n.tion o% alae, detrit&, and inorani.
,olid,.
pH. =oth al$alinit* and total inorani. .ar1on are ,i"&lated. The ri(erB, pH i, then .o"p&ted
1a,ed on the,e t#o :&antitie,.
Pathoen,. A eneri. pathoen i, ,i"&lated. Pathoen re"o(al i, deter"ined a, a %&n.tion o%
te"perat&re, liht, and ,ettlin.
'ea.h ,pe.i%i. $ineti. para"eter,. Q2K allo#, *o& to ,pe.i%* "an* o% the $ineti. para"eter,
on a rea.hA,pe.i%i. 1a,i,.
)eir, and #ater%all,. The h*dra&li., o% #eir, a, #ell a, the e%%e.t o% #eir, and #ater%all, on
a, tran,%er are e9pli.itl* in.l&ded.
QUAL2K C J&ne 2;, 2007
2 *6--34* S-AR-60
A, pre,entl* .on%i&red, an /9.el #or$1oo$ ,er(e, a, the inter%a.e %or QUAL2K. That i,, all
inp&t and o&tp&t a, #ell a, "odel e9e.&tion are i"ple"ented %ro" #ithin /9.el. All inter%a.e
%&n.tion, are prora""ed in /9.elB, "a.ro lan&ae: +i,&al =a,i. %or Appli.ation, 5+=A6. All
n&"eri.al .al.&lation, are i"ple"ented in !ortran ?0 %or ,peed o% e9e.&tion. The %ollo#in
"aterial pro(ide, a ,tepA1*A,tep de,.ription o% ho# the "odel .an 1e ,et &p on *o&r .o"p&ter
and &,ed to per%or" a ,i"&lation.
Step 1: Cop* the %ile, Q2K(2D07.<ip, to a dire.tor* 5e.., C:E6. )hen thi, %ile i, &n<ipped, it #ill
,et &p a ,&1dire.tor*, Q2K(2D07 #hi.h in.l&de, an /9.el %ile 5Q2KMa,ter(2D07.9l,6, and an
e9e.&ta1le %ile 5Q2K!ortran2D07.e9e6. The %ir,t i, the Q2K inter%a.e that allo#, *o& to r&n Q2K
and di,pla* it, re,&lt,. The ,e.ond i, the !ortran e9e.&ta1le that a.t&all* per%or", the "odel
.o"p&tation,. These two files must always be in the same directory for the model to run
properly. 7ote that a%ter *o& r&n the "odel, ,o"e a,,i,tin %ile, #ill 1e a&to"ati.all* .reated 1*
the !ortran e9e.&ta1le %ile to e9.hane in%or"ation #ith /9.el.
NOTE: DO NOT DELETE THE .ip file. 2% %or ,o"e rea,on, *o& "odi%* Q2K in a #a* that
"a$e, it &n&,a1le, *o& .an al#a*, &,e the <ip %ile to rein,tall the "odel.
Step !: Create a ,&1dire.tor* o%% o% C:EQ2K(2D07 .alled Data"iles.
Step #: @pen /9.el and "a$e ,&re that *o&r "a.ro ,e.&rit* le(el i, ,et to "edi&" 5!i&re >6.
Thi, .an 1e done &,in the "en& .o""and,: Tool, Ma.ro Se.&rit*. Ma$e .ertain that the
Medi&" radio 1&tton i, ,ele.ted.
Figure 2 -'e 671el Ma1ro Se1urity Level dialogue 8o7" 3n order to run Q2K) t'e Medium
level of !e1urity !'ould 8e !ele1ted"
QUAL2K F J&ne 2;, 2007
Step $: @pen Q2KMa,ter!ortran(2D07.9l,. )hen *o& do thi,, the Ma.ro Se.&rit* -ialo&e =o9
#ill 1e di,pla*ed 5!i&re 26.
Figure 2 -'e 671el Ma1ro !e1urity dialogue 8o7" 3n order to run Q2K) t'e 6na8le Ma1ro!
8utton mu!t 8e !ele1ted"
Cli.$ on the Enable %acros 1&tton.
Step &: @n the '()L!* +or,sheet, o to .ell =>0 and enter the path to the Data"iles
dire.tor*: C:EQUAL2KE-ata!ile, a, ,ho#n in !i&re C.
Figure 9 -'e QUAL2K Work!'eet !'owing t'e entry of t'e file (at' into 1ell :2#"
Step -: Cli.$ on the .un "ortran 1&tton.
QUAL2K G J&ne 2;, 2007
3f t'e (rogram doe! not work 1orre1tly;
There are t#o pri"ar* rea,on, #h* the prora" #o&ld not #or$ properl*. !ir,t, *o& "a* 1e
&,in an old (er,ion o% Mi.ro,o%t @%%i.e. Altho&h /9.el i, do#n#ardl* .o"pati1le %or ,o"e
earlier (er,ion,, Q2K #ill not #or$ #ith (er* old (er,ion,.
Se.ond, *o& "a* ha(e "ade a "i,ta$e in i"ple"entin the pre.edin ,tep,. A .o""on
"i,ta$e i, to ha(e "i,t*ped the %ile path that *o& entered in .ell =>0. !or e9a"ple, ,&ppo,e that
*o& "i,t*ped the path a, C:EQ2K!ortran(2D07E-ata!le,. 2% thi, i, the .a,e, *o& #ill re.ei(e an
error "e,,ae 5!i&re F6.
Figure < An error me!!age t'at will o11ur if you ty(e t'e in1orre1t file (at' into 1ell :2# on
t'e QUAL2K Work!'eet"
2% thi, o..&r,, .li.$ @K. Thi, #ill ter"inate the r&n and 1rin *o& 1a.$ to the '()L!*
+or,sheet #here *o& .an .orre.t the %ile path entr*.
3f t'e (rogram work! 1orre1tly;
QUAL2K #ill 1ein to e9e.&te. A #indo# #ill open ,ho#in the prore,, o% the !ortran
.o"p&tation, 5!i&re G6.
Figure = -'i! window i! di!(layed !'owing t'e (rogre!! of t'e model 1om(utation! a!
e7e1uted in Fortran" 3t allow! you to follow t'e (rogre!! of a model run"
QUAL2K H J&ne 2;, 2007
The prora" i, ,et &p to ,i"&late a %i.titio&, ri(er #ith a "ain,te" alon #ith t#o
tri1&tarie,. 2% the prora" #or$, properl*, the %ollo#in dialo&e 1o9 #ill appear #hen the r&n i,
.o"pleted:
Pre,, @K and the %ollo#in dialo&e 1o9 #ill 1e di,pla*ed:
Thi, 1o9 allo#, *o& to .hoo,e the part, o% the ,*,te" that *o& #ant to plot. A, ,ho#n, it de%a&lt,
to the ri(erB, Main,te". Pre,, @K to ,ee the tra(el ti"e %or the Main,te". 7ote that all plot, are
&pdated #hen *o& pre,, @K.
To ,#it.h to ,ee the plot, %or one o% the tri1&tarie,, *o& #o&ld pre,, the 1&tton on the &pper
le%t o% the ,.reen
Thi, .a&,e, the plot option, dialo&e 1o9 to 1e di,pla*ed. The p&lldo#n .an then 1e &,ed to
,ele.t another tri1&tar*.
Step /: @n the '()L!* +or,sheet .li.$ on the @pen @ld !ile 1&tton. =ro#,e to et to the
dire.tor*: C:EQ2K!ortran(2D07E-ata!ile,. Io& ,ho&ld ,ee that a ne# %ile ha, 1een .reated #ith
the na"e that #a, ,pe.i%ied in .ell =? 5in the .a,e o% the e9a"ple in !i&re C, =o&,0H2;07.:2$6.
Cli.$ on the Can.el 1&tton to ret&rn to Q2K.
7ote that e(er* ti"e that Q2K i, r&n, a data %ile #ill 1e .reated #ith the %ile na"e ,pe.i%ied in
.ell =? on the '()L!* +or,sheet 5!i&re C6. The prora" a&to"ati.all* a%%i9e, the e9ten,ion
.:2$ to the %ile na"e. Sin.e thi, #ill o(er#rite pre(io&, (er,ion, o% the %ile, "a$e .ertain to
.hane the %ile na"e #hen *o& per%or" a ne# appli.ation.
7o# that *o& ha(e ,&..e,,%&ll* r&n Q2K on *o&r .o"p&ter, the %ollo#in pae, are de(oted
to do.&"entin the ,.ien.e that &nderlie, the "odel.
QUAL2K 7 J&ne 2;, 2007
9 S6*M64-A-354 A40 ,>0RAUL3&S
The "odel repre,ent, a ri(er a, a ,erie, o% rea.he,. The,e repre,ent ,tret.he, o% ri(er that ha(e
.on,tant h*dra&li. .hara.teri,ti., 5e.., ,lope, 1otto" #idth, et..6. A, depi.ted in !i&re H, the
rea.he, are n&"1ered in a,.endin order ,tartin %ro" the head#ater o% the ri(erB, "ain ,te".
7oti.e that 1oth point and nonApoint ,o&r.e, and point and nonApoint #ithdra#al, 5a1,tra.tion,6
.an 1e po,itioned an*#here alon the .hannelB, lenth.
2
2
9
<
=
?
/
$
4on@(oint
wit'drawal
4on@(oint
!our1e
+oint !our1e
+oint !our1e
+oint wit'drawal
+oint wit'drawal
,eadwater 8oundary
0own!tream 8oundary
+oint !our1e
Figure ? QUAL2K !egmentation !1'eme for a river wit' no tri8utarie!"
!or ,*,te", #ith tri1&tarie, 5!i&re 76, the rea.he, are n&"1ered in a,.endin order ,tartin
at rea.h > at the head#ater o% the "ain ,te". )hen a 3&n.tion #ith a tri1&tar* i, rea.hed, the
n&"1erin .ontin&e, at that tri1&tar*B, head#ater. @1,er(e that 1oth the head#ater, and the
tri1&tarie, are al,o n&"1ered .on,e.&ti(el* %ollo#in a ,e:&en.in ,.he"e ,i"ilar to the rea.he,.
7ote al,o that the "a3or 1ran.he, o% the ,*,te" 5that i,, the "ain ,te" and ea.h o% the tri1&tarie,6
are re%erred to a, ,e"ent,. Thi, di,tin.tion ha, pra.ti.al i"portan.e 1e.a&,e the ,o%t#are
pro(ide, plot, o% "odel o&tp&t on a ,e"ent 1a,i,. That i,, the ,o%t#are enerate, indi(id&al plot,
%or the "ain ,te" a, #ell a, ea.h o% the tri1&tarie,.
QUAL2K ; J&ne 2;, 2007
2A
2/
2$
2?
2A
2/
2$
2?
2
=
<
9
2
2
=
<
9
2
2#
2/
2$
2?
22
2A
2#
2/
2$
2?
22
2A
22
2=
2<
29
22
2=
2<
29
/
$
?
/
$
?
A
22
2#
A
22
2#
2<
29
22
2=
,WB2
,WB2
,WB9
,WB<
(a% A river wit' tri8utarie! (8% Q2K rea1' re(re!entation
M
a
i
n

!
t
e
m
-
r
i
8
2
-
r
i
8
2
-
r
i
8
9
Figure $ QUAL2K !egmentation !1'eme for (a% a river wit' tri8utarie!" -'e Q2K rea1'
re(re!entation in (b% illu!trate! t'e rea1') 'eadwater and tri8utary num8ering
!1'eme!"
!inall*, an* "odel rea.h .an 1e %&rther di(ided into a ,erie, o% e:&all*A,pa.ed ele"ent,. A,
in !i&re ;, thi, i, done 1* "erel* ,pe.i%*in the n&"1er o% ele"ent, that are de,ired.
n C < n C <
Rea1' Rea1' 6lement! 6lement!
Figure / 3f de!ired) any model rea1' 1an 8e furt'er !u8divided into a !erie! of n eDual@
lengt' element!"
QUAL2K ? J&ne 2;, 2007
2n ,&""ar*, the no"en.lat&re &,ed to de,.ri1e the #a* in #hi.h Q2K orani<e, ri(er
topolo* i, a, %ollo#,:
'ea.h. A lenth o% ri(er #ith .on,tant h*dra&li. .hara.teri,ti.,.
/le"ent. The "odelB, %&nda"ental .o"p&tational &nit #hi.h .on,i,t, o% an e:&al lenth
,&1di(i,ion o% a rea.h.
Se"ent. A .olle.tion o% rea.he, repre,entin a 1ran.h o% the ,*,te". The,e .on,i,t o%
the "ain ,te" a, #ell a, ea.h tri1&tar*.
Head#ater. The &pper 1o&ndar* o% a "odel ,e"ent.
3.1 Flow Balance
A, de,.ri1ed in the la,t ,e.tion, Q2KB, "o,t %&nda"ental &nit i, the ele"ent. A ,tead*A,tate %lo#
1alan.e i, i"ple"ented %or ea.h "odel ele"ent a, 5!i&re ?6
i out i in i i
Q Q Q Q
, , >
+

(1)
#here Qi J o&t%lo# %ro" ele"ent i into the do#n,trea" ele"ent i K > L"
C
8dM, Qi> J in%lo# %ro"
the &p,trea" ele"ent i N > L"
C
8dM, Qin,i i, the total in%lo# into the ele"ent %ro" point and
nonpoint ,o&r.e, L"
C
8dM, and Qout,i i, the total o&t%lo# %ro" the ele"ent d&e to point and nonpoint
#ithdra#al, L"
C
8dM. Th&,, the do#n,trea" o&t%lo# i, ,i"pl* the di%%eren.e 1et#een in%lo# and
,o&r.e ain, "in&, #ithdra#al lo,,e,.
i i 0 1 i 1
Q
i1
Q
i
Q
in1i
Q
out1i
Figure A 6lement flow 8alan1e"
The total in%lo# %ro" ,o&r.e, i, .o"p&ted a,


+
npsi
j
j i nps
psi
j
j i ps i in
Q Q Q
>
, ,
>
, , ,
(2)
#here Qps,i,j i, the jth point ,o&r.e in%lo# to ele"ent i L"
C
8dM, psi J the total n&"1er o% point
,o&r.e, to ele"ent i, Qnps,i,j i, the jth nonApoint ,o&r.e in%lo# to ele"ent i L"
C
8dM, and npsi J the
total n&"1er o% nonApoint ,o&r.e in%lo#, to ele"ent i.
The total o&t%lo# %ro" #ithdra#al, i, .o"p&ted a,


+
npai
j
j i npa
pai
j
j i pa i o
Q Q Q
>
, ,
>
, , &t,
(3)
QUAL2K >0 J&ne 2;, 2007
#here Qpa,i,j i, the jth point #ithdra#al o&t%lo# %ro" ele"ent i L"
C
8dM, pai J the total n&"1er o%
point #ithdra#al, %ro" ele"ent i, Qnpa,i,j i, the jth nonApoint #ithdra#al o&t%lo# %ro" ele"ent i
L"
C
8dM, and npai J the total n&"1er o% nonApoint #ithdra#al %lo#, %ro" ele"ent i.
The nonApoint ,o&r.e, and #ithdra#al, are "odeled a, line ,o&r.e,. A, in !i&re >0, the nonA
point ,o&r.e or #ithdra#al i, de"ar.ated 1* it, ,tartin and endin $ilo"eter point,. 2t, %lo# i,
then di,tri1&ted to or %ro" ea.h ele"ent in a lenthA#eihted %a,hion.
Q
npt
!&2 !&2 &32
!tart end
1 1 !
Figure 2# -'e manner in w'i1' non@(oint !our1e flow i! di!tri8uted to an element"
3.2 Hydraulic Characteristics
@n.e the o&t%lo# %or ea.h ele"ent i, .o"p&ted, the depth and (elo.it* are .al.&lated in one o%
three #a*,: #eir,, ratin .&r(e,, and Mannin e:&ation,. The prora" de.ide, a"on the,e
option, in the %ollo#in "anner:
2% #eir heiht and #idth are entered, the #eir option i, i"ple"ented.
2% the #eir heiht and #idth are <ero and ratin .&r(e .oe%%i.ient, are entered 5a and 6,
the ratin .&r(e option i, i"ple"ented.
2% neither o% the pre(io&, .ondition, i, "et, Q2K &,e, the Mannin e:&ation.

9"2"2 Weir!
!i&re >> ,ho#, ho# #eir, are repre,ented in Q2K. Note that a weir can only occur at the end
of a reach consistin4 of a sin4le element. The ,*"1ol, ,ho#n in !i&re >> are de%ined a,: Hi J
the depth o% the ele"ent &p,trea" o% the #eir L"M, HiK> J the depth o% the ele"ent do#n,trea" o%
the #eir L"M, elev2i J the ele(ation a1o(e ,ea le(el o% the tail end o% the &p,trea" ele"ent L"M,
elev>iK> J the ele(ation a1o(e ,ea le(el o% the head end o% the do#n,trea" ele"ent L"M, Hw J the
heiht o% the #eir a1o(e ele(2i L"M, Hd J the drop 1et#een the ele(ation a1o(e ,ea le(el o% the
,&r%a.e o% ele"ent i and ele"ent iK> L"M, Hh J the head a1o(e the #eir L"M, Bw J the #idth o% the
#eir L"M. 7ote that the #idth o% the #eir .an di%%er %ro" the #idth o% the ele"ent, Bi.
QUAL2K >> J&ne 2;, 2007
H
i01
H
w
H
i
B
w
H
d
(a% Side (b% &ro!!@!e1tion
H
w
H
i
H
h
elev!
i
elev1
i01
elev!
i
elev1
i01
Figure 22 A !'ar(@1re!ted weir o11urring at t'e 8oundary 8etween two rea1'e!"
!or a ,harpA.re,ted #eir #here Hh8Hw O 0.F, %lo# i, related to head 1* 5!inne"ore and
!ran<ini 20026
2 8 C
;C . >
h w i
H B Q
(4)
#here Qi i, the o&t%lo# %ro" the ele"ent &p,trea" o% the #eir in "
C
8,, and Bw and Hh are in ".
/:&ation 5F6 .an 1e ,ol(ed %or
C 8 2
;C . >

,
_

w
i
h
B
Q
H
(5)
Thi, re,&lt .an then 1e &,ed to .o"p&te the depth o% ele"ent i,

h w i
H H H +
(6)
and the drop o(er the #eir
> >
> 2
+ +
+
i i i i d
H elev H elev H
(7)
7ote that thi, drop i, &,ed to .o"p&te o9*en and .ar1on dio9ide a, tran,%er d&e to the #eir
5,ee pae, GC and G?6.
The .ro,,A,e.tional area, (elo.it*, ,&r%a.e area and (ol&"e o% ele"ent i .an then 1e .o"p&ted
a,
i i i c
H B A
,
(8)
i c
i
i
A
Q
U
,

(9)
i i i s
x B A
,
QUAL2K >2 J&ne 2;, 2007
i i i i
x H B V
#here Bi J the #idth o% ele"ent i, xi J the lenth o% ele"ent i. 7ote that %or rea.he, #ith #eir,,
the rea.h #idth "&,t 1e entered. Thi, (al&e i, entered in the .ol&"n AA 5la1eled P=otto"
)idthP6 o% the 'ea.h )or$,heet.
9"2"2 Rating &urve!
Po#er e:&ation, .an 1e &,ed to relate "ean (elo.it* and depth to %lo# %or the ele"ent, in a
rea.h,
b
aQ U
(10)

Q H
(11)
#here a, b, and are e"piri.al .oe%%i.ient, that are deter"ined %ro" (elo.it*Adi,.hare and
,taeAdi,.hare ratin .&r(e,, re,pe.ti(el*. The (al&e, o% (elo.it* and depth .an then 1e
e"plo*ed to deter"ine the .ro,,A,e.tional area and #idth 1*
U
Q
A
c

(12)
H
A
B
c

(13)
The ,&r%a.e area and (ol&"e o% the ele"ent .an then 1e .o"p&ted a,
x B A
s

x BH V
The e9ponent, b and t*pi.all* ta$e on (al&e, li,ted in Ta1le >. 7ote that the ,&" o% b and
"&,t 1e le,, than or e:&al to >. 2% thi, i, not the .a,e, the #idth #ill de.rea,e #ith in.rea,in
%lo#. 2% their ,&" e:&al, >, the .hannel i, re.tan&lar.
-a8le 2 -y(i1al value! for t'e e7(onent! of rating 1urve! u!ed to determine velo1ity and
de(t' from flow (:arnwell et al" 2A/A%"
/:&ation /9ponent T*pi.al (al&e 'ane
b
aQ U
b 0.FC 0.F0.H

Q H
0.FG 0.C0.G
2n ,o"e appli.ation,, *o& "iht #ant to ,pe.i%* .on,tant (al&e, o% depth and (elo.it* that do
not (ar* #ith %lo#. Thi, .an 1e done 1* ,ettin the e9ponent, b and to <ero and ,ettin a e:&al
to the de,ired (elo.it* and e:&al to the de,ired depth.
QUAL2K >C J&ne 2;, 2007
9"2"9 Manning 6Duation
/a.h ele"ent in a parti.&lar rea.h .an 1e ideali<ed a, a trape<oidal .hannel 5!i&re >26. Under
.ondition, o% ,tead* %lo#, the Mannin e:&ation .an 1e &,ed to e9pre,, the relation,hip 1et#een
%lo# and depth a,
C 8 2
C 8 G 2 8 >
0
P
A
n
S
Q
c
(14)
#here Q J %lo# L"
C
8,M
>
, S0 J 1otto" ,lope L"8"M, n J the Mannin ro&hne,, .oe%%i.ient, Ac J the
.ro,,A,e.tional area L"
2
M, and P J the #etted peri"eter L"M.
Q1 U
B
3
1
1
s
s1
s
s!
H
S
3
B
1
Figure 22 -ra(eEoidal 1'annel"
The .ro,,A,e.tional area o% a trape<oidal .hannel i, .o"p&ted a,
[ ] H H s s B A
s s c
6 5 G . 0
2 > 0
+ +
(15)
#here B0 J 1otto" #idth L"M, ss> and ss2 J the t#o ,ide ,lope, a, ,ho#n in !i&re >2 L"8"M, and
H J ele"ent depth L"M.
The #etted peri"eter i, .o"p&ted a,
> >
2
2
2
> 0
+ + + +
s s
s H s H B P (16)
A%ter ,&1,tit&tin /:,. 5>G6 and 5>H6, /:. 5>F6 .an 1e ,ol(ed iterati(el* %or depth 5Chapra and
Canale 200H6,
[ ]
> 2 > 0
>0 8 C
G 8 2
2
2 >
2
> > 0
G 8 C
6 5 G . 0
> > 6 5

+ +

,
_

+ + + +

k s s
s k s k
k
H s s B S
s H s H B Qn
H
(17)
#here k J >, 2, Q, n, #here n J the n&"1er o% iteration,. An initial &e,, o% H0 J 0 i, e"plo*ed.
The "ethod i, ter"inated #hen the e,ti"ated error %all, 1elo# a ,pe.i%ied (al&e o% 0.00>R. The
e,ti"ated error i, .al.&lated a,
>
7oti.e that ti"e i, "ea,&red in ,e.ond, in thi, and other %or"&la, &,ed to .hara.teri<e h*dra&li.,. Thi, i,
ho# the .o"p&tation, are i"ple"ented #ithin Q2K. Ho#e(er, on.e the h*dra&li. .hara.teri,ti., are
deter"ined the* are .on(erted to da* &nit, to 1e .o"pati1le #ith other .o"p&tation,.
QUAL2K >F J&ne 2;, 2007
R >00
>
>

+
+
k
k k
a
H
H H

(18)
The .ro,,A,e.tional area i, deter"ined #ith /:. 5>G6 and the (elo.it* .an then 1e deter"ined
%ro" the .ontin&it* e:&ation,
c
A
Q
U
(19)
The a(erae ele"ent #idth, B L"M, i, .o"p&ted a,
H
A
B
c
(20)
The top #idth, B> L"M, i, .o"p&ted a,
H s s B B
s s
6 5
2 > 0 >
+ +
The ,&r%a.e area and (ol&"e o% the ele"ent .an then 1e .o"p&ted a,
x B A
s

>
x BH V
S&e,ted (al&e, %or the Mannin .oe%%i.ient are li,ted in Ta1le 2. ManninB, n t*pi.all*
(arie, #ith %lo# and depth 5Gordon et al. >??26. A, the depth de.rea,e, at lo# %lo#, the relati(e
ro&hne,, &,&all* in.rea,e,. T*pi.al p&1li,hed (al&e, o% ManninB, n, #hi.h rane %ro" a1o&t
0.0>G %or ,"ooth .hannel, to a1o&t 0.>G %or ro&h nat&ral .hannel,, are repre,entati(e o%
.ondition, #hen the %lo# i, at the 1an$%&ll .apa.it* 5'o,en, >??H6. Criti.al .ondition, o% depth
%or e(al&atin #ater :&alit* are enerall* "&.h le,, than 1an$%&ll depth, and the relati(e
ro&hne,, "a* 1e "&.h hiher.
-a8le 2 -'e Manning roug'ne!! 1oeffi1ient for variou! o(en 1'annel !urfa1e! (from &'ow
et al" 2A//%"
MA-6R3AL n
Man@made 1'annel!
Concrete 0.012
Gravel bottom ith sides!
Concrete 0.020
mortared stone 0.02"
Ri#ra# 0.0""
4atural !tream 1'annel!
Clean, strai$ht 0.02%&0.0'
Clean, indin$ and some eeds 0.0"&0.0%
(eeds and #ools, indin$ 0.0%
Mountain streams ith boulders 0.0'&0.10
)eavy brush, timber 0.0%&0.20
QUAL2K >G J&ne 2;, 2007
9"2"< Waterfall!
2n Se.tion C.2.>, the drop o% #ater o(er a #eir #a, .o"p&ted. Thi, (al&e i, needed in order to
.o"p&te the enhan.ed reaeration that o..&r, in ,&.h .a,e,. 2n addition to #eir,, ,&.h drop, .an
al,o o..&r at #ater%all, 5!i&re >C6. Note that waterfalls can only occur at the end of a reach.
H
i01
H
i
H
d
elev!
i
elev1
i01
Figure 29 A waterfall o11urring at t'e 8oundary 8etween two rea1'e!"
QUAL2K .o"p&te, ,&.h drop, %or .a,e, #here the ele(ation a1o(e ,ea le(el drop, a1r&ptl*
at the 1o&ndar* 1et#een t#o rea.he,. /:&ation 576 i, &,ed to .o"p&te the drop. 2t ,ho&ld 1e
noted that the drop i, onl* .al.&lated #hen the ele(ation a1o(e ,ea le(el at the do#n,trea" end
o% a rea.h i, reater than at the 1einnin o% the ne9t do#n,trea" rea.hS that i,, elev2i T elev>iK>.
3.3 Travel Time
The re,iden.e ti"e o% ea.h ele"ent i, .o"p&ted a,
k
k
k
Q
V

(21)
#here k J the re,iden.e ti"e o% the k
th
ele"ent LdM, Vk J the (ol&"e o% the k
th
ele"ent L"
C
M J Ac,k
xk, Ac,k J the .ro,,A,e.tional area o% the k
th
ele"ent L"
2
M, and xk J the lenth o% the k
th
ele"ent
L"M. The,e ti"e, are then a..&"&lated to deter"ine the tra(el ti"e alon ea.h o% the ri(erB,
,e"ent, 5that i,, either the "ain ,te" or one o% the tri1&tarie,6. !or e9a"ple, the tra(el ti"e
%ro" the head#ater to the do#n,trea" end o% the jth ele"ent in a ,e"ent i, .o"p&ted a,,

j
k
k j t
t
>
,

(22)
#here tt,j J the tra(el ti"e LdM.
3.4 Longitudinal is!ersion
T#o option, are &,ed to deter"ine the lonit&dinal di,per,ion %or a 1o&ndar* 1et#een t#o
ele"ent,. !ir,t, the &,er .an ,i"pl* enter e,ti"ated (al&e, on the .each +or,sheet. 2% the &,er
QUAL2K >H J&ne 2;, 2007
doe, not enter (al&e,, a %or"&la i, e"plo*ed to internall* .o"p&te di,per,ion 1a,ed on the
.hannelB, h*dra&li., 5!i,.her et al. >?7?6,
U
2 2
,
0>> . 0
i i
i i
i p
U H
B U
E
(23)
#here Ep,i J the lonit&dinal di,per,ion 1et#een ele"ent, i and i K > L"
2
8,M, Ui J (elo.it* L"8,M,
Bi J #idth L"M, Hi J "ean depth L"M, and Ui
U
J ,hear (elo.it* L"8,M, #hi.h i, related to "ore
%&nda"ental .hara.teri,ti., 1*
i i i
S H U
U
(24)
#here J a..eleration d&e to ra(it* LJ ?.;> "8,
2
M and S J .hannel ,lope Ldi"en,ionle,,M.
A%ter .o"p&tin or pre,.ri1in Ep,i, the n&"eri.al di,per,ion i, .o"p&ted a,
2
,
i i
i n
x U
E

(25)
The "odel di,per,ion Ei 5i.e., the (al&e &,ed in the "odel .al.&lation,6 i, then .o"p&ted a,
%ollo#,:
2% En,i Ep,i, the "odel di,per,ion, Ei i, ,et to Ep,i En,i.
2% En,i T Ep,i, the "odel di,per,ion i, ,et to <ero.
!or the latter .a,e, the re,&ltin di,per,ion #ill 1e reater than the ph*,i.al di,per,ion. Th&,,
di,per,i(e "i9in #ill 1e hiher than realit*. 2t ,ho&ld 1e noted that %or "o,t ,tead*A,tate ri(er,,
the i"pa.t o% thi, o(ere,ti"ation on .on.entration radient, #ill 1e nelii1le. 2% the di,.repan.*
i, ,ini%i.ant, the onl* alternati(e i, to "a$e ele"ent lenth, ,"aller ,o that the n&"eri.al
di,per,ion 1e.o"e, ,"aller than the ph*,i.al di,per,ion.
QUAL2K >7 J&ne 2;, 2007
< -6M+6RA-UR6 M506L
A, in !i&re >F, the heat 1alan.e ta$e, into a..o&nt heat tran,%er, %ro" ad3a.ent ele"ent,, load,,
#ithdra#al,, the at"o,phere, and the ,edi"ent,. A heat 1alan.e .an 1e #ritten %or ele"ent i a,
( ) ( )

,
_

+
,
_

,
_

+
+ +
+

." >00
"
." >00
"

." >0
"

, ,
C H
C
,
>
4
>
4
>
,
>
>
i pw w
i s
i pw w
i a
i pw w
i h
i i
i
i
i i
i
i
i
i
i out
i
i
i
i
i
i i
H !
"
H !
"
V !
#
$ $
V
E
$ $
V
E
$
V
Q
$
V
Q
$
V
Q
dt
d$

(26)
#here $i J te"perat&re in ele"ent i L
o
CM, t J ti"e LdM, EBi J the 1&l$ di,per,ion .oe%%i.ient
1et#een ele"ent, i and i K > L"
C
8dM, #h,i J the net heat load %ro" point and nonApoint ,o&r.e, into
ele"ent i L.al8dM, w J the den,it* o% #ater L8."
C
M, !pw J the ,pe.i%i. heat o% #ater L.al85
o
C6M,
"a,i J the airA#ater heat %l&9 L.al85."
2
d6M, and "s,i J the ,edi"entA#ater heat %l&9 L.al85."
2
d6M.
i
inflow outflow
di!(er!ion di!(er!ion
'eat load 'eat wit'drawal
atmo!('eri1
tran!fer
!ediment@water
tran!fer
!ediment
Figure 2< ,eat 8alan1e for an element"
The 1&l$ di,per,ion .oe%%i.ient i, .o"p&ted a,
( ) 2 8
>
,
4
+
+

i i
i c i
i
x x
A E
E
(27)
7ote that t#o t*pe, o% 1o&ndar* .ondition are &,ed at the ri(erB, do#n,trea" ter"in&,: 5>6 a <ero
di,per,ion .ondition 5nat&ral 1o&ndar* .ondition6 and 526 a pre,.ri1ed do#n,trea" 1o&ndar*
.ondition 5-iri.hlet 1o&ndar* .ondition6. The .hoi.e 1et#een the,e option, i, "ade on the
Downstream +or,sheet.
The net heat load %ro" ,o&r.e, i, .o"p&ted a, 5re.all /:. 26
QUAL2K >; J&ne 2;, 2007
1
1
]
1

+


npsi
j
j npsi j i nps
psi
j
j psi j i ps p i h
$ Q $ Q ! #
>
, , ,
>
, , , ,

(28)
#here $ps,i,j i, the te"perat&re o% the jth point ,o&r.e %or ele"ent i L
o
CM, and $nps,i,j i, the
te"perat&re o% the jth nonApoint ,o&r.e te"perat&re %or ele"ent i L
o
CM.
4.1 "ur#ace Heat Flu$
A, depi.ted in !i&re >G, ,&r%a.e heat e9.hane i, "odeled a, a .o"1ination o% %i(e pro.e,,e,:
e c b% an h
" " " " & " + 6 0 5
(29)
#here &506 J net ,olar ,hort#a(e radiation at the #ater ,&r%a.e, "
an
J net at"o,pheri. lon#a(e
radiation, "
b%
J lon#a(e 1a.$ radiation %ro" the #ater, "
c
J .ond&.tion, and "
e
J e(aporation.
All %l&9e, are e9pre,,ed a, .al8."
2
8d.
air@water
interfa1e
!olar
!'ortwave
radiation
atmo!('eri1
longwave
radiation
water
longwave
radiation
1ondu1tion
and
1onve1tion
eva(oration
and
1onden!ation
radiation term! non@radiation term!
net a8!or8ed radiation water@de(endent term!
Figure 2= -'e 1om(onent! of !urfa1e 'eat e71'ange"
<"2"2 Solar Radiation
The "odel .o"p&te, the a"o&nt o% ,olar radiation enterin the #ater at a parti.&lar latit&de 5'at6
and lonit&de 5'l(6 on the earthB, ,&r%a.e. Thi, :&antit* i, a %&n.tion o% the radiation at the top o%
the earthB, at"o,phere #hi.h i, atten&ated 1* at"o,pheri. tran,"i,,ion, .lo&d .o(er, re%le.tion,
and ,hade,
n atten&atio n atten&atio radiation
,hadin re%le.tion .lo&d . at"o,pheri ,trial e9traterre
6 > 5 6 > 5 6 0 5
0 ) s c t
S * a a & &
(30)
QUAL2K >? J&ne 2;, 2007
#here &506 J ,olar radiation at the #ater ,&r%a.e L.al8."
2
8dM, &0 J e9traterre,trial radiation 5i.e., at
the top o% the earthB, at"o,phere6 L.al8."
2
8dM, at J at"o,pheri. atten&ation, ac J .lo&d
atten&ation, *s J al1edo 5%ra.tion re%le.ted6, and S) J e%%e.ti(e ,hade 5%ra.tion 1lo.$ed 1*
(eetation and toporaph*6.
E5traterrestrial radiation. The e9traterre,trial radiation i, .o"p&ted a, 5T+A >?726
,in
2
0
0
%
#
&
(31)
#here #0 J the ,olar .on,tant L>CH7 )8"
2
or 2;2C .al8."
2
8dM, % J nor"ali<ed radi&, o% the earthB,
or1it 5i.e., the ratio o% a.t&al earthA,&n di,tan.e to "ean earthA,&n di,tan.e6, and J the ,&nB,
altit&de Lradian,M, #hi.h .an 1e .o"p&ted a,
( ) .o, .o, .o, ,in ,in ,in
at at
' ' +
(32)
#here J ,olar de.lination Lradian,M, 'at J lo.al latit&de Lradian,M, and J the lo.al ho&r anle o%
the ,&n Lradian,M.
The lo.al ho&r anle in radian, i, i(en 1*
>;0
>;0
F


,
_

i(e t%ueSola%$
(33)
#here:
ti(e+one ' e,ti(e local$i(e i(e t%ueSola%$
l(
+ H0 F
(34)
#here t%ueSola%$i(e i, the ,olar ti"e deter"ined %ro" the a.t&al po,ition o% the ,&n in the ,$*
L"in&te,M, local$i(e i, the lo.al ti"e in "in&te, 5lo.al ,tandard ti"e6, 'l( i, the lo.al lonit&de
5po,iti(e de.i"al deree, %or the #e,tern he"i,phere6, and ti(e+one i, the lo.al ti"e <one in
ho&r, relati(e to Green#i.h Mean Ti"e 5e.. ; ho&r, %or Pa.i%i. Standard Ti"eS the lo.al ti"e
<one i, ,ele.ted on the '()L!* +or,sheet6. The (al&e o% e,ti(e repre,ent, the di%%eren.e
1et#een tr&e ,olar ti"e and "ean ,olar ti"e in "in&te, o% ti"e.
QUAL2K .al.&late, the ,olar de.lination, ho&r anle, ,olar altit&de, and nor"ali<ed radi&,
5di,tan.e 1et#een the earth and ,&n6, a, #ell a, the ti"e, o% ,&nri,e and ,&n,et &,in the Mee&,
5>???6 alorith", a, i"ple"ented 1* 7@AAB, S&r%a.e 'adiation 'e,ear.h =ran.h
5###.,rr1.noaa.o(8hihliht,8,&nri,e8a<el.ht"l6. The 7@AA "ethod %or ,olar po,ition that i,
&,ed in QUAL2K al,o in.l&de, a .orre.tion %or the e%%e.t o% at"o,pheri. re%ra.tion. The .o"plete
QUAL2K 20 J&ne 2;, 2007
.al.&lation "ethod that i, &,ed to deter"ine the ,olar po,ition, ,&nri,e, and ,&n,et i, pre,ented in
Appendi9 =.
The photoperiod ) Lho&r,M i, .o"p&ted a,
s% ss
t t )
(35)
#here tss J ti"e o% ,&n,et Lho&r,M and ts% J ti"e o% ,&nri,e Lho&r,M.
)tmospheric attenuation. +ario&, "ethod, ha(e 1een p&1li,hed to e,ti"ate the %ra.tion o% the
at"o,pheri. atten&ation %ro" a .lear ,$* 5at6. T#o alternati(e "ethod, are a(aila1le in QUAL2K
to e,ti"ate at 57ote that the ,olar radiation "odel i, ,ele.ted on the Li4ht and Heat +or,sheet
o% QUAL2K6:
16 7ras 8default6
The =ra, 5>??06 "ethod .o"p&te, at a,:
( a n
t
)ac
e a
>

(36)
#here n)ac i, an at"o,pheri. t&r1idit* %a.tor that (arie, %ro" appro9i"atel* 2 %or .lear ,$ie, to F
or G %or ,"o* &r1an area,. The "ole.&lar ,.atterin .oe%%i.ient 5a>6 i, .al.&lated a,
( a
>0 >
lo 0GF . 0 >2; . 0
(37)
#here ( i, the opti.al air "a,,, .al.&lated a,
2GC . >
6 ;;G . C 5 >G . 0 ,in
>

+ +

d
(

(38)
#here d i, the ,&nB, altit&de in deree, %ro" the hori<on J 5>;0
o
86.
!6 .yan and Stolenbach
The '*an and Stol<en1a.h 5>?726 "odel .o"p&te, at %ro" ro&nd ,&r%a.e ele(ation and ,olar
altit&de a,:
2GH . G
2;;
00HG . 0 2;;

,
_

elev
(
tc t
a a
(39)
#here atc i, the at"o,pheri. tran,"i,,ion .oe%%i.ient 50.70A0.?>, t*pi.all* appro9i"atel* 0.;6, and
elev i, the ro&nd ,&r%a.e ele(ation in "eter,.
QUAL2K 2> J&ne 2;, 2007
-ire.t "ea,&re"ent, o% ,olar radiation are a(aila1le at ,o"e lo.ation,. !or e9a"ple, 7@AAB,
2nterated S&r%a.e 2rradian.e St&d* 52S2S6 ha, data %ro" (ario&, ,tation, a.ro,, the United State,
5http:88###.atdd.noaa.o(8i,i,.ht"6. The ,ele.tion o% either the =ra, or '*anAStol<en1a.h ,olar
radiation "odel and the appropriate at"o,pheri. t&r1idit* %a.tor or at"o,pheri. tran,"i,,ion
.oe%%i.ient %or a parti.&lar appli.ation ,ho&ld ideall* 1e &ided 1* a .o"pari,on o% predi.ted
,olar radiation #ith "ea,&red (al&e, at a re%eren.e lo.ation.
9loud )ttenuation. Atten&ation o% ,olar radiation d&e to .lo&d .o(er i, .o"p&ted #ith
2
HG . 0 >
' c
! a
(40)
#here !' J %ra.tion o% the ,$* .o(ered #ith .lo&d,.
.eflecti:ity. 'e%le.ti(it* i, .al.&lated a,
B
d s
A *
(41)
#here A and B are .oe%%i.ient, related to .lo&d .o(er 5Ta1le C6.
-a8le 9 &oeffi1ient! u!ed to 1al1ulate refle1tivity 8a!ed on 1loud 1over"
Cloudiness Clear *cattered +ro,en -vercast
CL 0 0.1&0.% 0.%&0.. 1.0
Coefficients A B A B A B A B
1.1/ 0.00 2.20 0..0 0..% 0.0% 0."% 0.'%
Shade. Shade i, an inp&t (aria1le %or the QUAL2K "odel. Shade i, de%ined a, the %ra.tion o%
potential ,olar radiation that i, 1lo.$ed 1* toporaph* and (eetation. An /9.el8+=A prora"
na"ed VShade.9l,B i, a(aila1le %ro" the )a,hinton -epart"ent o% /.olo* to e,ti"ate ,hade
%ro" toporaph* and riparian (eetation 5/.olo* 200C6. 2np&t (al&e, o% interated ho&rl*
e,ti"ate, o% ,hade %or ea.h rea.h are entered on the Shade +or,sheet o% QUAL2K.
<"2"2 Atmo!('eri1 Long@wave Radiation
The do#n#ard %l&9 o% lon#a(e radiation %ro" the at"o,phere i, one o% the lare,t ter", in the
,&r%a.e heat 1alan.e. Thi, %l&9 .an 1e .al.&lated &,in the Ste%anA=olt<"ann la#
( ) ( )
' sk- ai% an
* $ " + > 27C
F

(42)
#here J the Ste%anA=olt<"ann .on,tant J >>.79>0
A;
.al85."
2
d K
F
6, $ai% J air te"perat&re L
o
CM,
.sk- J e%%e.ti(e e"i,,i(it* o% the at"o,phere Ldi"en,ionle,,M, and *' J lon#a(e re%le.tion
.oe%%i.ient Ldi"en,ionle,,M. /"i,,i(it* i, the ratio o% the lon#a(e radiation %ro" an o13e.t
.o"pared #ith the radiation %ro" a per%e.t e"itter at the ,a"e te"perat&re. The re%le.tion
.oe%%i.ient i, enerall* ,"all and i, a,,&"ed to e:&al 0.0C.
QUAL2K 22 J&ne 2;, 2007
The at"o,pheri. lon#a(e radiation "odel i, ,ele.ted on the Li4ht and Heat +or,sheet o%
QUAL2K. Three alternati(e "ethod, are a(aila1le %or &,e in QUAL2K to repre,ent the e%%e.ti(e
e"i,,i(it* 5sk-6:
16 7runt 8default6
=r&ntB, 5>?C26 e:&ation i, an e"piri.al "odel that ha, 1een .o""onl* &,ed in #aterA:&alit*
"odel, 5Tho"ann and M&eller >?;76,
ai% b a clea%
e A A +
#here Aa and Ab are e"piri.al .oe%%i.ient,. +al&e, o% Aa ha(e 1een reported to rane %ro" a1o&t
0.G to 0.7 and (al&e, o% Ab ha(e 1een reported to rane %ro" a1o&t 0.0C> to 0.07H ""H
0.G
%or a
#ide rane o% at"o,pheri. .ondition,. QUAL2K &,e, a de%a&lt "idArane (al&e o% Aa J 0.H
toether #ith a (al&e o% Ab J 0.0C> ""H
A0.G
i% the =r&nt "ethod i, ,ele.ted on the Li4ht and
Heat +or,sheet.
!6 7rutsaert
The =r&t,aert e:&ation i, ph*,i.all*A1a,ed in,tead o% e"piri.all* deri(ed and ha, 1een ,ho#n to
*ield ,ati,%a.tor* re,&lt, o(er a #ide rane o% at"o,pheri. .ondition, o% air te"perat&re and
h&"idit* at inter"ediate latit&de, %or .ondition, a1o(e %ree<in 5=r&t,aert, >?;26.
7 8 >
CCC22F . >
2F . >

,
_

a
ai%
clea%
$
e

#here eai% i, the air (apor pre,,&re L"" HM, and $a i, the air te"perat&re in WK. The %a.tor o%
>.CCC22F .on(ert, the (apor pre,,&re %ro" "" H to "illi1ar,. The air (apor pre,,&re Lin ""
HM i, .o"p&ted a, 5'a&d$i(i >?7?6:
d
d
$
$
ai%
e e
+

C . 2C7
27 . >7
G?H . F

(43)
#here $d J the de#Apoint te"perat&re L
o
CM.
#6 *ober4
Ko1er 5>?HF6 reported that the Aa in =r&ntB, %or"&la depend, on 1oth air te"perat&re and the
ratio o% the in.ident ,olar radiation to the .learA,$* radiation 5*sc6. A, in !i&re >H, he pre,ented a
,erie, o% .&r(e, indi.atin that Aa in.rea,e, #ith $ai% and de.rea,e, #ith *sc #ith Ab held .on,tant
at 0.02HC "illi1ar,
0.G
5a1o&t 0.0C> ""H
0.G
6.
The %ollo#in pol*no"ial i, &,ed in Q2K to pro(ide a .ontin&o&, appro9i"ation o% Ko1erB,
.&r(e,.
k ai% k ai% k a
c $ b $ a A + +
2
QUAL2K 2C J&ne 2;, 2007
#here
0.000>>0H 0.0007C0;7 0.00>2>>CF 0.0007HFC7
2 C
+ +
sc sc sc k
* * * a
0.02G;HHGG 0.>CC?7??2 0.220FFGG 0.>27?H;F2
2 C
+
sc sc sc k
* * * b
>.FC0G27G7 C.FCF02F>C G.HG?0?H0? C.2G2722F?
2 C
+ +
sc sc sc k
* * * c
The %it o% thi, pol*no"ial to point, ,a"pled %ro" Ko1erB, .&r(e, are depi.ted in !i&re >H. 7ote
that an &pper li"it o% 0.7CG i, pre,.ri1ed %or Aa.
#"9
#"<
#"=
#"?
#"$
#"/
@< # < / 22 2? 2# 2< 2/ 92
#"9
#"<
#"=
#"?
#"$
#"/
@< # < / 22 2? 2# 2< 2/ 92
K
o
8
e
r
g
F
!

G
A
a
H

1
o
n
!
t
a
n
t

f
o
r
:
r
u
n
t
F
!

e
D
u
a
t
i
o
n

f
o
r

l
o
n
g
w
a
v
e

r
a
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
Air tem(erature T
air
(
o
&%
#"A=
#"A#
#"/=
#"/#
#"$=
#"?=
#"=#
2"##
Ratio of in1ident to 1lear !ky radiation R
sc
Figure 2? -'e (oint! are !am(led from Ko8ergF! family of 1urve! for determining t'e
value of t'e %a 1on!tant in :runtF! eDuation for atmo!('eri1 longwave radiation
(Ko8erg) 2A?<%" -'e line! are t'e fun1tional re(re!entation u!ed in Q2K"
!or .lo&d* .ondition, the at"o,pheri. e"i,,i(it* "a* in.rea,e a, a re,&lt o% in.rea,ed #ater
(apor .ontent. Hih .irr&, .lo&d, "a* ha(e a nelii1le e%%e.t on at"o,pheri. e"i,,i(it*, 1&t
lo#er ,trat&, and .&"&l&, .lo&d, "a* ha(e a ,ini%i.ant e%%e.t. The Ko1er "ethod a..o&nt, %or
the e%%e.t o% .lo&d, on the e"i,,i(it* o% lon#a(e radiation in the deter"ination o% the Aa
.oe%%i.ient. The =r&nt and =r&t,aert "ethod, deter"ine e"i,,i(it* o% a .lear ,$* and do not
a..o&nt %or the e%%e.t o% .lo&d,. There%ore, i% the =r&nt or =r&t,aert "ethod, are ,ele.ted, then the
e%%e.ti(e at"o,pheri. e"i,,i(it* %or .lo&d* ,$ie, 5.sk-6 i, e,ti"ated %ro" the .lear ,$* e"i,,i(it*
1* &,in a nonlinear %&n.tion o% the %ra.tional .lo&d .o(er 5!'6 o% the %or" 5T+A, >?726:
6 >7 . 0 > 5
2
' clea% sk-
! +
(44)
The ,ele.tion o% the lon#a(e "odel %or a parti.&lar appli.ation ,ho&ld ideall* 1e &ided 1*
a .o"pari,on o% predi.ted re,&lt, #ith "ea,&red (al&e, at a re%eren.e lo.ation. Ho#e(er, dire.t
"ea,&re"ent, are rarel* .olle.ted. The =r&t,aert "ethod i, re.o""ended to repre,ent a #ide
rane o% at"o,pheri. .ondition,.
<"2"9 Water Long@wave Radiation
The 1a.$ radiation %ro" the #ater ,&r%a.e i, repre,ented 1* the Ste%anA=olt<"ann la#,
QUAL2K 2F J&ne 2;, 2007
( )
F
27C + $ "
b%

(45)
#here J e"i,,i(it* o% #ater 5J 0.?76 and $ J the #ater te"perat&re L
o
CM.
<"2"< &ondu1tion and &onve1tion
!onduction i, the tran,%er o% heat %ro" "ole.&le to "ole.&le #hen "atter o% di%%erent
te"perat&re, are 1ro&ht into .onta.t. !onvection i, heat tran,%er that o..&r, d&e to "a,,
"o(e"ent o% %l&id,. =oth .an o..&r at the airA#ater inter%a.e and .an 1e de,.ri1ed 1*,
( ) ( )
ai% s w c
$ $ U ) c "
>
(46)
#here c
>
J =o#en4, .oe%%i.ient 5J 0.F7 ""H8
o
C6. The ter", )5U
w
6, de%ine, the dependen.e o%
the tran,%er on #ind (elo.it* o(er the #ater ,&r%a.e #here U
w
i, the #ind ,peed "ea,&red a %i9ed
di,tan.e a1o(e the #ater ,&r%a.e.
Man* relation,hip, e9i,t to de%ine the #ind dependen.e. =ra, 5>??06, /diner et al. 5>?7F6,
and Shanahan 5>?;F6 pro(ide re(ie#, o% (ario&, "ethod,. So"e re,ear.her, ha(e propo,ed that
.ond&.tion8.on(e.tion and e(aporation are nelii1le in the a1,en.e o% #ind 5e.. Mar.iano and
Har1e.$, >?G26, #hi.h i, .on,i,tent #ith the a,,&"ption that onl* "ole.&lar pro.e,,e, .ontri1&te
to the tran,%er o% "a,, and heat #itho&t #ind 5/diner et al. >?7F6. @ther, ha(e ,ho#n that
,ini%i.ant .ond&.tion8.on(e.tion and e(aporation .an o..&r in the a1,en.e o% #ind 5e.. =rad*
Gra(e, and Ge*er >?H?, Har1e.$ >?H2, '*an and Harle"an >?7>, Hel%ri.h et al. >?;2, and
Ada", et al. >?;76. Thi, latter opinion ha, ained %a(or 5/diner et al. >?7F6, e,pe.iall* %or
#ater1odie, that e9hi1it #ater te"perat&re, that are reater than the air te"perat&re.
=rad*, Gra(e,, and Ge*er 5>?H?6 pointed o&t that i% the #ater ,&r%a.e te"perat&re i, #ar"er
than the air te"perat&re, then Xthe air ad3a.ent to the #ater ,&r%a.e #o&ld tend to 1e.o"e 1oth
#ar"er and "ore "oi,t than that a1o(e it, there1* 5d&e to 1oth o% the,e %a.tor,6 1e.o"in le,,
den,e. The re,&ltin (erti.al .on(e.ti(e air .&rrent, Q "iht 1e e9pe.ted to a.hie(e "&.h hiher
rate, o% heat and "a,, tran,%er %ro" the #ater ,&r%a.e Le(en in the a1,en.e o% #indM than #o&ld
1e po,,i1le 1* "ole.&lar di%%&,ion aloneY 5/diner et al. >?7F6. )ater te"perat&re, in nat&ral
#ater1odie, are %re:&entl* reater than the air te"perat&re, e,pe.iall* at niht.
/diner et al. 5>?7F6 re.o""end that the relation,hip that #a, propo,ed 1* =rad*, Gra(e,
and Ge*er 5>?H?6 1a,ed on data %ro" .oolin pond,, .o&ld 1e repre,entati(e o% "o,t
en(iron"ental .ondition,. Shanahan 5>?;F6 re.o""end, that the La$e He%ner e:&ation
5Mar.iano and Har1e.$, >?G26 i, appropriate %or nat&ral #ater, in #hi.h the #ater te"perat&re i,
le,, than the air te"perat&re. Shanahan al,o re.o""end, that the '*an and Harle"an 5>?7>6
e:&ation a, re.ali1rated 1* Hel%ri.h et al. 5>?;26 i, 1e,t ,&ited %or #ater1odie, that e9perien.e
#ater te"perat&re, that are reater than the air te"perat&re. Ada", et al. 5>?;76 re(i,ited the
'*an and Harle"an and Hel%ri.h et al. "odel, and propo,ed another re.ali1ration &,in
additional data %or #ater1odie, that e9hi1it #ater te"perat&re, that are reater than the air
te"perat&re.
Three option, are a(aila1le on the Li4ht and Heat +or,sheet in QUAL2K to .al.&late
)5Uw6:
QUAL2K 2G J&ne 2;, 2007
16 7rady1 ;ra:es1 and ;eyer 8default6
2
?G . 0 0 . >? 6 5
w w
U U ) +
#here U
w
J #ind ,peed at a heiht o% 7 " L"8,M.
!6 )dams 1
Ada", et al. 5>?;76 &pdated the #or$ o% '*an and Harle"an 5>?7>6 and Hel%ri.h et al. 5>?;26 to
deri(e an e"piri.al "odel o% the #ind ,peed %&n.tion %or heated #ater, that a..o&nt, %or the
enhan.e"ent o% .on(e.tion .&rrent, #hen the (irt&al te"perat&re di%%eren.e 1et#een the #ater
and air 5v in deree, !6 i, reater than <ero. T#o #ind %&n.tion, reported 1* Ada", et al., al,o
$no#n a, the /a,t Me,a "ethod, are i"ple"ented in QUAL2K 5#ind ,peed in the,e e:&ation, i,
at a heiht o% 2"6.
Thi, %or"&lation &,e, an e"piri.al %&n.tion to e,ti"ate the e%%e.t o% .on(e.tion .&rrent,
.a&,ed 1* (irt&al te"perat&re di%%eren.e, 1et#een #ater and air, and the Har1e.$ 5>?H26 e:&ation
i, &,ed to repre,ent the .ontri1&tion to .ond&.tion8.on(e.tion and e(aporation that i, not d&e to
.on(e.tion .&rrent, .a&,ed 1* hih (irt&al #ater te"perat&re.
2
,
0G . 0
,
2 C 8 >
6 2 . 2F 5 6 F . 22 5 27> . 0 6 5
(ph w i ac%es v w
U A U )

+
#here Uw,(ph i, #ind ,peed in "ph and Aac%es,i i, ,&r%a.e area o% ele"ent i in a.re,. The .on,tant
0.27> .on(ert, the oriinal &nit, o% =TU %t
2
da*
>
""H
>
to .al ."
2
da*
>
""H
>
.
#6 )dams !
Thi, %or"&lation &,e, an e"piri.al %&n.tion o% (irt&al te"perat&re di%%eren.e, #ith the Mar.iano
and Har1e.$ 5>?G26 e:&ation %or the .ontri1&tion to .ond&.tion8.on(e.tion and e(aporation that
i, not d&e to the hih (irt&al #ater te"perat&re
2
,
2 C 8 >
6 >7 5 6 F . 22 5 27> . 0 6 5
(ph w v w
U U ) +
+irt&al te"perat&re i, de%ined a, the te"perat&re o% dr* air that ha, the ,a"e den,it* a, air
&nder the in ,it& .ondition, o% h&"idit*. The (irt&al te"perat&re di%%eren.e 1et#een the #ater and
air 5
v
in W!6 a..o&nt, %or the 1&o*an.* o% the "oi,t air a1o(e a heated #ater ,&r%a.e. The
(irt&al te"perat&re di%%eren.e i, e,ti"ated %ro" #ater te"perat&re 5$w,) in W!6, air te"perat&re
5$ai%,) in W!6, (apor pre,,&re o% #ater and air 5es and eai% in ""H6, and the at"o,pheri. pre,,&re
5pat( i, e,ti"ated a, ,tandard at"o,pheri. pre,,&re o% 7H0 ""H in QUAL2K6:

,
_

+
+

,
_

+
+
FH0
8 C7; . 0 >
FH0
FH0
8 C7; . 0 >
FH0
, ,
at( ai%
) ai%
at( s
) w
v
p e
$
p e
$

(47)
QUAL2K 2H J&ne 2;, 2007
The heiht o% #ind ,peed "ea,&re"ent, i, al,o an i"portant .on,ideration %or e,ti"atin
.ond&.tion8.on(e.tion and e(aporation. QUAL2K internall* ad3&,t, the #ind ,peed to the .orre.t
heiht %or the #ind %&n.tion that i, ,ele.ted on the Li4ht and Heat +or,sheet. The inp&t (al&e,
%or #ind ,peed on the +ind Speed +or,sheet in QUAL2K are a,,&"ed to 1e repre,entati(e o%
.ondition, at a heiht o% 7 "eter, a1o(e the #ater ,&r%a.e. To .on(ert #ind ,peed "ea,&re"ent,
5Uw,+ in "8,6 ta$en at an* heiht 5+w in "eter,6 to the e:&i(alent .ondition, at a heiht o% + J 7 "
%or inp&t to the +ind Speed +or,sheet o% QUAL2K, the e9ponential #ind la# e:&ation "a* 1e
&,ed 5T+A, >?726:
>G . 0

,
_

w
w+ w
+
+
U U
(48)
!or e9a"ple, i% #ind ,peed data #ere .olle.ted %ro" a heiht o% 2 ", then the #ind ,peed at 7
" %or inp&t to the +ind Speed +or,sheet o% QUAL2K #o&ld 1e e,ti"ated 1* "&ltipl*in the
"ea,&red #ind ,peed 1* a %a.tor o% >.2.

<"2"= 6va(oration and &onden!ation
The heat lo,, d&e to e(aporation .an 1e repre,ented 1* -altonB, la#,
6 65 5
ai% s w e
e e U ) "
(49)
#here e
s
J the ,at&ration (apor pre,,&re at the #ater ,&r%a.e L""HM, and eai% J the air (apor
pre,,&re L""HM. The ,at&ration (apor pre,,&re i, .o"p&ted a,
$
$
ai%
e e
+

C . 2C7
27 . >7
G?H . F
(50)
4.2 "ediment&'ater Heat Trans#er
A heat 1alan.e %or 1otto" ,edi"ent &nderl*in a #ater ele"ent i .an 1e #ritten a,
i sed ps s
i s i s
H !
"
dt
d$
,
, ,

(51)
#here $s,i J the te"perat&re o% the 1otto" ,edi"ent 1elo# ele"ent i L
o
CM, "s,i J the ,edi"entA
#ater heat %l&9 L.al85."
2
d6M, s J the den,it* o% the ,edi"ent, L8."
C
M, !ps J the ,pe.i%i. heat o%
the ,edi"ent, L.al85
o
C6M, and Hsed,i J the e%%e.ti(e thi.$ne,, o% the ,edi"ent la*er L."M.
The %l&9 %ro" the ,edi"ent, to the #ater .an 1e .o"p&ted a,
QUAL2K 27 J&ne 2;, 2007
( )
d
, F00 , ;H
2 8
,
,

i si
i sed
s
ps s i s
$ $
H
! "

(52)
#here s J the ,edi"ent ther"al di%%&,i(it* L."
2
8,M.
The ther"al propertie, o% ,o"e nat&ral ,edi"ent, alon #ith it, .o"ponent, are ,&""ari<ed
in Ta1le F. 7ote that ,o%t, elatino&, ,edi"ent, %o&nd in the depo,ition <one, o% la$e, are (er*
poro&, and approa.h the (al&e, %or #ater. So"e (er* ,lo#, i"po&nded ri(er, "a* approa.h ,&.h
a ,tate. Ho#e(er, ri(er, tend to ha(e .oar,er ,edi"ent, #ith ,ini%i.ant %ra.tion, o% ,and,, ra(el,
and ,tone,. Upland ,trea", .an ha(e 1otto", that are do"inated 1* 1o&lder, and ro.$ ,&1,trate,.
QUAL2K 2; J&ne 2;, 2007
-a8le < -'ermal (ro(ertie! for natural !ediment! and t'e material! t'at 1om(ri!e natural
!ediment!"

Table '. Thermal #ro#erties of various materials
Ty#e of material !p
Cp reference
1m12C cal1s1cm12C m
2
1s cm
2
1s $1cm" cal13$ 2C4 cal13cm5" 2C4
Sediment samples
Mud 6lat 1./2 0.00'' './07&00 0.00'/ 0..08 314
*and 2.%0 0.0080 0..07&00 0.000. 0.0%0 9
Mud *and 1./0 0.00'" %.107&00 0.00%1 0./'' 9
Mud 1.00 0.00'1 '.%07&00 0.00'% 0..0" 9
(et *and 1.80 0.00'0 0.007&00 0.0000 0.%00 324
*and 2": saturation ith ater 1./2 0.00'' 1.287&08 0.0128 0."'% 3"4
(et ;eat 0."8 0.000. 1.207&00 0.0012 0.010 324
Roc, 1.08 0.00'2 1.1/7&08 0.011/ 0."%0 3'4
<oam 0%: saturation ith ater 1.0/ 0.00'" 8.007&00 0.0080 0.00. 3"4
<a,e, $elatinous sediments 0.'8 0.0011 2.007&00 0.0020 0.%%0 3%4
Concrete canal 1.%% 0.00"0 /.007&00 0.00/0 2.200 0.210 0.'80 9
Average of sediment samples: 1.57 0.0037 6.45E07 0.0064 0.647
!is"ellaneo#s meas#rements:
<a,e, shoreline 0.%. 0.001' 3%4
<a,e soft sediments ".2%7&00 0.00"" 9
<a,e, ith sand '.007&00 0.00'0 9
River, sand bed 0.007&00 0.0000 9
Component materials:
(ater 0.%. 0.001' 1.'07&00 0.001' 1.000 0.... 1.000 384
Clay 1."0 0.00"1 ../07&00 0.00./ 1.'.0 0.210 0."10 9
*oil, dry 1.0. 0.0028 ".007&00 0.00"0 1.%00 0.'8% 0.000 9
*and 0.%. 0.001' '.007&00 0.00'0 1.%20 0.1.0 0.2.0 9
*oil, et 1./0 0.00'" '.%07&00 0.00'% 1./10 0.%2% 0..%0 9
Granite 2./. 0.008. 1.207&08 0.0120 2.000 0.202 0.%'0 9
Average of "omposite materials: 1.37 0.0033 6.13E07 0.0061 1.670 0.43$ 0.63$
314 Andres and Rodvey 31./04
324 Gei$er 31.8%4
3"4 =a,shabandi and >ohn,e 31.8%4
3'4 Cho 31.8'4 and Carsla and ?ae$er 31.%.4
3%4 )utchinson 1.%0, ?obson 1.00, and <i,ens and ?ohnson 1.8.
384 Cen$el, Gri$ull, Mills, +e@an, >reith and +ohn
thermal conductivity thermal diffusivity
2n,pe.tion o% the .o"ponent propertie, o% Ta1le F ,&e,t, that the pre,en.e o% ,olid "aterial
in ,trea" ,edi"ent, lead, to a hiher .oe%%i.ient o% ther"al di%%&,i(it* than that %or #ater or
poro&, la$e ,edi"ent,. 2n Q2K, #e ,&e,t a de%a&lt (al&e o% 0.00G ."
2
8, %or thi, :&antit*.
2n addition, ,pe.i%i. heat tend, to de.rea,e #ith den,it*. Th&,, the prod&.t o% the,e t#o
:&antitie, tend, to 1e "ore .on,tant than the "&ltipli.and,. 7e(erthele,,, it appear, that the
pre,en.e o% ,olid "aterial in ,trea" ,edi"ent, lead, to a lo#er prod&.t than that %or #ater or
elatino&, la$e ,edi"ent,. 2n Q2K, #e ,&e,t de%a&lt (al&e, o% s J >.H 8."
C
and !ps J 0.F
.al85
o
C6. Thi, .orre,pond, to a prod&.t o% 0.HF .al85."
C

o
C6 %or thi, :&antit*. !inall*, a, deri(ed
in Appendi9 C, the ,edi"ent thi.$ne,, i, ,et 1* de%a&lt to >0 ." in order to .apt&re the e%%e.t o%
the ,edi"ent, on the diel heat 1&det %or the #ater.
QUAL2K 2? J&ne 2;, 2007
= &54S-3-U64- M506L
(.1 Constituents and )eneral *ass Balance
The "odel .on,tit&ent, are li,ted in Ta1le G.
-a8le = Model !tate varia8le!
aria8le Sym8ol Unit!I
&ondu1tivity s m'o!
3norgani1 !u!(ended !olid! mi
mg0JL
0i!!olved o7ygen o mg52JL
Slowly rea1ting &:50 cs
mg52JL
Fa!t rea1ting &:50 cf
mg52JL
5rgani1 nitrogen no
g4JL
Ammonia nitrogen na
g4JL
4itrate nitrogen nn
g4JL
5rgani1 ('o!('oru! po
g+JL
3norgani1 ('o!('oru! pi
g+JL
+'yto(lankton ap
gAJL
0etritu! mo
mg0JL
+at'ogen X 1fuJ2## mL
Alkalinity Alk mg&a&59JL
-otal inorgani1 1ar8on cT
moleJL
:ottom algae 8ioma!! ab
mgAJm
2
:ottom algae nitrogen INb
mg4Jm
2
:ottom algae ('o!('oru! Ib
mg+Jm
2
U "8L 8"
C
S 2n addition, the ter", -, C, 7, P, and A re%er to dr* #eiht, .ar1on, nitroen,
pho,phor&,, and .hloroph*ll a, re,pe.ti(el*. The ter" .%& ,tand, %or .olon* %or"in &nit #hi.h i, a
"ea,&re o% (ia1le 1a.terial n&"1er,.
!or all 1&t the 1otto" alae (aria1le,, a eneral "a,, 1alan.e %or a .on,tit&ent in an ele"ent
i, #ritten a, 5!i&re >76
( ) ( )
i
i
i
i i
i
i
i i
i
i
i
i
i out
i
i
i
i
i
i i
S
V
#
c c
V
E
c c
V
E
c
V
Q
c
V
Q
c
V
Q
dt
dc
+ + + +
+

>
4
>
4
>
,
>
>
(53)
#here #i J the e9ternal loadin o% the .on,tit&ent to ele"ent i L8d or "8dM, and Si J ,o&r.e, and
,in$, o% the .on,tit&ent d&e to rea.tion, and "a,, tran,%er "e.hani,", L8"
C
8d or "8"
C
8dM.
QUAL2K C0 J&ne 2;, 2007
i
inflow outflow
di!(er!ion di!(er!ion
ma!! load ma!! wit'drawal
atmo!('eri1
tran!fer
!ediment! 8ottom algae
Figure 2$ Ma!! 8alan1e"
The e9ternal load i, .o"p&ted a, 5re.all /:. 26,


+
npsi
j
j npsi j i nps
psi
j
j psi j i ps i
c Q c Q #
>
, , ,
>
, , ,
(54)
#here cps,i,j i, the jth point ,o&r.e .on.entration %or ele"ent i L"8L or 8LM, and cnps,i,j i, the jth
nonApoint ,o&r.e .on.entration %or ele"ent i L"8L or 8LM.
!or 1otto" alae, the tran,port and loadin ter", are o"itted,
i b
i b
S
dt
da
,
,
(55)
i b/
b
S
dt
d&/
,
(56)
i bP
b
S
dt
d&P
,
(57)
#here Sb,i J ,o&r.e, and ,in$, o% 1otto" alae 1io"a,, d&e to rea.tion, L"A8"
2
8dM, Sb/,i J
,o&r.e, and ,in$, o% 1otto" alae nitroen d&e to rea.tion, L"78"
2
8dM, and SbP,i J ,o&r.e, and
,in$, o% 1otto" alae pho,phor&, d&e to rea.tion, L"P8"
2
8dM.
The ,o&r.e, and ,in$, %or the ,tate (aria1le, are depi.ted in !i&re >; 5note that the internal
le(el, o% nitroen and pho,phor&, in the 1otto" alae are not depi.ted6. The "athe"ati.al
repre,entation, o% the,e pro.e,,e, are pre,ented in the %ollo#in ,e.tion,.
QUAL2K C> J&ne 2;, 2007
dn
a
p
!
(
c
T
o
p
i
p
o
'
e
d
!
!
!
!od 1f
re
c
T
o
!e
!e
!e
!e
!
!
m
i
s
Alk
!
X
'
n
a
n
o
n
n
n
c
f
'
c
s
o7
o7
c
T
o
c
T
o
m
o
d!
r
od
r
da
r
nd
r
pd
r
na
r
ap
r
pa
r
an
r7
r
c
T
o
a
b
IN
b
I
b
dn
a
p
!
(
c
T
o
p
i
p
o
'
e
d
!
!
!
!od 1f
re
c
T
o
!e
!e
!e
!e
!
!
m
i
s
Alk
!
X
'
n
a
n
o
n
n
n
c
f
'
c
s
o7
o7
c
T
o
c
T
o
m
o
d!
r
od
r
da
r
nd
r
pd
r
na
r
ap
r
pa
r
an
r7
r
c
T
o
a
b
IN
b
I
b
a
b
IN
b
I
b
Figure 2/ Model kineti1! and ma!! tran!fer (ro1e!!e!" -'e !tate varia8le! are defined in
-a8le =" Kineti1 (ro1e!!e! are di!!olution (d!%) 'ydroly!i! ('%) o7idation (o7%)
nitrifi1ation (n%) denitrifi1ation (dn%) ('oto!ynt'e!i! ((%) re!(iration (r%) e71retion
(e%) deat' (d%) re!(irationJe71retion (r7%" Ma!! tran!fer (ro1e!!e! are reaeration
(re%) !ettling (!%) !ediment o7ygen demand (S50%) !ediment e71'ange (!e%) and
!ediment inorgani1 1ar8on flu7 (1f%"
(.2 +eaction Fundamentals
="2"2 :io1'emi1al Rea1tion!
The %ollo#in .he"i.al e:&ation, are &,ed to repre,ent the "a3or 1io.he"i.al rea.tion, that ta$e
pla.e in the "odel 5St&"" and Moran >??H6:
<lant <hotosynthesis and .espiration:
A""oni&" a, ,&1,trate:
+ +
+ +


+ + + H >F @ >0H P 7 @ H C @ H >0H HP@ 7H >H >0HC@
2 > >H >>0 2HC >0H
'
P
2
2
F F 2
(58)
7itrate a, ,&1,trate:
2 > >H >>0 2HC >0H
'
P
K
2
2
F C 2
@ >C; P 7 @ H C >;H K @ H >22 HP@ 7@ >H >0HC@ +


+ + +

(59)
Nitrification:
QUAL2K C2 J&ne 2;, 2007
+ +
+ + + 2H @ H 7@ 2@ 7H
2 C 2 F
(60)
Denitrification:
@ 7H 27 GC@ FH F7@ @ GCH
2 2 2 C 2
+ + + +
+
(61)
7ote that a n&"1er o% additional rea.tion, are &,ed in the "odel ,&.h a, tho,e in(ol(ed #ith
,i"&latin pH and &nioni<ed a""onia. The,e #ill 1e o&tlined #hen the,e topi., are di,.&,,ed
later in thi, do.&"ent.
="2"2 Stoi1'iometry of 5rgani1 Matter
The "odel re:&ire, that the ,toi.hio"etr* o% orani. "atter 5i.e., ph*toplan$ton and detrit&,6 1e
,pe.i%ied 1* the &,er. The %ollo#in repre,entation i, ,&e,ted a, a %ir,t appro9i"ation 5'ed%ield
et al. >?HC, Chapra >??76,
"A >000 : "P >000 : "7 7200 : C F0 : - >00 (62)
#here Z J "a,, o% ele"ent Z LM and "I J "a,, o% ele"ent I L"M. The ter", -, C, 7, P, and
A re%er to dr* #eiht, .ar1on, nitroen, pho,phor&,, and .hloroph*ll a, re,pe.ti(el*. 2t ,ho&ld 1e
noted that .hloroph*ll a i, the "o,t (aria1le o% the,e :&antitie, #ith a rane o% appro9i"atel*
G00A2000 "A 5La#, and Chal&p >??0, Chapra >??76.
The,e (al&e, are then .o"1ined to deter"ine ,toi.hio"etri. ratio, a, in
I
Z

x-
% (63)
!or e9a"ple, the a"o&nt o% detrit&, 5in ra", dr* #eiht or -6 that i, relea,ed d&e to the death
o% a &nit a"o&nt o% ph*toplan$ton 5in "illira", o% .hloroph*ll a or "A6 .an 1e .o"p&ted a,
"A
-
> . 0
"A >000
- >00

da
%
="2"2"2 57ygen *eneration and &on!um(tion
The "odel re:&ire, that the rate, o% o9*en eneration and .on,&"ption 1e pre,.ri1ed. 2%
a""onia i, the ,&1,trate, the %ollo#in ratio 51a,ed on /:. G;6 .an 1e &,ed to deter"ine the
ra", o% o9*en enerated %or ea.h ra" o% plant "atter that i, prod&.ed thro&h photo,*nthe,i,.
C
@
H7 . 2
6 C8"oleC >2 5 "oleC >0H
6 8"ole@ @ C2 5 "ole@ >0H
2 2 2 2

oca
% (64)
2% nitrate i, the ,&1,trate, the %ollo#in ratio 51a,ed on /:. G?6 applie,
C
@
F7 . C
6 C8"oleC >2 5 "oleC >0H
6 8"ole@ @ C2 5 "ole@ >C;
2 2 2 2

ocn
%
(65)
QUAL2K CC J&ne 2;, 2007
7ote that /:. 5G;6 i, al,o &,ed %or the ,toi.hio"etr* o% the a"o&nt o% o9*en .on,&"ed %or plant
re,piration.
!or nitri%i.ation, the %ollo#in ratio i, 1a,ed on /:. 5H06
7
@
G7 . F
6 78"ole7 >F 5 "ole7 >
6 8"ole@ @ C2 5 "ole@ 2
2 2 2 2

on
%
(66)
="2"2"2 &:50 UtiliEation 0ue to 0enitrifi1ation
A, repre,ented 1* /:. 5H>6, C=@- i, &tili<ed d&rin denitri%i.ation,

"7
@
0.002;H
"7 >000
7 >
78"ole7 >F "ole7 F
C8"oleC >2 "oleC G
C
@
H7 . 2
2 2

ondn
%
(67)
="2"9 -em(erature 6ffe1t! on Rea1tion!
The te"perat&re e%%e.t %or all %ir,tAorder rea.tion, &,ed in the "odel i, repre,ented 1*
20
6 20 5 6 5

$
k $ k
(68)
#here k5$6 J the rea.tion rate L8dM at te"perat&re $ L
o
CM and J the te"perat&re .oe%%i.ient %or
the rea.tion.
(.3 Com!osite ,ariables
2n addition to the "odel4, ,tate (aria1le,, Q2K al,o di,pla*, ,e(eral .o"po,ite (aria1le, that are
.o"p&ted a, %ollo#,:
Total @rani. Car1on 5"C8L6:
o cd p ca
oc
) s
( % a %
%
c c
$0! + +
+
(69)
Total 7itroen 578L6:
p na n a o
a % n n n $/ + + +
(70)
Total Pho,phor&, 5P8L6:
p pa i o
a % p p $P + +
(71)
Total K3eldahl 7itroen 578L6:
p na a o
a % n n $1/ + +
(72)
QUAL2K CF J&ne 2;, 2007
Total S&,pended Solid, 5"-8L6:
i o p da
( ( a % $SS + +
(73)
Ulti"ate Car1ona.eo&, =@- 5"@28L6:
o cd oc p ca oc ) s u
( % % a % % c c !B02 + + +
(74)
(.4 +elationshi! o# *odel ,ariables and ata
!or all 1&t ,lo# and %a,t C=@- 5c) and cs6, there e9i,t, a relati(el* ,traiht%or#ard relation,hip
1et#een the "odel ,tate (aria1le, and ,tandard #aterA:&alit* "ea,&re"ent,. The,e are o&tlined
ne9t. Then #e di,.&,, i,,&e, related to the "ore di%%i.&lt pro1le" o% "ea,&rin C=@-.
="<"2 4on@&:50 aria8le! and 0ata
The %ollo#in are "ea,&re"ent, that are needed %or .o"pari,on o% nonA=@- (aria1le, #ith
"odel o&tp&t:
T/MP J te"perat&re 5
o
C6
TK7 J total $3eldahl nitroen 578L6 or T7 J total nitroen 578L6
7HF J a""oni&" nitroen 578L6
7@2 J nitrite nitroen 578L6
7@C J nitrate nitroen 578L6
CHLA J .hloroph*ll a 5A8L6
TP J total pho,phor&, 5P8L6
S'P J ,ol&1le rea.ti(e pho,phor&, 5P8L6
TSS J total ,&,pended ,olid, 5"-8L6
+SS J (olatile ,&,pended ,olid, 5"-8L6
T@C J total orani. .ar1on 5"C8L6
-@C J di,,ol(ed orani. .ar1on 5"C8L6
-@ J di,,ol(ed o9*en 5"@28L6
PH J pH
ALK J al$alinit* 5"CaC@C8L6
C@7- J ,pe.i%i. .ond&.tan.e 5"ho,6
The "odel ,tate (aria1le, .an then 1e related to the,e "ea,&re"ent, a, %ollo#,:
s J C@7-
(i J TSS N +SS or TSS N %dc 5T@C N -@C6
o J -@
no J TK7 N 7HF N %na CHLA or no J T7 N 7@2 N 7@C N 7HF N %na CHLA
na J 7HF
QUAL2K CG J&ne 2;, 2007
nn J 7@2 K 7@C
po J TP N S'P N %pa CHLA
pi J S'P
ap J CHLA
(o J +SS N %da CHLA or %dc 5T@C N -@C6 N %da CHLA
pH J PH
Alk J ALK
="<"2 &ar8ona1eou! :50
The interpretation o% =@- "ea,&re"ent, in nat&ral #ater, i, .o"pli.ated 1* three pri"ar*
%a.tor,:
!iltered (er,&, &n%iltered. 2% the ,a"ple i, &n%iltered, the =@- #ill re%le.t o9idation o%
1oth di,,ol(ed and parti.&late orani. .ar1on. Sin.e Q2K di,tin&i,he, 1et#een
di,,ol(ed 5cs and c)6 and parti.&late 5(o and ap6 orani.,, an &n%iltered "ea,&re"ent alone
doe, not pro(ide an ade:&ate 1a,i, %or di,tin&i,hin the,e indi(id&al %or",. 2n addition,
one .o"ponent o% the parti.&late =@-, ph*toplan$ton 5ap6 .an %&rther .o"pli.ate the te,t
thro&h photo,*ntheti. o9*en eneration.
7itroeno&, =@-. Alon #ith the o9idation o% orani. .ar1on 5C=@-6, nitri%i.ation al,o
.ontri1&te, to o9*en depletion 57=@-6. Th&,, i% the ,a"ple 5a6 .ontain, red&.ed
nitroen and 516 nitri%i.ation i, not inhi1ited, the "ea,&re"ent in.l&de, 1oth t*pe, o%
=@-.
2n.&1ation ti"e. ShortAter", &,&all* GAda*, =@-, are t*pi.all* per%or"ed. =e.a&,e Q2K
&,e, &lti"ate C=@-, GAda* =@-, "&,t 1e .on(erted to &lti"ate =@-, in a ,en,i1le
%a,hion.
)e ,&e,t the %ollo#in a, pra.ti.al #a*, to "ea,&re C=@- in a "anner that a..o&nt, %or
the a1o(e %a.tor, and re,&lt, in "ea,&re"ent, that are .o"pati1le #ith Q2K.
"iltration. The ,a"ple ,ho&ld 1e %iltered prior to in.&1ation in order to ,eparate di,,ol(ed %ro"
parti.&late orani. .ar1on.
Nitrification inhibition. 7itri%i.ation .an 1e ,&ppre,,ed 1* addin a .he"i.al inhi1itin aent
,&.h a, TCMP 52A.hloroAHA5tri.hloro "eth*l6 p*ridine. The "ea,&re"ent then tr&l* re%le.t,
C=@-. 2n the e(ent that inhi1ition i, not po,,i1le, the "ea,&red (al&e .an 1e .orre.ted %or
nitroen 1* ,&1tra.tin the o9*en e:&i(alent, o% the red&.ed nitroen 5J %on TK76 in the
,a"ple. Ho#e(er, a, #ith all ,&.h di%%eren.eA1a,ed ad3&,t"ent,, thi, .orre.tion "a* e9hi1it
,&1,tantial error.
QUAL2K CH J&ne 2;, 2007
=ncubation time. The "odel i, 1a,ed on &lti"ate C=@-, ,o t#o approa.he, are po,,i1le: 5>6 &,e
a ,&%%i.ientl* lon period ,o that the &lti"ate (al&e i, "ea,&red, or 526 &,e a GAda* "ea,&re"ent
and e9trapolate the re,&lt to the &lti"ate. The latter "ethod i, o%ten .o"p&ted #ith the %or"&la
G
>
>
C=@-!7G
C=@-!7U
k
e

(75)
#here C=@-!7U
2
J the &lti"ate di,,ol(ed .ar1ona.eo&, =@- L"@28LM, C=@-!7G J the GA
da* di,,ol(ed .ar1ona.eo&, =@- L"@28LM, and k> J the C=@- de.o"po,ition rate in the 1ottle
L8dM.
2t ,ho&ld 1e noted that, 1e,ide, pra.ti.al .on,ideration, o% ti"e and e9pen,e, there "a* 1e
other 1ene%it, %ro" &,in the GAda* "ea,&re"ent #ith e9trapolation, rather that per%or"in the
lonerAter" C=@-. Altho&h e9trapolation doe, introd&.e ,o"e error, the GAda* (al&e ha, the
ad(antae that it #o&ld tend to "ini"i<e po,,i1le nitri%i.ation e%%e.t, #hi.h, e(en #hen
inhi1ited, .an 1ein to 1e e9erted on loner ti"e %ra"e,.
2% all the a1o(e pro(i,ion, are i"ple"ented, the re,&lt ,ho&ld .orre,pond to the "odel
(aria1le, 1*
c) K cs J C=@-!7U
Slow :ersus "ast 97OD. The %inal :&e,tion relate, to di,.ri"ination 1et#een %a,t and ,lo#
C=@-U. Altho&h #e 1elie(e that there i, .&rrentl* no ,inle, ,i"ple, e.ono"i.all*A%ea,i1le
an,#er to thi, pro1le", #e thin$ that the %ollo#in 2 ,trateie, repre,ent the 1e,t .&rrent
alternati(e,.
@ption >: 'epre,ent all the di,,ol(ed, o9idi<a1le orani. .ar1on #ith a ,inle pool 5%a,t C=@-6.
The "odel in.l&de, para"eter, to 1*pa,, ,lo# C=@-. 2% no ,lo# C=@- inp&t, are entered, thi,
e%%e.ti(el* drop, it %ro" the "odel. !or thi, .a,e,
c) J C=@-!7U
cs J 0
@ption 2: U,e an &lti"ate C=@- "ea,&re"ent %or the %a,t %ra.tion and .o"p&te ,lo# C=@- 1*
di%%eren.e #ith a -@C "ea,&re"ent. !or thi, .a,e,
c) J C=@-!7U
cs J %oc-@C N C=@-!7U
@ption 2 #or$, (er* ni.el* %or ,*,te", #here t#o di,tin.t t*pe, o% C=@- are pre,ent. !or
e9a"ple, ,e#ae e%%l&ent and a&to.hthono&, .ar1on %ro" the a:&ati. %ood .hain "iht 1e
.on,idered a, %a,t C=@-. 2n .ontra,t, ind&,trial #a,te#ater, ,&.h a, p&lp and paper "ill e%%l&ent
or allo.hthono&, -@C %ro" the #ater,hed "iht 1e .on,idered "ore re.al.itrant and hen.e .o&ld
1e l&"ped into the ,lo# C=@- %ra.tion. 2n ,&.h .a,e, the h*drol*,i, rate .on(ertin the ,lo# into
the %a,t %ra.tion .o&ld 1e ,et to <ero to "a$e the t#o %or", independent.

2
The no"en.lat&re !7U ,tand, %or !iltration, 7itri%i.ation inhi1ition and Ulti"ate
QUAL2K C7 J&ne 2;, 2007
!or 1oth option,, the C=@-!7U .an either 1e 5a6 "ea,&red dire.tl* &,in a lon in.&1ation
ti"e or 516 .o"p&ted 1* e9trapolation #ith /:. 7G. 2n 1oth ,it&ation,, a ti"e %ra"e o% ,e(eral
#ee$, to a "onth 5i.e., a 20A to C0Ada* C=@-6 i, pro1a1l* a (alid period in order to o9idi<e "o,t
o% the readil* derada1le orani. .ar1on. )e 1a,e thi, a,,&"ption on the %a.t that 1ottle rate, %or
,e#aeAderi(ed orani. .ar1on are on the order o% 0.0G to 0.C8d 5Chapra >??76. A, in !i&re >?,
,&.h rate, ,&e,t that "&.h o% the readil* o9idi<a1le C=@- #ill 1e e9erted in a1o&t 20 to C0
da*,.
#
#"=
2
# 2# 2# 9# <# =#
&:50
u
time (day!%
&:50
&:50
u
#"9Jd
#"2Jd
#"#=Jd
Figure 2A +rogre!!ion of &:50 te!t for variou! level! of t'e 8ottle de1om(o!ition rate"
2n addition, #e 1elie(e that pra.titioner, ,ho&ld .on,ider .ond&.tin lonAter" C=@- te,t,
at C0
o
C rather than at the .o""onl* e"plo*ed te"perat&re o% 20
o
C. The .hoi.e o% 20
o
C
oriinated %ro" the %a.t that the a(erae dail* te"perat&re o% "o,t re.ei(in #ater, and
#a,te#ater treat"ent plant, in the te"perate <one in ,&""er i, appro9i"atel* 20
o
C.
2% the C=@- "ea,&re"ent i, intended to 1e &,ed %or re&lation or to a,,e,, treat"ent plant
per%or"an.e, it "a$e, ,en,e to ,tandardi<e the te,t at a parti.&lar te"perat&re. And %or ,&.h
p&rpo,e,, 20
o
C i, a, rea,ona1le a .hoi.e a, an*. Ho#e(er, i% the intent i, to "ea,&re an &lti"ate
C=@-, an*thin that ,peed, &p the pro.e,, #hile not 3eopardi<in the "ea,&re"ent4, interit*
#o&ld ,ee" 1ene%i.ial.
The ,aproph*ti. 1a.teria that 1rea$ do#n nonli(in orani. .ar1on in nat&ral #ater, and
,e#ae thri(e 1e,t at te"perat&re, %ro" 20WC to F0WC. Th&,, a te"perat&re o% C0
o
C i, not hih
eno&h that the 1a.terial a,,e"1lae #o&ld ,hi%t to ther"ophili. orani,", that are at*pi.al o%
nat&ral #ater, and ,e#ae. The 1ene%it ,ho&ld 1e hiher o9idation rate, #hi.h #o&ld re,&lt in
,horter anal*,i, ti"e, %or C=@- "ea,&re"ent,. A,,&"in that a Q>0 2 i, a (alid appro9i"ation
%or 1a.terial de.o"po,ition, a 20Ada* =@- at C0
o
C ,ho&ld 1e e:&i(alent to a C0Ada* =@- at
20
o
C.
(.( Constituent +eactions
The "athe"ati.al relation,hip, that de,.ri1e the indi(id&al rea.tion, and .on.entration, o% the
"odel ,tate (aria1le, 5Ta1le G6 are pre,ented in the %ollo#in pararaph,.
="="2 &on!ervative Su8!tan1e (s%
=* de%inition, .on,er(ati(e ,&1,tan.e, are not ,&13e.t to rea.tion,:
QUAL2K C; J&ne 2;, 2007
Ss J 0 (76)
="="2 +'yto(lankton (a!%
Ph*toplan$ton in.rea,e d&e to photo,*nthe,i,. The* are lo,t (ia re,piration, death, and ,ettlin
Ph*toSettl Ph*to-eath Ph*to'e,p Ph*toPhoto
ap
S
(77)
="="2"2 +'oto!ynt'e!i!
Ph*toplan$ton photo,*nthe,i, i, .o"p&ted a,

p p
a Ph*toPhoto
(78)
#here p J ph*toplan$ton photo,*nthe,i, rate L8dM i, a %&n.tion o% te"perat&re, n&trient,, and
liht,
'p /p p p
$ k 6 5
(79)
#here kp5$6 J the "a9i"&" photo,*nthe,i, rate at te"perat&re $ L8dM, /p J ph*toplan$ton
n&trient atten&ation %a.tor Ldi"en,ionle,, n&"1er 1et#een 0 and >M, and 'p J the ph*toplan$ton
liht atten&ation .oe%%i.ient Ldi"en,ionle,, n&"1er 1et#een 0 and >M.
Nutrient Limitation. Mi.haeli,AMenten e:&ation, are &,ed to repre,ent ro#th li"itation %or
inorani. nitroen, pho,phor&, and inorani. .ar1on. The "ini"&" (al&e i, then &,ed to
.o"p&te the n&trient atten&ation %a.tor,

,
_

+ +
+
+ + +
+

M HC@ L M C@ H L
M HC@ L M C@ H L
, , "in
C
U
C 2
C
U
C 2
s!p i sPp
i
n a s/p
n a
/p
k p k
p
n n k
n n
(80)
#here ks/p J nitroen hal%A,at&ration .on,tant L78LM ksPp J pho,phor&, hal%A,at&ration .on,tant
LP8LM, ks!p J inorani. .ar1on hal%A,at&ration .on,tant L"ole8LM, LH2C@C
U
M J di,,ol(ed .ar1on
dio9ide .on.entration L"ole8LM, and LHC@C

M J 1i.ar1onate .on.entration L"ole8LM.

Li4ht Limitation. 2t i, a,,&"ed that liht atten&ation thro&h the #ater %ollo#, the =eerALa"1ert
la#,
+ k
e
e PA* + PA*

6 0 5 6 5
(81)
#here PA*5+6 J photo,*ntheti.all* a(aila1le radiation 5PA'6 at depth + 1elo# the #ater ,&r%a.e
Ll*8dM
C
, and ke J the liht e9tin.tion .oe%%i.ient L"
>
M. The PA' at the #ater ,&r%a.e i, a,,&"ed to
1e a %i9ed %ra.tion o% the ,olar radiation 5S<ei.< >?;F, =a$er and !ro&in >?;76:
PA*506 J 0.F7 &506
C
l*8d J lanle* per da*. A lanle* i, e:&al to a .alorie per ,:&are .enti"eter. 7ote that a l*8d i, related to
the /8"
2
8d 1* the %ollo#in appro9i"ation: > /8"
2
8, 0.FG Lanle*8da* 5L2CA@', Lin.oln, 7/6.
QUAL2K C? J&ne 2;, 2007
The e9tin.tion .oe%%i.ient i, related to "odel (aria1le, 1*
C 8 2
p pn p p o o i i eb e
a a ( ( k k + + + +
(82)
#here keb J the 1a.$ro&nd .oe%%i.ient a..o&ntin %or e9tin.tion d&e to #ater and .olor L8"M, i,
o, p, and pn, are .on,tant, a..o&ntin %or the i"pa.t, o% inorani. ,&,pended ,olid,
LL8"-8"M, parti.&late orani. "atter LL8"-8"M, and .hloroph*ll LL8A8" and 5L8A6
28C
8"M,
re,pe.ti(el*. S&e,ted (al&e, %or the,e .oe%%i.ient, are li,ted in Ta1le H.
-a8le ? Sugge!ted value! for lig't e7tin1tion 1oeffi1ient!
Sym8ol alue Referen1e
i
0.0G2 -i Toro 5>?7;6
o
0.>7F -i Toro 5>?7;6
p
0.00;; 'ile* 5>?GH6
pn
0.0GF 'ile* 5>?GH6
Three "odel, are &,ed to .hara.teri<e the i"pa.t o% liht on ph*toplan$ton photo,*nthe,i,
5!i&re 206:
#
#"=
2
# 2## 2## 9## <## =##
Steele
,alf@!aturation
Smit'
Figure 2# -'e t'ree model! u!ed for ('yto(lankton and 8ottom algae ('oto!ynt'eti1 lig't
de(enden1e" -'e (lot !'ow! growt' attenuation ver!u! +AR inten!ity KlyJdL"
Hal%ASat&ration 5Mi.haeli,AMenten6 Liht Model 5=al* >?CG6:
6 5
6 5
+ & 1
+ &
3
'p
'p
+

(83)
#here 3'p J ph*toplan$ton ro#th atten&ation d&e to liht and 1'p J the ph*toplan$ton liht
para"eter. 2n the .a,e o% the hal%A,at&ration "odel, the liht para"eter i, a hal%A,at&ration
.oe%%i.ient Ll*8dM. Thi, %&n.tion .an 1e .o"1ined #ith the =eerALa"1ert la# and interated o(er
#ater depth, H L"M, to *ield the ph*toplan$ton liht atten&ation .oe%%i.ient
QUAL2K F0 J&ne 2;, 2007

,
_

+
+

H k
'p
'p
e
'p
e
e & 1
& 1
H k
6 0 5
6 0 5
ln
>
(84)
S"ithB, !&n.tion 5S"ith >?CH6:
2 2
6 5
6 5
+ & 1
+ &
3
'p
'p
+

(85)
#here 1'p J the S"ith para"eter %or ph*toplan$ton Ll*8dMS that i,, the PA' at #hi.h ro#th i,
70.7R o% the "a9i"&". Thi, %&n.tion .an 1e .o"1ined #ith the =eerALa"1ert la# and
interated o(er #ater depth to *ield

( )
( ) ( ) ( )

,
_

+ +
+ +

2
2
8 6 0 5 > 8 6 0 5
8 6 0 5 > 8 6 0 5
ln
>
H k
'p
H k
'p
'p 'p
e
'p
e e
e 1 & e 1 &
1 & 1 &
H k
(86)
SteeleB, /:&ation 5Steele >?H26:
'p
1
+ &
'p
'p
e
1
+ &
3
6 5
>
6 5

(87)
#here 1'p J the PA' at #hi.h ph*toplan$ton ro#th i, opti"al Ll*8dM. Thi, %&n.tion .an 1e
.o"1ined #ith the =eerALa"1ert la# and interated o(er #ater depth to *ield

,
_

'p
H
e
k
'p
1
&
e
1
&
e
'p
e e
H k
6 0 5

6 0 5

7>;2;2 . 2
(88)
="="2"2 Lo!!e!
.espiration. Ph*toplan$ton re,piration i, repre,ented a, a %ir,tAorder rate that i, atten&ated at lo#
o9*en .on.entration,
p %p oxp
a $ k 3 6 5 Ph*to'e,p
(89)
#here k%p5$6 J te"perat&reAdependent ph*toplan$ton re,piration8e9.retion rate L8dM and 3oxp J
atten&ation d&e to lo# o9*en Ldi"en,ionle,,M. @9*en atten&ation i, "odeled 1* /:,. 5>>?6 to
5>2>6 #ith the o9*en dependen.* repre,ented 1* the para"eter 1sop.
Death. Ph*toplan$ton death i, repre,ented a, a %ir,tAorder rate,
p dp
a $ k 6 5 Ph*to-eath
(90)
#here kdp5$6 J te"perat&reAdependent ph*toplan$ton death rate L8dM.
QUAL2K F> J&ne 2;, 2007
Settlin4. Ph*toplan$ton ,ettlin i, repre,ented a,
p
a
a
H
v
Ph*toSettl (91)
#here va J ph*toplan$ton ,ettlin (elo.it* L"8dM.
="="9 :ottom algae (ab%
=otto" alae in.rea,e d&e to photo,*nthe,i,. The* are lo,t (ia re,piration and death.
h =otAl-eat =otAl'e,p o =otAlPhot
b
S (92)
="="9"2 +'oto!ynt'e!i!
T#o repre,entation, .an 1e &,ed to "odel 1otto" alae photo,*nthe,i,. The %ir,t i, 1a,ed on a
te"perat&reA.orre.ted <eroAorder rate atten&ated 1* n&trient and liht li"itation 5M.2nt*re >?7C,
'&ther%ord et al. >???6,
'b /b b
$ ! 6 5 o =otAlPhot
(93)
#here !b5$6 J the <eroAorder te"perat&reAdependent "a9i"&" photo,*nthe,i, rate L"A85"
2
d6M, /b J 1otto" alae n&trient atten&ation %a.tor Ldi"en,ionle,, n&"1er 1et#een 0 and >M, and
'b J the 1otto" alae liht atten&ation .oe%%i.ient Ldi"en,ionle,, n&"1er 1et#een 0 and >M.
The ,e.ond &,e, a %ir,tAorder "odel,
b Sb 'b /b b
a $ ! 6 5 o =otAlPhot
(94)
#here, %or thi, .a,e, !b5$6 J the %ir,tAorder te"perat&reAdependent "a9i"&" photo,*nthe,i, rate
Ld
>
M, and Sb J 1otto" alae ,pa.e li"itation atten&ation %a.tor.
Temperature Effect. A, %or the %ir,tAorder rate,, an Arrheni&, "odel i, e"plo*ed to :&anti%* the
e%%e.t o% te"perat&re on 1otto" alae photo,*nthe,i,,
20
6 20 5 6 5

$
b b
! $ ! (95)
Nutrient Limitation. The e%%e.t o% n&trient li"itation on 1otto" plant photo,*nthe,i, i, "odeled
in a di%%erent #a* than %or the ph*toplan$ton. 'ather than 1ein dependent on e9ternal n&trient
.on.entration, the photo,*nthe,i, rate i, dependent on intra.ell&lar n&trient, &,in a %or"&lation
oriinall* de(eloped 1* -roop 5>?7F6,
1
1
]
1

+ +
+

M HC@ L M C@ H L
M HC@ L M C@ H L
, > , > "in
C
U
C 2
C
U
C 2 0 0
s!b P
P
/
/
/b
k ,
,
,
,
(96)
QUAL2K F2 J&ne 2;, 2007
#here ,/ and ,P J the .ell :&ota, o% nitroen L"7 "A
>
M and pho,phor&, L"P "A
>
M,
re,pe.ti(el*, ,0/ and ,0P J the "ini"&" .ell :&ota, o% nitroen L"7 "A
>
M and pho,phor&,
L"P "A
>
M, re,pe.ti(el*, and , ks!b J inorani. .ar1on hal%A,at&ration .on,tant %or the 1otto"
alae L"ole8LM. The "ini"&" .ell :&ota, are the le(el, o% intra.ell&lar n&trient at #hi.h ro#th
.ea,e,.
The .ell :&ota, repre,ent the ratio, o% the intra.ell&lar n&trient to the 1otto" plantB, 1io"a,,
b
b
/
a
&/
,
(97)
b
b
P
a
&P
,
(98)
#here &/b J intra.ell&lar nitroen .on.entration L"78"
2
M and &Pb J intra.ell&lar pho,phor&,
.on.entration L"P8"
2
M.
Li4ht Limitation. 2n .ontra,t to the ph*toplan$ton, liht li"itation at an* ti"e i, deter"ined 1*
the a"o&nt o% PA' rea.hin the 1otto" o% the #ater .ol&"n. Thi, :&antit* i, .o"p&ted #ith the
=eerALa"1ert la# 5re.all /:. ;>6 e(al&ated at the 1otto" o% the ri(er,
H k
e
e & H &

6 0 5 6 5
(99)
A, #ith the ph*toplan$ton, three "odel, 5/:,. ;C, ;G and ;76 are &,ed to .hara.teri<e the
i"pa.t o% liht on 1otto" alae photo,*nthe,i,. S&1,tit&tin /:. 5??6 into the,e "odel, *ield, the
%ollo#in %or"&la, %or the 1otto" alae liht atten&ation .oe%%i.ient,
Hal%ASat&ration Liht Mode 5=al* >?CG6:
H k
'b
H k
'b
e
e
e & 1
e &

6 0 5
6 0 5
(100)
S"ithB, !&n.tion: 5S"ith >?CH6
( )
2
2
6 0 5
6 0 5
H k
'b
H k
'p
e
e
e & 1
e &

+

(101)
SteeleB, /:&ation 5Steele >?H26:
'b
H
e
k
e
1
e &
'b
H k
'b
e
1
e &

+

6 0 5
>
6 0 5

(102)
#here 1'b J the appropriate 1otto" alae liht para"eter %or ea.h liht "odel.
Space Limitation. 2% a %ir,tAorder ro#th "odel i, &,ed, a ter" "&,t 1e in.l&ded to i"po,e a
,pa.e li"itation on the 1otto" alae. A loi,ti. "odel i, &,ed %or thi, p&rpo,e a, in
QUAL2K FC J&ne 2;, 2007
"a9 ,
>
b
b
Sb
a
a

#here ab,"a9 J the .arr*in .apa.it* L"A8"
2
M.
="="9"2 Lo!!e!
.espiration. =otto" alae re,piration i, repre,ented a, a %ir,tAorder rate that i, atten&ated at lo#
o9*en .on.entration,
b %b oxb
a $ k 3 6 5 =otAl'e,p (103)
#here k%b5$6 J te"perat&reAdependent 1otto" alae re,piration rate L8dM and 3oxb J atten&ation d&e
to lo# o9*en Ldi"en,ionle,,M. @9*en atten&ation i, "odeled 1* /:,. 5>>?6 to 5>2>6 #ith the
o9*en dependen.* repre,ented 1* the para"eter 1sob.
Death. =otto" alae death i, repre,ented a, a %ir,tAorder rate,
b db
a $ k 6 5 h =otAl-eat (104)
#here kdb5$6 J the te"perat&reAdependent 1otto" alae death rate L8dM.
="="< :ottom Algae 3nternal 4itrogen (-.b%
The .hane in intra.ell&lar nitroen in 1otto" alal .ell, i, .al.&lated %ro"
=otAl/97 h =otAl-eat =otAlUp7
/ b/
, S (105)
#here =otAlUp7 J the &pta$e rate o% nitroen 1* 1otto" alae 5"78"
2
8d6, =otAl-eath J
1otto" alae death 5"A8"
2
8d6, and =otAl/97 J the 1otto" alae e9.retion o% nitroen
5"78"
2
8d6, #hi.h i, .o"p&ted a,
b eb /
a $ k , 6 5 =otAl/97 (106)
#here keb5$6 J the te"perat&reAdependent 1otto" alae e9.retion rate L8dM.
The 7 &pta$e rate depend, on 1oth e9ternal and intra.ell&lar n&trient, a, in 5'hee >?7C6,
b
/ / ,/
,/
n a s/b
n a
(/
a
, , 1
1
n n k
n n
6 5
=otAlUp7
0
+ + +
+

(107)
#here (/ J the "a9i"&" &pta$e rate %or nitroen L"78"A8dM, ks/b J hal%A,at&ration .on,tant
%or e9ternal nitroen L78LM and 1,/ J hal%A,at&ration .on,tant %or intra.ell&lar nitroen L"7
"A
>
M.
="="= :ottom Algae 3nternal +'o!('oru! (-/b%
QUAL2K FF J&ne 2;, 2007
The .hane in intra.ell&lar pho,phor&, in 1otto" alal .ell, i, .al.&lated %ro"
=otAl/9P h =otAl-eat =otAlUpP
P bP
, S (108)
#here =otAlUpP J the &pta$e rate o% pho,phor&, 1* 1otto" alae 5"P8"
2
8d6, =otAl-eath J
1otto" alae death 5"A8"
2
8d6, and =otAl/9P J the 1otto" alae e9.retion o% pho,phor&,
5"P8"
2
8d6, #hi.h i, .o"p&ted a,
b eb P
a $ k , 6 5 =otAl/9P (109)
#here keb5$6 J the te"perat&reAdependent 1otto" alae e9.retion rate L8dM.
The P &pta$e rate depend, on 1oth e9ternal and intra.ell&lar n&trient, a, in 5'hee >?7C6,
b
P P ,P
,P
i sPb
i
(P
a
, , 1
1
p k
p
6 5
=otAlUpP
0
+ +

(110)
#here (P J the "a9i"&" &pta$e rate %or pho,phor&, L"P8"A8dM, ksPb J hal%A,at&ration
.on,tant %or e9ternal pho,phor&, LP8LM and 1,P J hal%A,at&ration .on,tant %or intra.ell&lar
pho,phor&, L"P "A
>
M.
="="? 0etritu! (mo%
-etrit&, or parti.&late orani. "atter 5P@M6 in.rea,e, d&e to plant death. 2t i, lo,t (ia di,,ol&tion
and ,ettlin
-etrSettl -etr-i,, h =otAl-eat Ph*to-eath +
da da (o
% % S (111)
#here
o dt
( $ k 6 5 -etr-i,, (112)
#here kdt5$6 J the te"perat&reAdependent detrit&, di,,ol&tion rate L8dM and
o
dt
(
H
v
-etrSettl (113)
#here vdt J detrit&, ,ettlin (elo.it* L"8dM.
="="$ Slowly Rea1ting &:50 (cs%
Slo#l* rea.tin C=@- in.rea,e, d&e to detrit&, di,,ol&tion. 2t i, lo,t (ia h*drol*,i, and
o9idation,
@9id Slo#C Slo#CH*dr -etr-i,, 6 > 5
od ) cs
% 3 S
(114)
#here 3) J the %ra.tion o% detrital di,,ol&tion that oe, to %a,t rea.tin C=@- Ldi"en,ionle,,M,
and
QUAL2K FG J&ne 2;, 2007
s hc
c $ k 6 5 Slo#CH*dr (115)
#here khc5$6 J the te"perat&reAdependent ,lo# C=@- h*drol*,i, rate L8dM, and
s dcs oxc
c $ k 3 6 5 Slo#C@9id (116)
#here kdcs5$6 J the te"perat&reAdependent ,lo# C=@- o9idation rate L8dM and 3oxc J atten&ation
d&e to lo# o9*en Ldi"en,ionle,,M.
="="/ Fa!t Rea1ting &:50 (c#%
!a,t rea.tin C=@- i, ained (ia the di,,ol&tion o% detrit&, and the h*drol*,i, o% ,lo#l*Area.tin
C=@-. 2t i, lo,t (ia o9idation and denitri%i.ation.
-enitr @9id !a,tC Slo#CH*dr -etr-i,,
ondn od ) c)
% % 3 S +
(117)
#here
) dc oxc
c $ k 3 6 5 !a,tC@9id
(118)
#here kdc5$6 J the te"perat&reAdependent %a,t C=@- o9idation rate L8dM and 3oxc J atten&ation
d&e to lo# o9*en Ldi"en,ionle,,M. The para"eter %ondn i, the ratio o% o9*en e:&i(alent, lo,t per
nitrate nitroen that i, denitri%ied 5/:. H76. The ter" -enitr i, the rate o% denitri%i.ation L
78L8dM. 2t #ill 1e de%ined in Se.. G.G.>2 1elo#.
Three %or"&lation, are &,ed to repre,ent the o9*en atten&ation:
Hal%ASat&ration:
o 1
o
3
soc)
ox%p
+

(119)
#here 1soc) J hal%A,at&ration .on,tant %or the e%%e.t o% o9*en on %a,t C=@- o9idation L"@28LM.
/9ponential:
6 > 5
o 1
ox%p
soc)
e 3

(120)
#here 1soc) J e9ponential .oe%%i.ient %or the e%%e.t o% o9*en on %a,t C=@- o9idation LL8"@2M.
Se.ondA@rder Hal% Sat&ration:
2
2
o 1
o
3
soc)
ox%p
+

(121)
QUAL2K FH J&ne 2;, 2007
#here 1soc) J hal%A,at&ration .on,tant %or ,e.ondAorder e%%e.t o% o9*en on %a,t C=@- o9idation
L"@2
2
8L
2
M.
="="A 5rgani1 4itrogen (no%
@rani. nitroen in.rea,e, d&e to plant death. 2t i, lo,t (ia h*drol*,i, and ,ettlin.
@7Settl @7H*dr h =otAl-eat Ph*to-eath
0
+
/ na no
, % S (122)
The rate o% orani. nitroen h*drol*,i, i, .o"p&ted a,
o hn
n $ k 6 5 @7H*dr (123)
#here khn5$6 J the te"perat&reAdependent orani. nitroen h*drol*,i, rate L8dM.
o
on
n
H
v
@7Settl (124)
#here von J orani. nitroen ,ettlin (elo.it* L"8dM.
="="2# Ammonia 4itrogen (na%
A""onia nitroen in.rea,e, d&e to orani. nitroen h*drol*,i,, ph*toplan$ton
re,piration8e9.retion and 1otto" plant e9.retion. 2t i, lo,t (ia nitri%i.ation and plant
photo,*nthe,i,:
=otAlUp7 Ph*toPhoto
=otAl/97 7itri% Ph*to'e,p -@7H*dr
ab ap na
na na
P P %
% S

+ +
(125)
The a""onia nitri%i.ation rate i, .o"p&ted a,
a n oxna
n $ k 3 6 5 7itri% (126)
#here kn5$6 J the te"perat&reAdependent nitri%i.ation rate %or a""onia nitroen L8dM and 3oxna J
atten&ation d&e to lo# o9*en Ldi"en,ionle,,M. @9*en atten&ation i, "odeled 1* /:,. 5>>?6 to
5>2>6 #ith the o9*en dependen.* repre,ented 1* the para"eter 1sona.
The .oe%%i.ient, Pap and Pab are the pre%eren.e, %or a""oni&" a, a nitroen ,o&r.e %or
ph*toplan$ton and 1otto" alae, re,pe.ti(el*,
6 65 5 6 65 5
n hnxp n a
hnxp a
n hnxp a hnxp
n a
ap
n k n n
k n
n k n k
n n
P
+ +
+
+ +

(127)
6 65 5 6 65 5
n hnxb n a
hnxb a
n hnxb a hnxb
n a
ab
n k n n
k n
n k n k
n n
P
+ +
+
+ +

(128)
#here khnxp J pre%eren.e .oe%%i.ient o% ph*toplan$ton %or a""oni&" L"78"
C
M and khnxb J
pre%eren.e .oe%%i.ient o% 1otto" alae %or a""oni&" L"78"
C
M.
QUAL2K F7 J&ne 2;, 2007
="="22 UnioniEed Ammonia
The "odel ,i"&late, total a""onia. 2n #ater, the total a""onia .on,i,t, o% t#o %or",:
a""oni&" ion, 7HF
K
, and &nioni<ed a""onia, 7HC. At nor"al pH 5H to ;6, "o,t o% the total
a""onia #ill 1e in the ioni. %or". Ho#e(er at hih pH, &nioni<ed a""onia predo"inate,. The
a"o&nt o% &nioni<ed a""onia .an 1e .o"p&ted a,
a u au
n 3 n
(129)
#here nau J the .on.entration o% &nioni<ed a""onia L78LM, and 3u J the %ra.tion o% the total
a""onia that i, in &nioni<ed %or",
a
a
u
1
1
3
+

pH
>0
(130)
#here 1a J the e:&ili1ri&" .oe%%i.ient %or the a""onia di,,o.iation rea.tion, #hi.h i, related to
te"perat&re 1*
a
a
$
1
?2 . 272?
0?0>; . 0 p +
(131)
#here $a i, a1,ol&te te"perat&re LKM and p1a J lo>051a6. 7ote that the %ra.tion o% the total
a""onia that i, in ioni<ed %or", 3i, .an 1e .o"p&ted a, > N 3u or
a
i
1
3
+

pH
pH
>0
>0
(132)
="="22 4itrate 4itrogen (nn%
7itrate nitroen in.rea,e, d&e to nitri%i.ation o% a""onia. 2t i, lo,t (ia denitri%i.ation and plant
photo,*nthe,i,:
$e7 =otAlUpta 6 > 5
Ph*toPhoto 6 > 5 -enitr 7itri%
ab
ap na ni
P
P % S


(133)
The denitri%i.ation rate i, .o"p&ted a,
n dn oxdn
n $ k 3 6 5 6 5> -enitr (134)
#here kdn5$6 J the te"perat&reAdependent denitri%i.ation rate o% nitrate nitroen L8dM and 3oxdn J
e%%e.t o% lo# o9*en on denitri%i.ation Ldi"en,ionle,,M a, "odeled 1* /:,. 5>>?6 to 5>2>6 #ith
the o9*en dependen.* repre,ented 1* the para"eter 1sodn.

="="29 5rgani1 +'o!('oru! (!o%
QUAL2K F; J&ne 2;, 2007
@rani. pho,phor&, in.rea,e, d&e to plant death. 2t i, lo,t (ia h*drol*,i, and ,ettlin.
@PSettl @PH*dr h =otAl-eat Ph*to-eath
0
+
P pa po
, % S
(135)
#here the rate o% orani. pho,phor&, h*drol*,i, i, .o"p&ted a,
o hp
p $ k 6 5 @PH*dr
(136)
#here khp5$6 J the te"perat&reAdependent orani. pho,phor&, h*drol*,i, rate L8dM. @rani.
pho,phor&, ,ettlin i, deter"ined a,
o
op
p
H
v
@PSettl
(137)
#here vop J orani. pho,phor&, ,ettlin (elo.it* L"8dM.
="="2< 3norgani1 +'o!('oru! (!i%
2norani. pho,phor&, in.rea,e, d&e to orani. pho,phor&, h*drol*,i,, ph*toplan$ton
re,piration8e9.retion and 1otto" plant e9.retion. 2t i, lo,t (ia plant photo,*nthe,i,. 2n addition, a
,ettlin lo,, i, in.l&ded %or .a,e, in #hi.h inorani. pho,phor&, i, lo,t d&e to ,orption onto
,ettlea1le parti.&late "atter ,&.h a, iron o9*h*dro9ide,:
2PSettl =otAlUpP Ph*toPhoto
=otAl/9P Ph*to'e,p -@PH*dr

+ +
pa
pa pi
%
% S
(138)
#here
i
ip
p
H
v
2PSettl
(139)
#here vip J inorani. pho,phor&, ,ettlin (elo.it* L"8dM.
="="2= 3norgani1 Su!(ended Solid! (mi%
2norani. ,&,pended ,olid, are lo,t (ia ,ettlin,
S(i J N 2norSettl
#here
i
i
(
H
v
2norSettl (140)
#here vi J inorani. ,&,pended ,olid, ,ettlin (elo.it* L"8dM.
="="2? 0i!!olved 57ygen (o%
QUAL2K F? J&ne 2;, 2007
-i,,ol(ed o9*en in.rea,e, d&e to plant photo,*nthe,i,. 2t i, lo,t (ia %a,t C=@- o9idation,
nitri%i.ation and plant re,piration. -ependin on #hether the #ater i, &nder,at&rated or
o(er,at&rated it i, ained or lo,t (ia reaeration,
@9'eaer =otAl'e,p Ph*to'e,p
7HF7itr !a,tC@9id o =otAlPhot Ph*toPhoto
+
+
oa oa
on oc a o oa o
% %
% % % % S
(141)
#here
( ) o elev $ o $ k
s a
6 , 5 6 5 @9'eaer (142)
#here ka5$6 J the te"perat&reAdependent o9*en reaeration .oe%%i.ient L8dM, os5$, elev6 J the
,at&ration .on.entration o% o9*en L"@28LM at te"perat&re, $, and ele(ation a1o(e ,ea le(el,
elev.
="="2?"2 57ygen Saturation
The %ollo#in e:&ation i, &,ed to repre,ent the dependen.e o% o9*en ,at&ration on te"perat&re
5APHA >??G6
F
>>
C
>0
2
7 G
>0 H2>?F? . ; >0 2FC;00 . >

>0 HF2C0; . H >0 G7G70> . >
CFF>> . >C? 6 0 , 5 ln
a a
a
a
s
$ $
$
$
$ o

+
(143)
#here o
s
5$, 06 J the ,at&ration .on.entration o% di,,ol(ed o9*en in %re,h#ater at > at" L"@28LM
and $
a
J a1,ol&te te"perat&re LKM #here $a J $ K27C.>G.
The e%%e.t o% ele(ation i, a..o&nted %or 1*
6 000>>F; . 0 > 5 6 , 5
6 0 , 5 ln
elev e elev $ o
$ o
s
s
(144)
="="2?"2 Reaeration Formula!
The reaeration .oe%%i.ient 5at 20
o
C6 .an 1e pre,.ri1ed on the .each +or,sheet. 2% reaeration i,
not pre,.ri1ed 5that i,, it i, 1lan$ or <ero %or a parti.&lar rea.h6, it i, .o"p&ted a, a %&n.tion o% the
ri(erB, h*dra&li., and 5optionall*6 #ind (elo.it*,
H
1
k k
'w
ah a
6 20 5
6 20 5 6 20 5 + (145)
#here kah5206 J the reaeration rate at 20
o
C .o"p&ted 1a,ed on the ri(erB, h*dra&li.
.hara.teri,ti., Ld
>
M, 1'5206 J the reaeration "a,,Atran,%er .oe%%i.ient 1a,ed on #ind (elo.it*
L"8dM, and H J "ean depth L"M.
Hydraulic>based "ormulas:
QUAL2K G0 J&ne 2;, 2007
@BConnorA-o11in, 5@BConnor and -o11in, >?G;6:
G . >
G . 0
?C . C 6 20 5
H
U
k
ah
(146)
#here U J "ean #ater (elo.it* L"8,M and H J "ean #ater depth L"M.
Ch&r.hill 5Ch&r.hill et al. >?H26:
H7 . >
02H . G 6 20 5
H
U
k
ah
(147)
@#en,AGi11, 5@#en, et al. >?HF6:
;G . >
H7 . 0
C2 . G 6 20 5
H
U
k
ah
(148)
T,i(olo&A7eal 5T,i(olo& and 7eal >?7H6:
Lo# %lo#, Q J 0.02;C to 0.F2F7 .", 5> to >G .%,6:
US k
ah
>;C , C> 6 20 5 (149)
Hih %lo#, Q J 0.F2F7 to ;F.?C; .", 5>G to C000 .%,6:
US k
ah
C0; , >G 6 20 5 (150)
#here S J .hannel ,lope L"8"M.
Tha.$,tonA-a#,on 5Tha.$,ton and -a#,on 200>6:
H
U
3 k
ah
U 2G . 0
6 ? > 5 >H . 2 6 20 5 + (151)
#here UU J ,hear (elo.it* L"8,M, and 3 J the !ro&de n&"1er Ldi"en,ionle,,M. The ,hear (elo.it*
and the !ro&de n&"1er are de%ined a,
S * U
h

U
(152)

and
d
H
U
3
(153)
#here J ra(itational a..eleration 5J ?.;> "8,
2
6, *h J h*dra&li. radi&, L"M, S J .hannel ,lope
L"8"M, and Hd J the h*dra&li. depth L"M. The h*dra&li. depth i, de%ined a,
QUAL2K G> J&ne 2;, 2007
t
c
d
B
A
H
(154)
#here Bt J the top #idth o% the .hannel L"M.
USGS 5PoolAri%%le6 5Mel.hin and !lore, >???6:
Lo# %lo#, Q O 0.GGH .", 5O >?.HF .%,6:
2F2 . 0 G2F . 0
6 5 G>7 6 20 5

Q US k
ah
(155)
Hih %lo#, Q T 0.GGH .", 5T >?.HF .%,6:
>CH . 0 G2; . 0
6 5 G?H 6 20 5

Q US k
ah
(156)
#here Q J %lo# 5.",6.
USGS 5ChannelA.ontrol6 5Mel.hin and !lore, >???6:
Lo# %lo#, Q O 0.GGH .", 5O >?.HF .%,6:
CGC . 0 C>C . 0
6 5 ;; 6 20 5

H US k
ah
(157)
Hih %lo#, Q T 0.GGH .", 5T >?.HF .%,6:
2FC . 0 HH . 0 CCC . 0
6 5 >F2 6 20 5

t ah
B H US k (158)
2nternal 5Co(ar >?7H6:
'eaeration .an al,o 1e internall* .al.&lated 1a,ed on the %ollo#in ,.he"e patterned a%ter a plot
de(eloped 1* Co(ar 5>?7H6 5!i&re 2>6:
2% H O 0.H> ", &,e the @#en,AGi11, %or"&la
2% H T 0.H> " and H T C.FGU
2.G
, &,e the @BConnorA-o11in, %or"&la
@ther#i,e, &,e the Ch&r.hill %or"&la
Thi, i, re%erred to a, option =nternal on the .ates +or,sheet o% Q2K. 7ote that i% no option i,
,pe.i%ied, the 2nternal option i, the de%a&lt.

QUAL2K G2 J&ne 2;, 2007
#"2
2
2#
0
e
(
t
'

(
m
%
#"2 2
elo1ity (m(!%
5wen!
*i88!
2#
2##
5F&onnor
0o88in!
#"2
2
#"2
#"=
&
'
u
r
1
'
i
l
l
#"#=
2
2#
=#
=
Figure 22 Reaeration rate (Jd% ver!u! de(t' and velo1ity (&ovar 2A$?%"
+ind>based "ormulas:
Three option, are a(aila1le to in.orporate #ind e%%e.t, into the reaeration rate: 5>6 it .an 1e
o"itted, 526 the =an$,AHerrera %or"&la and 5C6 the )annin$ho% %or"&la.
=an$,AHerrera %or"&la 5=an$, >?7G, =an$, and Herrera >?776:
0C72 . 0 C>7 . 0 72; . 0
2
>0 , >0 ,
G . 0
>0 , w w w lw
U U U 1 + (159)
#here Uw,>0 J #ind ,peed "ea,&red >0 "eter, a1o(e the #ater ,&r%a.e L" ,
>
M
)annin$ho% %or"&la 5)annin$ho% >??>6:
HF . >
>0 ,
0?;H . 0
w lw
U 1 (160)
7ote that the "odel &,e, /:. 5F;6 to .orre.t the #ind (elo.it* entered on the %eteorolo4y
+or,sheet 57 "eter, a1o(e the ,&r%a.e6 ,o that it i, ,.aled to the >0A" heiht.
="="2?"9 6ffe1t of &ontrol Stru1ture!: 57ygen
@9*en tran,%er in ,trea", i, in%l&en.ed 1* the pre,en.e o% .ontrol ,tr&.t&re, ,&.h a, #eir,,
da",, lo.$,, and #ater%all, 5!i&re 226. =&tt, and /(an, 5>?;C6 ha(e re(ie#ed e%%ort, to
.hara.teri<e thi, tran,%er and ha(e ,&e,ted the %ollo#in %or"&la,
6 0FH . 0 > 65 >> . 0 > 5 C; . 0 > $ H H b a %
d d d d d
+ + (161)
#here %d J the ratio o% the de%i.it a1o(e and 1elo# the da", Hd J the di%%eren.e in #ater ele(ation
L"M a, .al.&lated #ith /:. 576, $ J #ater te"perat&re 5C6 and ad and bd are .oe%%i.ient, that
.orre.t %or #aterA:&alit* and da"At*pe. +al&e, o% ad and bd are ,&""ari<ed in Ta1le 7. 2% no
QUAL2K GC J&ne 2;, 2007
(al&e, are ,pe.i%ied, Q2K &,e, the %ollo#in de%a&lt (al&e, %or the,e .oe%%i.ient,: ad J >.2G and
bd J 0.?.
Q
i1
o!
i1
H
d
Q
i1
o
i1
i 1 i
Figure 22 Water flowing over a river 1ontrol !tru1ture"
-a8le $ &oeffi1ient value! u!ed to (redi1t t'e effe1t of dam! on !tream reaeration"
8a6 +ater>?uality coefficient
<olluted state ad
Gro,, 0.HG
Moderate >.0
Sliht >.H
Clean >.;
8b6 Dam>type coefficient
Dam type bd
!lat 1roadA.re,ted re&lar ,tep 0.70
!lat 1roadA.re,ted irre&lar ,tep 0.;0
!lat 1roadA.re,ted (erti.al %a.e 0.H0
!lat 1roadA.re,ted ,traihtA,lope %a.e 0.7G
!lat 1roadA.re,ted .&r(ed %a.e 0.FG
'o&nd 1roadA.re,ted .&r(ed %a.e 0.7G
SharpA.re,ted ,traihtA,lope %a.e >.00
SharpA.re,ted (erti.al %a.e 0.;0
Sl&i.e ate, 0.0G
The o9*en "a,, 1alan.e %or the ele"ent 1elo# the ,tr&.t&re i, #ritten a,
( )
i o
i
i o
i i
i
i
i
i
i ab
i
i
i
i
i
i i
S
V
#
o o
V
E
o
V
Q
o
V
Q
o
V
Q
dt
do
,
,
>
4
,
>
>
4 + + +
+

(162)
#here o4i> J the o9*en .on.entration enterin the ele"ent L"@28LM, #here
d
i i s
i s i
%
o o
o o
> > ,
> , >
4

(163)
QUAL2K GF J&ne 2;, 2007
="="2$ +at'ogen (0%
Pathoen, are ,&13e.t to death and ,ettlin,
PathSettl Path-eath
5
S (164)
="="2$"2 0eat'
Pathoen death i, d&e to nat&ral dieAo%% and liht 5Chapra >??76. The death o% pathoen, in the
a1,en.e o% liht i, "odeled a, a %ir,tAorder te"perat&reAdependent de.a* and the death rate d&e to
liht i, 1a,ed on the =eerALa"1ert la#,
( ) 5 e
H k
&
5 $ k
H k
e
path d5
e

+ >
2F 8 6 0 5
6 5 Path-eath
(165)
#here kd55$6 J te"perat&reAdependent pathoen dieAo%% rate L8dM and path J a liht e%%i.ien.*
%a.tor Ldi"en,ionle,,M.
="="2$"2 Settling
Pathoen ,ettlin i, repre,ented a,
x
H
v
5
PathSettl (166)
#here v5 J pathoen ,ettlin (elo.it* L"8dM.
="="2/ (,
The %ollo#in e:&ili1ri&", "a,, 1alan.e and ele.trone&tralit* e:&ation, de%ine a %re,h#ater
do"inated 1* inorani. .ar1on 5St&"" and Moran >??H6,
M C@ H L
M H ML HC@ L
U
C 2
C
>
+
1 (167)
M HC@ L
M H ML C@ L
C
2
C
2

+
1 (168)
M @H ML H L
+

w
1
(169)
M C@ L M HC@ L M C@ H L
2
C C
U
C 2

+ +
$
c
(170)
M LH M @H L M C@ L 2 M HC@ L
2
C C
+
+ + Alk
(171)
#here 1>, 12 and 1w are a.idit* .on,tant,, Alk J al$alinit* Le: L
>
M, H2C@CU J the ,&" o%
di,,ol(ed .ar1on dio9ide and .ar1oni. a.id, HC@C

J 1i.ar1onate ion, C@C

2
J .ar1onate ion, H
K
QUAL2K GG J&ne 2;, 2007
J h*droni&" ion, @H

J h*dro9*l ion, and c$ J total inorani. .ar1on .on.entration L"ole L

>
M.
The 1ra.$et, L M de,inate "olar .on.entration,.
7ote that the al$alinit* i, e9pre,,ed in &nit, o% e:8L %or the internal .al.&lation,. !or inp&t
and o&tp&t, it i, e9pre,,ed a, "CaC@C8L. The t#o &nit, are related 1*
e:8L6 5 000 , G0 6 8L "CaC@ 5
C
Alk Alk (172)
The e:&ili1ri&" .on,tant, are .orre.ted %or te"perat&re 1*
Harned and Hamer 81@##6:
;0 . 22 0>0CHG . 0 6 5 lo >C2> . 7
C . F7;7
J p
>0
+ +
a a
a
w
$ $
$
1
(173)
<lummer and 7usenber4 81@A!6:
2
>
8 ?>G , H;F , > lo ;CC? . >2H
8 C7 . 2>;CF 0H0?>?HF . 0 CGH.C0?F J lo
a a
a a
$ $
$ $ 1
+
+
(174)
<lummer and 7usenber4 81@A!6:
2
2
8 ? . 7>C , GHC lo ?2GH> . C;
8 7? . G>G> 0C2G2;F? . 0 ;;7> . >07 J lo
a a
a a
$ $
$ $ 1
+
+
(175)
The nonlinear ,*,te" o% %i(e ,i"&ltaneo&, e:&ation, 5>HH thro&h >706 .an 1e ,ol(ed
n&"eri.all* %or the %i(e &n$no#n,: LH2C@CUM, LHC@C

M, LC@C
2
M, L@H

M, and [H
K
\. An e%%i.ient
,ol&tion "ethod .an 1e deri(ed 1* .o"1inin /:,. 5>H76, 5>H;6 and 5>706 to de%ine the :&antitie,
5St&"" and Moran >??H6
2 > >
2
2
0
K M LH M LH
M LH
1 1 1
+ +
+
+
(176)
2 > >
2
>
>
K M LH M LH
M LH
1 1 1
1
+ +
+
+
(177)
2 > >
2
2 >
2
K M LH M LH 1 1 1
1 1
+ +
+

(178)
#here 0, >, and 2 J the %ra.tion o% total inorani. .ar1on in .ar1on dio9ide, 1i.ar1onate, and
.ar1onate, re,pe.ti(el*. /:&ation, 5>H?6, 5>7>6, 5>776 and 5>7;6 .an then 1e .o"1ined to *ield,
M H L
M LH
6 2 5 J Al$
2 >
+
+
+ +
w
$
1
c
(179)
Th&,, ,ol(in %or pH red&.e, to deter"inin the root, [H
K
\, o%
QUAL2K GH J&ne 2;, 2007
Al$ M H L
M LH
6 2 5 J M6 H 5L
2 >
+ +
+
+
+ w
$
1
c )
(180)
#here pH i, then .al.&lated #ith
M H L lo pH
>0
+
(181)
The root o% /:. 5>;06 i, deter"ined #ith a n&"eri.al "ethod. The &,er .an .hoo,e either the
7e#tonA'aph,on or the 1i,e.tion "ethod 5Chapra and Canale 200H6 a, ,pe.i%ied on the
QUAL2K ,heet. The 7e#tonA'aph,on i, %a,ter and i, the de%a&lt "ethod. Ho#e(er, it .an
,o"eti"e, di(ere. 2n ,&.h .a,e,, 1e.a&,e it i, "ore ,ta1le, the 1i,e.tion "ethod #o&ld 1e
pre%era1le.
="="2A -otal 3norgani1 &ar8on (cT%
Total inorani. .ar1on .on.entration in.rea,e, d&e to %a,t .ar1on o9idation and plant re,piration.
2t i, lo,t (ia plant photo,*nthe,i,. -ependin on #hether the #ater i, &nder,at&rated or
o(er,at&rated #ith C@2, it i, ained or lo,t (ia reaeration,
C@2'eaer o =otAlPhot Ph*toPhoto
=otAl'e,p Ph*to'e,p !a,tC@9id
+
+ +
cca cca
cca cca cco c$
% %
% % % S
(182)
#here
( )
$ s ac
c $ k
0 2
M LC@ 6 5 C@2'eaer
(183)
#here kac5$6 J the te"perat&reAdependent .ar1on dio9ide reaeration .oe%%i.ient L8dM, and LC@2M, J
the ,at&ration .on.entration o% .ar1on dio9ide L"ole8LM.
The ,toi.hio"etri. .oe%%i.ient, are .o"p&ted a,
F
L >000
"
C >2
"oleC
"A
C
C

,
_

ca cca
% % (184)
L >000
"
C >2
"oleC
@
C >
C
2

,
_

oc
cco
%
% (185)
="="2A"2 &ar8on 0io7ide Saturation
The C@2 ,at&ration i, .o"p&ted #ith Henr*B, la#,
F
The .on(er,ion, "
C
J >000 L i, in.l&ded 1e.a&,e all "a,, 1alan.e, e9pre,, (ol&"e in "
C
, #herea, total
inorani. .ar1on i, e9pre,,ed a, "ole8L.
QUAL2K G7 J&ne 2;, 2007
2
C@ , 2
p M LC@
H
1
(186)
#here 1
H
J Henr*4, .on,tant L"ole 5L at"6

>
M and p
C@2
J the partial pre,,&re o% .ar1on dio9ide in
the at"o,phere Lat"M. 7ote that the partial pre,,&re i, inp&t on the .ates +or,sheet in &nit, o%
pp". The prora" internall* .on(ert, pp" to at" &,in the .on(er,ion: >0
H
at"8pp".
The (al&e o% 1
H
.an 1e .o"p&ted a, a %&n.tion o% te"perat&re 1* 5/d"ond and Gie,$e,
>?706
0>;F . >F 0.0>G2HF2
2C;G.7C
J p
H
+
a
a
$
$
1
(187)
The partial pre,,&re o% C@
2
in the at"o,phere ha, 1een in.rea,in, larel* d&e to the .o"1&,tion
o% %o,,il %&el, 5!i&re 2C6. +al&e, in 2007 are appro9i"atel* >0

C.F>H
at" 5J C;C.7 pp"6.
Figure 29 &on1entration of 1ar8on dio7ide in t'e atmo!('ere a! re1orded at Mauna Loa
58!ervatory) ,awaii"
=

="="2A"2 &52 *a! -ran!fer
The C@2 reaeration .oe%%i.ient .an 1e .o"p&ted %ro" the o9*en reaeration rate 1*
G
-r. Pieter Tan,, 7@AA8/S'L 5###.e,rl.noaa.o(8"d8.8trend,
QUAL2K G; J&ne 2;, 2007
6 20 5 ?2C . 0 6 20 5
FF
C2
6 20 5
2G . 0
a a ac
k k k
,
_

(188)
="="2A"9 6ffe1t of &ontrol Stru1ture!: &52
A, #a, the .a,e %or di,,ol(ed o9*en, .ar1on dio9ide a, tran,%er in ,trea", .an 1e in%l&en.ed 1*
the pre,en.e o% .ontrol ,tr&.t&re,. Q2K a,,&"e, that .ar1on dio9ide 1eha(e, ,i"ilarl* to
di,,ol(ed o9*en 5re.all Se.. G.G.>H.C6. Th&,, the inorani. .ar1on "a,, 1alan.e %or the ele"ent
i""ediatel* do#n,trea" o% the ,tr&.t&re i, #ritten a,
( )
i c$
i
i c$
i $ i $
i
i
i $
i
i ab
i $
i
i
i $
i
i
i $
S
V
#
c c
V
E
c
V
Q
c
V
Q
c
V
Q
dt
dc
,
,
, > ,
4
,
,
, > ,
>
,
4 + + +
+

(189)
#here c4$,i> J the .on.entration o% inorani. .ar1on enterin the ele"ent L"@28LM, #here
d
i $ i s
i s i $ i $
%
c !0
!0 c c
> , 2 > , , 2
> , , 2 > , 2 > > ,
6 5 4

+ +

(190)
#here %d i, .al.&lated #ith /:. 5>H>6.
="="2# Alkalinity (Alk%
A, ,&""ari<ed in the pre,ent "odel a..o&nt, %or .hane, in al$alinit* d&e to ,e(eral
"e.hani,",:
-a8le / +ro1e!!e! t'at effe1t alkalinity"
+ro1e!! UtiliEe &reate Alkalinity 1'ange
=itrif =)' =-" Decrease
Denitr =-" Ancrease
-;)ydr *R; Decrease
-=)ydr =)' Ancrease
;hyto;hoto =)' Decrease
=-" Ancrease
*R; Ancrease
;hytoRes# =)' Ancrease
*R; Decrease
+otAl$B#= =)' Decrease
=-" Ancrease
+otAl$B#; *R; Ancrease
+otAl$7Ccr= =)' Ancrease
+otAl$7Ccr; *R; Decrease
="="2#"2 4itrifi1ation
A..ordin to /:. 5H06, nitri%i.ation &tili<e, a""oni&" and .reate, nitrate. Hen.e, 1e.a&,e a
po,iti(e ion i, ta$en &p and a neati(e ion i, .reated, the al$alinit* i, de.rea,ed 1* t#o
e:&i(alent,. The .hane in al$alinit* .an 1e related to the nitri%i.ation rate 1*
QUAL2K G? J&ne 2;, 2007

,
_

d L
7
7itri%
e: >
"CaC@ G0,000
7 >0
7
7 >F.007
"ole7
"ole7
e: 2

C
H ,

nit% a
S (191)
="="2#"2 0enitrifi1ation
A..ordin to /:. 5H>6, denitri%i.ation &tili<e, nitrate and .reate, nitroen a,. Hen.e, 1e.a&,e a
neati(e ion i, ta$en &p and a ne&tral .o"po&nd i, .reated, the al$alinit* i, in.rea,ed 1* one
e:&i(alent. The .hane in al$alinit* .an 1e related to the denitri%i.ation rate 1*

,
_

d L
7
-enitr
e: >
"CaC@ G0,000
7 >0
7
7 >F.007
"ole7
"ole7
e: >

C
H ,

denit% a
S (192)
#here the %B, are ratio, that tran,late the pro.e,,e, into the .orre,pondin a"o&nt o% al$alinit*.
The ,toi.hio"etri. .oe%%i.ient, are deri(ed %ro" /:,. 5G;6 thro&h 5H>6 a, in
="="2#"9 5rgani1 + ,ydroly!i!
H*drol*,i, o% orani. P re,&lt, in the .reation o% inorani. pho,phate. -ependin on the pH, the
pho,phate #ill either ha(e > 5pH 2 to 76 or 2 5pH 7 to >26 neati(e .hare,. Hen.e, 1e.a&,e
neati(e ion, are 1ein .reated, the al$alinit* i, de.rea,ed 1* one or t#o e:&i(alent,,
re,pe.ti(el*. The .hane in al$alinit* .an 1e related to the P h*drol*,i, rate 1*
H
,

,
_

+ +

d L
P
@PH*dr
e: >
"CaC@ G0,000
P >0
P
P C0.?7F
"oleP
"oleP
e:
6 C 2 5

C
H
F F F 2
,

P0 HP0 P0 H
0Ph a
S
(193)
#here

C 2 p> 2 p>
2
>
C
2
>
F 2
K M LH K M LH M LH
M LH
p p p p
p
P0 H
1 1 1 1 1 1
1
+ + +
+
+
(194)
C 2 p> 2 p>
2
>
C
2 p>
F
K M LH K M LH M LH
M LH
p p p p
p
HP0
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1
+ + +
+
+
(195)
C 2 p> 2 p>
2
>
C
C 2 p>
F
K M LH K M LH M LH
p p p p
p p
P0
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1
+ + +
+

(196)
#here 1p> J >0
N2.>G
, 1p2 J >0
N7.2
, and 1pC J >0
N>2.CG
.
="="2#"< 5rgani1 4 ,ydroly!i!
H
7ote that altho&h it #ill al"o,t al#a*, 1e nelii1le, /:. 5>?C6 P@F
CN
] %or .o"pletene,,.
QUAL2K H0 J&ne 2;, 2007
H*drol*,i, o% orani. 7 re,&lt, in the .reation o% a""onia. -ependin on the pH, the a""onia
#ill either 1e in the %or" o% a""oni&" ion #ith a ,inle po,iti(e .hare 5pH O ?6 or ne&tral
a""onia a, 5pH T ?6. Hen.e, #hen the po,iti(e ion, are .reated, the al$alinit* i, in.rea,ed 1*
one e:&i(alent. The .hane in al$alinit* .an 1e related to the 7 h*drol*,i, rate 1*

,
_

d L
7
@7H*dr
e: >
"CaC@ G0,000
7 >0
7
7 >F.007
"ole7
"ole7
e: >

C
H ,

i 0/h a
3 S (197)
="="2#"= +'yto(lankton +'oto!ynt'e!i!
Ph*toplan$ton photo,*nthe,i, ta$e, &p nitroen a, either a""onia or nitrate and pho,phor&, a,
inorani. pho,phate. 2% a""onia i, the pri"ar* nitroen ,o&r.e, thi, lead, to a de.rea,e in
al$alinit* 1e.a&,e the &pta$e o% the po,iti(el* .hared a""oni&" ion, i, "&.h reater than the
&pta$e o% the neati(el* .hared pho,phate ion, 5re.all the ,toi.hio"etr* a, de,.ri1ed on p. CC6.
2% nitrate i, the pri"ar* nitroen ,o&r.e, thi, lead, to an in.rea,e in al$alinit* 1e.a&,e 1oth nitrate
and pho,phate are neati(el* .hared.
The %ollo#in repre,entation relate, the .hane in al$alinit* to ph*toplan$ton photo,*nthe,i,
dependin on the n&trient ,o&r.e, a, #ell a, their ,pe.iation a, o(erned 1* the pH,
( )

,
_

,
_
+ + +
+

d L
A
Ph*toPhoto
P >0
P
P C0.?7F
"oleP
"oleP
e: >
6 C 2 5
7 >0
7
7 >F.007
"ole7
"ole7
e: >
>
7 >0
7
7 >F.007
"ole7
"ole7
e: >

e: >
"CaC@ G0,000

H
F F F 2
H
H
C
,

P0 HP0 P0 H pa
ap na
i ap na
Ph-tP a
%
P %
3 P %
S
(198)
="="2#"? +'yto(lankton Re!(iration
Ph*toplan$ton re,piration relea,e, a""onia and inorani. pho,phate. =e.a&,e the relea,e o% the
po,iti(el* .hared a""oni&" ion, i, "&.h reater than the &pta$e o% the neati(el* .hared
pho,phate ion, 5re.all p. CC6, thi, lead, to an in.rea,e in al$alinit*. The %ollo#in repre,entation
relate, the .hane in al$alinit* to ph*toplan$ton re,piration in.l&din the e%%e.t o% pH on the
n&trientB, ,pe.iation,
QUAL2K H> J&ne 2;, 2007

,
_

,
_
+ +

d L
A
Ph*to'e,p
P >0
P
P C0.?7F
"oleP
"oleP
e: >
6 C 2 5
7 >0
7
7 >F.007
"ole7
"ole7
e: >

e: >
"CaC@ G0,000

H
F F F 2
H
C
,

P0 HP0 P0 H pa
i ap na
Ph-t* a
%
3 P %
S
(199)
="="2#"$ :ottom Algae 4utrient U(take
=otto" alae ta$e &p nitroen a, either a""onia or nitrate and pho,phor&, a, inorani.
pho,phate. The %ollo#in repre,entation relate, the .hane in al$alinit* to 1otto" alae &pta$e
rate, dependin on the n&trient ,o&r.e, a, #ell a, their ,pe.iation a, o(erned 1* the pH,
( )

,
_
+ + +

5"6
8d6 "P8" =otAlUpP5
P >0
P
P C0.?7F
"oleP
"oleP
e: >
6 C 2 5
5"6
8d6 "78" =otAlUp75
7 >0
7
7 >F.007
"ole7
"ole7
e: >
6 > 5
e: >
"CaC@ G0,000

2
H
F F F 2
2
H
C
,
H
H
P 3 P
S
P0 HP0 P0 H
ab i ab
BAUp a

(200)
="="2#"/ :ottom Algae 4utrient 671retion
=otto" alae e9.rete a""onia and inorani. pho,phate. The %ollo#in repre,entation relate, the
.hane in al$alinit* to 1otto" alae e9.retion rate, in.l&din the e%%e.t o% pH on the n&trientB,
,pe.iation,

,
_
+ +

5"6
8d6 "P8" =otAl/9P5
P >0
P
P C0.?7F
"oleP
"oleP
e: >
6 C 2 5
5"6
8d6 "78" =otAl/975
7 >0
7
7 >F.007
"ole7
"ole7
e: >

e: >
"CaC@ G0,000

2
H
F F F 2
2
H
C
,
H
H
3
S
P0 HP0 P0 H
i
BAEx a

(201)
(.1 "23.utrient Flu$ *odel
Sedi"ent n&trient %l&9e, and ,edi"ent o9*en de"and 5S@-6 are 1a,ed on a "odel de(eloped 1*
-i Toro 5-i Toro et al. >??>, -i Toro and !it<patri.$. >??C, -i Toro 200>6. The pre,ent (er,ion
al,o 1ene%ited %ro" Ja"e, MartinB, 5Mi,,i,,ippi State Uni(er,it*, per,onal .o""&ni.ation6
e%%ort, to in.orporate the -i Toro approa.h into /PAB, )ASP "odelin %ra"e#or$.
QUAL2K H2 J&ne 2;, 2007
A ,.he"ati. o% the "odel i, depi.ted in !i&re 2F. A, .an 1e ,een, the approa.h allo#,
o9*en and n&trient ,edi"entA#ater %l&9e, to 1e .o"p&ted 1a,ed on the do#n#ard %l&9 o%
parti.&late orani. "atter %ro" the o(erl*in #ater. The ,edi"ent, are di(ided into 2 la*er,: a
thin 5 > ""6 ,&r%a.e aero1i. la*er &nderlain 1* a thi.$er 5>0 ."6 lo#er anaero1i. la*er. @rani.
.ar1on, nitroen and pho,phor&, are deli(ered to the anaero1i. ,edi"ent, (ia the ,ettlin o%
parti.&late orani. "atter 5i.e., ph*toplan$ton and detrit&,6. There the* are tran,%or"ed 1*
"inerali<ation rea.tion, into di,,ol(ed "ethane, a""oni&" and inorani. pho,phor&,. The,e
.on,tit&ent, are then tran,ported to the aero1i. la*er #here ,o"e o% the "ethane and a""oni&"
are o9idi<ed. The %l&9 o% o9*en %ro" the #ater re:&ired %or the,e o9idation, i, the ,edi"ent
o9*en de"and. The %ollo#in ,e.tion, pro(ide detail, on ho# the "odel .o"p&te, thi, S@-
alon #ith the ,edi"entA#ater %l&9e, o% .ar1on, nitroen and pho,phor&, that are al,o enerated
in the pro.e,,.
&,
<
45
9
45
9
4,
<d
+5
<(
+5
<d
4,
<(
4,
<d
+5
<(
+5
<d
C-
2
=
2
=
2
+5&
c
f
o n
a
n
n
p
i
o
#
pom
4,
<(
C)
'
3$as4
+5+
03A*646S3S M6-,A46 AMM543UM 43-RA-6 +,5S+,A-6
A
6
R
5
:
3
&
A
4
A
6
R
5
:
3
&
W
A
-
6
R
+54
Figure 2< S1'emati1 of S50@nutrient flu7 model of t'e !ediment!"
="?"2 0iagene!i!
A, ,&""ari<ed in !i&re 2G, the %ir,t ,tep in the .o"p&tation in(ol(e, deter"inin ho# "&.h o%
the do#n#ard %l&9 o% parti.&late orani. "atter 5P@M6 i, .on(erted into ,ol&1le rea.ti(e %or",
in the anaero1i. ,edi"ent,. Thi, pro.e,, i, re%erred to a, diaene,i,. !ir,t the total do#n#ard %l&9
i, .o"p&ted a, the ,&" o% the %l&9e, o% ph*toplan$ton and detrit&, ,ettlin %ro" the #ater .ol&"n
o dt p a da P06
( v a v % " +
(202)
#here "P06 J the do#n#ard %l&9 o% P@M L- "
2
d
>
M, %da J the ratio o% dr* #eiht to .hloroph*ll
a L-8"AM, va J ph*toplan$ton ,ettlin (elo.it* L"8dM, ap J ph*toplan$ton .on.entration
L"A8"
C
M, vdt J detrit&, ,ettlin (elo.it* L"8dM, and (o J detrit&, .on.entration L-8"
C
M.
QUAL2K HC J&ne 2;, 2007
#
$%1 &1
#
$%1 &!
#
$%' &#
#
$N' &1
#
$N' &!
#
$N' &#
#
$' &1
#
$' &!
#
$' &#
#
$%
#
$N
#
$
r
cd
r
nd
r
pd
#
%
f
&1
f
&!
f
&#
f
&1
f
&!
f
&#
f
&1
f
&!
f
&#
#
$(
r
da
v
a
a
p
v
dt
m
o
$%
!1&1
$%
!1&!
$%
!1&#
#
N
$N
!1&1
$N
!1&!
$N
!1&#
#

$
!1&1
$
!1&!
$
!1&#
r
oc
#
%1 &1
#
%1 &!
#
N' &1
#
N' &!
#
' &1
#
' &!
Figure 2= Re(re!entation of 'ow !ettling (arti1ulate organi1 (arti1le! (('yto(lankton and
detritu!% are tran!formed into flu7e! of di!!olved 1ar8on (4C% ) nitrogen (4.% and
('o!('oru! (4/% in t'e anaero8i1 !ediment!"
Stoi.hio"etri. ratio, are then &,ed to di(ide the P@M %l&9 into .ar1on, nitroen and
pho,phor&,. 7ote that %or .on(enien.e, #e #ill e9pre,, the parti.&late orani. .ar1on 5P@C6 a,
o9*en e:&i(alent, &,in the ,toi.hio"etri. .oe%%i.ient %oc. /a.h o% the n&trient %l&9e, i, %&rther
1ro$en do#n into three rea.ti(e %ra.tion,: la1ile 5G>6, ,lo#l* rea.tin 5G26 and nonArea.tin
5GC6.
The,e %l&9e, are then entered into "a,, 1alan.e, to .o"p&te the .on.entration o% ea.h
%ra.tion in the anaero1i. la*er. !or e9a"ple, %or la1ile P@C, a "a,, 1alan.e i, #ritten a,
> , 2 2 > , 2 2
20
> , > , > ,
> , 2
2 7 7
$
7 P0! 7 P0! 7 P0!
7
P0! w P0! H k "
dt
dP0!
H

(203)
#here H2 J the thi.$ne,, o% the anaero1i. la*er L"M, P0!2,7> J the .on.entration o% the la1ile
%ra.tion o% P@C in the anaero1i. la*er L@28"
C
M, "P0!,7> J the %l&9 o% la1ile P@C deli(ered to the
anaero1i. la*er L@28"
2
8dM, kP0!,7> J the "inerali<ation rate o% la1ile P@C Ld
>
M, P0!,7> J
te"perat&re .orre.tion %a.tor %or la1ile P@C "inerali<ation Ldi"en,ionle,,M, and w2 J the 1&rial
(elo.it* L"8dM. At ,tead* ,tate, /:. >?7 .an 1e ,ol(ed %or
b
$
7 P0! 7 P0!
7 P0!
7
v H k
"
P0!
+

2
20
> , > ,
> ,
> , 2

(204)
The %l&9 o% la1ile di,,ol(ed .ar1on, "!,7> L@28"
2
8dM, .an then 1e .o"p&ted a,
QUAL2K HF J&ne 2;, 2007
> , 2 2
20
> , > , > , 7
$
7 P0! 7 P0! 7 !
P0! H k "


(205)
2n a ,i"ilar %a,hion, a "a,, 1alan.e .an 1e #ritten and ,ol(ed %or the ,lo#l* rea.tin
di,,ol(ed orani. .ar1on. Thi, re,&lt i, then added to /:. >?? to arri(e at the total %l&9 o%
di,,ol(ed .ar1on enerated in the anaero1i. ,edi"ent,.
2 , > , 7 ! 7 ! !
" " " +
(206)
Si"ilar e:&ation, are de(eloped to .o"p&te the diaene,i, %l&9e, o% nitroen, "/ L78"
2
8dM, and
pho,phor&, "P LP8"
2
8dM.
="?"2 Ammonium
=a,ed on the "e.hani,", depi.ted in !i&re 2F, "a,, 1alan.e, .an 1e #ritten %or total
a""oni&" in the aero1i. la*er and the anaero1i. la*er,,
( ) ( )
> , F >
2 , F > , F F
F 20
F
2
> , F
> , F >
> , F 2 > , F > 2 , F 2 >2 > , F > 2 , F 2 >2
> , F
>
2 >000
/H )
o 1
o
/H 1
1
s
/H )
n
s
/H w /H ) /H ) 1 /H ) /H )
dt
d/H
H
da
0 /H /H
/H $
/H
/H
da
a
da da ' pa pa
+ +

,
_

+
+

(207)
( ) ( )
( )
2 , F > , F 2
2 , F 2 > , F > >2 2 , F 2 > , F > >2
2 , F
2
/H /H w
/H ) /H ) 1 /H ) /H ) "
dt
d/H
H
da da ' pa pa /
+
+ +
(208)
#here H> J the thi.$ne,, o% the aero1i. la*er L"M, /HF,> and /HF,2 J the .on.entration o% total
a""oni&" in the aero1i. la*er and the anaero1i. la*er,, re,pe.ti(el* L78"
C
M, na J the
a""oni&" .on.entration in the o(erl*in #ater L"78"
C
M, /HF,> J the rea.tion (elo.it* %or
nitri%i.ation in the aero1i. ,edi"ent, L"8dM, /HF J te"perat&re .orre.tion %a.tor %or nitri%i.ation
Ldi"en,ionle,,M, 1/HF J a""oni&" hal%A,at&ration .on,tant L78"
C
M, o J the di,,ol(ed o9*en
.on.entration in the o(erl*in #ater L@28"
C
M, and 1/HF,02 J o9*en hal%A,at&ration .on,tant
L"@28LM, and "/ J the diaene,i, %l&9 o% a""oni&" L78"
2
8dM.
The %ra.tion o% a""oni&" in di,,ol(ed 5)dai6 and parti.&late 5)pai6 %or" are .o"p&ted a,
ai i
dai
(
)
+

>
>
(209)
dai pai
) ) >
(210)
#here (i J the ,olid, .on.entration in la*er i L-8"
C
M, and ai J the partition .oe%%i.ient %or
a""oni&" in la*er i L"
C
8-M.
The "a,, tran,%er .oe%%i.ient %or parti.le "i9in d&e to 1iot&r1ation 1et#een the la*er,, >2
L"8dM, i, .o"p&ted a,
QUAL2K HG J&ne 2;, 2007
o 1
o
P0!
% P0!
H
2
2p 6 *
oc 7
$
2p p
+

,
> , 2
2
20
>2
8

(211)
#here 2p J di%%&,ion .oe%%i.ient %or 1iot&r1ation L"
2
8dM, 2p J te"perat&re .oe%%i.ient
Ldi"en,ionle,,M, P0!* J re%eren.e G> .on.entration %or 1iot&r1ation LC8"
C
M and 16,2p J o9*en
hal%A,at&ration .on,tant %or 1iot&r1ation L@28"
C
M.
The "a,, tran,%er .oe%%i.ient %or pore #ater di%%&,ion 1et#een the la*er,, 1'>2 L"8dM, i,
.o"p&ted a,,
2 8
2
20
>2
H
2
1
$
2d d
'

(212)
#here 2d J pore #ater di%%&,ion .oe%%i.ient L"
2
8dM, and 2d J te"perat&re .oe%%i.ient
Ldi"en,ionle,,M.
The "a,, tran,%er .oe%%i.ient 1et#een the #ater and the aero1i. ,edi"ent,, , L"8dM, i,
.o"p&ted a,
o
S02
s
(213)
#here S02 J the ,edi"ent o9*en de"and L@28"
2
8dM.
At ,tead* ,tate, /:,. 20> and 202 are t#o ,i"&ltaneo&, nonlinear ale1rai. e:&ation,. The
e:&ation, .an 1e lineari<ed 1* a,,&"in that the /HF,> ter" in the Monod ter" %or nitri%i.ation i,
.on,tant. The ,i"&ltaneo&, linear e:&ation, .an then 1e ,ol(ed %or /HF,> and /HF,2. The %l&9 o%
a""oni&" to the o(erl*in #ater .an then 1e .o"p&ted a,

,
_

>000
> , F > F
a
da /H
n
/H ) s "
(214)
="?"9 4itrate
Ma,, 1alan.e, %or nitrate .an 1e #ritten %or the aero1i. and anaero1i. la*er, a,
( )
> , C
20
C
2
> , C
> , F >
2 , F > , F F
F 20
F
2
> , F
> , C > , C 2 > , C 2 , C >2
> , C
>
2

>000
/0
s
/H )
o 1
o
/H 1
1
s
/0
n
s /0 w /0 /0 1
dt
d/0
H
$
/0
/0
da
0 /H /H
/H $
/H
/H
n
'

+ +
+

,
_

(215)
( ) ( )
2 , C
20
C 2 , C 2 , C > , C 2 2 , C > , C >2
2 , C
2
/0 /0 /0 w /0 /0 1 "
dt
d/0
H
$
/0 /0 ' /

+ +
(216)
QUAL2K HH J&ne 2;, 2007
#here /0C,> and /0C,2 J the .on.entration o% nitrate in the aero1i. la*er and the anaero1i. la*er,,
re,pe.ti(el* L78"
C
M, nn J the nitrate .on.entration in the o(erl*in #ater L"78"
C
M, /0C,> and
/0C,2 J the rea.tion (elo.itie, %or denitri%i.ation in the aero1i. and anaero1i. ,edi"ent,,
re,pe.ti(el* L"8dM, and /0C J te"perat&re .orre.tion %a.tor %or denitri%i.ation Ldi"en,ionle,,M.
2n the ,a"e %a,hion a, %or /:,. 20> and 202, /:,. 20? and 2>0 .an 1e lineari<ed and ,ol(ed
%or /0C,> and /0C,2. The %l&9 o% nitrate to the o(erl*in #ater .an then 1e .o"p&ted a,

,
_

>000
> , C C
n
/0
n
/0 s "
(217)
-enitri%i.ation re:&ire, a .ar1on ,o&r.e a, repre,ented 1* the %ollo#in .he"i.al e:&ation,
@ 7H 27 GC@ FH F7@ @ GCH
2 2 2 C 2
+ + + +
+
(218)
The .ar1on re:&ire"ent 5e9pre,,ed in o9*en e:&i(alent, per nitroen6 .an there%ore 1e
.o"p&ted a,
"7
@
0.002;H
"7 >000
7 >
78"ole7 >F "ole7 F
C8"oleC >2 "oleC G
C
@
H7 . 2
2 2

ondn
%
(219)
There%ore, the o9*en e:&i(alent, .on,&"ed d&rin denitri%i.ation, "02,dn L@28"
2
8dM, .an 1e
.o"p&ted a,

,
_

+

2 , C
20
C 2 , C > , C
20
C
2
> , C
, 2
7
"7
>000 /0 /0
s
% "
$
/0 /0
$
/0
/0
ondn dn 0

(220)
="?"< Met'ane
The di,,ol(ed .ar1on enerated 1* diaene,i, i, .on(erted to "ethane in the anaero1i.
,edi"ent,. =e.a&,e "ethane i, relati(el* in,ol&1le, it, ,at&ration .an 1e e9.eeded and "ethane
a, prod&.ed. A, a .on,e:&en.e, rather than #rite a "a,, 1alan.e %or "ethane in the anaero1i.
la*er, an anal*ti.al "odel de(eloped 1* -i Toro et al. 5>??06 i, &,ed to deter"ine the ,tead*A,tate
%l&9 o% di,,ol(ed "ethane .orre.ted %or a, lo,, deli(ered to the aero1i. ,edi"ent,.
!ir,t, the .ar1on diaene,i, %l&9 i, .orre.ted %or the o9*en e:&i(alent, .on,&"ed d&rin
denitri%i.ation,
dn 0 ! $ !H
" " "
, 2 , F
(221)
#here "!HF,$ J the .ar1on diaene,i, %l&9 .orre.ted %or denitri%i.ation L@28"
2
8dM. 2n other #ord,,
thi, i, the total anaero1i. "ethane prod&.tion %l&9 e9pre,,ed in o9*en e:&i(alent,.
2% "!HF,$ i, ,&%%i.ientl* lare 5 21'>2!s6, "ethane a, #ill %or". 2n ,&.h .a,e,, the %l&9 .an 1e
.orre.ted %or the a, lo,,,
$ !H s ' d !H
" ! 1 "
, F >2 , F
2 (222)
QUAL2K H7 J&ne 2;, 2007
#here "!HF,d J the %l&9 o% di,,ol(ed "ethane 5e9pre,,ed in o9*en e:&i(alent,6 that i, enerated
in the anaero1i. ,edi"ent, and deli(ered to the aero1i. ,edi"ent, L@28"
2
8dM, !s J the ,at&ration
.on.entration o% "ethane e9pre,,ed in o9*en e:&i(alent, L"@28LM. 2% "!HF,$ O 21'>2!s, then no
a, %or", and
$ !H d !H
" "
, F , F
(223)
The "ethane ,at&ration .on.entration i, .o"p&ted a,
$
s
H
!

,
_

+
20
02F . >
>0
> >00 (224)
#here H J #ater depth L"M and $ J #ater te"perat&re L
o
CM.
A "ethane "a,, 1alan.e .an then 1e #ritten %or the aero1i. la*er a,
( )
> , F
20
F
2
> , F
> , F , F
> , F
>
!H
s
!H c s "
dt
d!H
H
$
!H
!H
) d !H

+

(225)
#here !HF,> J "ethane .on.entration in the aero1i. la*er L@28"
C
M, c) J %a,t C=@- in the
o(erl*in #ater L@28"
C
M, !HF,> J the rea.tion (elo.it* %or "ethane o9idation in the aero1i.
,edi"ent, L"8dM, and !HF J te"perat&re .orre.tion %a.tor Ldi"en,ionle,,M. At ,tead*, ,tate, thi,
1alan.e .an 1e ,ol(ed %or
20
F
2
> , F
, F
> , F

+
+

$
!H
!H
) d !H
s
s
sc "
!H

(226)
The %l&9 o% "ethane to the o(erl*in #ater, "!HF L@28"
2
8dM, .an then 1e .o"p&ted a,
( )
) !H
c !H s "
> , F F
(227)
="?"= S50
The S02 L@28"
2
8dM i, e:&al to the ,&" o% the o9*en .on,&"ed in "ethane o9idation and
nitri%i.ation,
/S02 !S02 S02 +
(228)
#here !S02 J the a"o&nt o% o9*en de"and enerated 1* "ethane o9idation L@28"
2
8dM and
/S02 J the a"o&nt o% o9*en de"and enerated 1* nitri%i.ation L@28"
2
8dM. The,e are
.o"p&ted a,
> , F
20
F
2
> , F
!H
s
!S02
$
!H
!H

(229)
QUAL2K H; J&ne 2;, 2007
> , F >
2 , F > , F F
F 20
F
2
> , F
2
/H )
o 1
o
/H 1
1
s
% /S02
da
0 /H /H
/H $
/H
/H
on
+ +

(230)
#here %on J the ratio o% o9*en to nitroen .on,&"ed d&rin nitri%i.ation LJ F.G7 @287M.
="?"? 3norgani1 +'o!('oru!
Ma,, 1alan.e, .an 1e #ritten total inorani. pho,phor&, in the aero1i. la*er and the anaero1i.
la*er, a,
( ) ( )

,
_

+
+
> , F > > , F 2
> , F > 2 , F 2 >2 > , F > 2 , F 2 >2
> , F
>
>000
P0 )
p
s P0 w
P0 ) P0 ) 1 P0 ) P0 )
dt
dP0
H
da
i
dp dp ' pp pp

(231)
( ) ( )
( )
2 , F > , F 2
2 , F 2 > , F > >2 2 , F 2 > , F > >2
2 , F
2
P0 P0 w
P0 ) P0 ) 1 P0 ) P0 ) "
dt
dP0
H
dp dp ' pp pp P
+
+ +
(232)
#here P0F,> and P0F,2 J the .on.entration o% total inorani. pho,phor&, in the aero1i. la*er and
the anaero1i. la*er,, re,pe.ti(el* LP8"
C
M, pi J the inorani. pho,phor&, in the o(erl*in #ater
L"P8"
C
M, and "P J the diaene,i, %l&9 o% pho,phor&, LP8"
2
8dM.
The %ra.tion o% pho,phor&, in di,,ol(ed 5)dpi6 and parti.&late 5)ppi6 %or" are .o"p&ted a,
pi i
dpi
(
)
+

>
>
(233)
dpi ppi
) ) >
(234)
#here pi J the partition .oe%%i.ient %or inorani. pho,phor&, in la*er i L"
C
8-M.
The partition .oe%%i.ient in the anaero1i. la*er i, ,et to an inp&t (al&e. !or the aero1i. la*er,
i% the o9*en .on.entration in the o(erl*in #ater .ol&"n e9.eed, a .riti.al .on.entration, oc%it
L@28"
C
M, then the partition .oe%%i.ient i, in.rea,ed to repre,ent the ,orption o% pho,phor&, onto
iron o9*h*dro9ide, a, in
( )
> , F 2 > P0 p p

(235)
#here P0F,> i, a %a.tor that in.rea,e, the aero1i. la*er partition .oe%%i.ient relati(e to the
anaero1i. .oe%%i.ient.
2% the o9*en .on.entration %all, 1elo# oc%it then the partition .oe%%i.ient i, de.rea,ed
,"oothl* &ntil it rea.he, the anaero1i. (al&e at <ero o9*en,
QUAL2K H? J&ne 2;, 2007
( )
c%it
o o
P0 p p
8
> , F 2 >

(236)
/:&ation, 22G and 22H .an 1e ,ol(ed %or P0F,> and P0F,2. The %l&9 o% pho,phor&, to the
o(erl*in #ater .an then 1e .o"p&ted a,

,
_

>000
> , F F
i
P0
p
P0 s "
(237)
="?"$ Solution S1'eme
Altho&h the %oreoin ,e:&en.e o% e:&ation, .an 1e ,ol(ed, a ,inle .o"p&tation #ill not *ield
a .orre.t re,&lt 1e.a&,e o% the interdependen.e o% the e:&ation,. !or e9a"ple, the ,&r%a.e "a,,
tran,%er .oe%%i.ient , depend, on S@-. The S@- in t&rn depend, on the a""oni&" and "ethane
.on.entration, #hi.h the",el(e, are .o"p&ted (ia "a,, 1alan.e, that depend on s. Hen.e, an
iterati(e te.hni:&e "&,t 1e &,ed. The pro.ed&re &,ed in QUAL2K i,
>. -eter"ine the diaene,i, %l&9e,: "!, "/ and "P.
2. Start #ith an initial e,ti"ate o% S@-,
/ on ! init
" % " S02
4
+
(238)
#here %onB J the ratio o% o9*en to nitroen .on,&"ed %or total .on(er,ion o% a""oni&"
to nitroen a, (ia nitri%i.ation8denitri%i.ation LJ >.7>F @287M. Thi, ratio a..o&nt, %or
the .ar1on &tili<ed %or denitri%i.ation.
C. Co"p&te s &,in
o
S02
s
init

(239)
F. Sol(e %or a""oni&", nitrate and "ethane, and .o"p&te the !S02 and /S02.
G. Ma$e a re(i,ed e,ti"ate o% S@- &,in the %ollo#in #eihted a(erae
2
/S02 !S02 S02
S02
init
+ +

(240)
H. Che.$ .on(eren.e 1* .al.&latin an appro9i"ate relati(e error
R >00

S02
S02 S02
init
a

(241)
7. 2% a i, reater than a pre,pe.i%ied ,toppin .riterion s then ,et S02init J S02 and ret&rn
to ,tep 2.
;. 2% .on(eren.e i, ade:&ate 5a s6, then .o"p&te the inorani. pho,phor&,
.on.entration,.
QUAL2K 70 J&ne 2;, 2007
?. Co"p&te the a""oni&", nitrate, "ethane and pho,phate %l&9e,.
="?"/ Su((lementary Flu7e!
=e.a&,e o% the pre,en.e o% orani. "atter depo,ited prior to the ,&""er ,tead*A,tate period 5e..,
d&rin ,prin r&no%%6, it i, po,,i1le that the do#n#ard %l&9 o% parti.&late orani. "atter i,
in,&%%i.ient to enerate the o1,er(ed S@-. 2n ,&.h .a,e,, a ,&pple"entar* S@- .an 1e
pre,.ri1ed,
s t
S02 S02 S02 +
(242)
#here S02t J the total ,edi"ent o9*en de"and L@28"
2
8dM, and S02s J the ,&pple"entar* S@-
L@28"
2
8dM8 2n addition, pre,.ri1ed a""onia and "ethane %l&9e, .an 1e &,ed to ,&pple"ent the
.o"p&ted %l&9e,.
QUAL2K 7> J&ne 2;, 2007
R6F6R64&6S
Ada",, /./., -. J. Co,ler, and K.'. Hel%ri.h. >?;7. PAnal*,i, o% e(aporation data %ro" heated
pond,P, .,AG>7>, re,ear.h pro3e.t 2C;GA>, /le.tri. Po#er 'e,ear.h 2n,tit&te, Palo Alto,
Cali%ornia ?FC0F. April.
Andre#, and 'od(e*, >?;0. Heat e9.hane 1et#een #ater and tidal %lat,. -.G.M 2F526. 5in
Ger"an6.
APHA, >??G. Standard "ethod, %or the e9a"ination o% #ater and #a,te#ater, >?th /dn.
A"eri.an P&1li. Health A,,o.iation, A"eri.an )ater )or$, A,,o.iation and )ater
/n(iron"ent !ederation: )a,hinton, -.C.
A,aeda, T., and T. +an =on, Modellin the e%%e.t, o% "a.roph*te, on alal 1loo"in in e&trophi.
,hallo# la$e,. /.ol Model >0F: 2H>A2;7, >??7.
=a$er, K.S. and !ro&in, '. >?;7. 'elation 1et#een photo,*ntheti.all* a(aila1le radiation and
total in,olation at the o.ean ,&r%a.e &nder .lear ,$ie,. Li"nol. @.eanor. >C70A>C77.
=al*, /.C.C. >?CG. The Kineti., o% Photo,*nthe,i,. P%oc8 *o-al Soc8 'ondon Se%8 B, >>7:2>;A2C?.
=an$,, '. =. >?7G. PSo"e !eat&re, o% )ind A.tion on Shallo# La$e,.P "8 Envi%on En%8 2iv8
AS!E8 >0>5//G6: ;>CA;27.
=an$,, '. =. and Herrera, !. !. >?77. P/%%e.t o% )ind and 'ain on S&r%a.e 'eaeration.P "8
Envi%on En%8 2iv8 AS!E8 >0C5//C6: F;?AG0F.
=arn#ell, T.@., =ro#n, L.C., and Mare.$, ). >?;?6. Appli.ation o% /9pert S*,te", Te.hnolo*
in )ater Q&alit* Modelin. #ate% Sci8 $ech8 2>5;A?6:>0FGA>0GH.
=e3an, A. >??C. Heat $%ans)e%8 )ile*, 7e# Ior$, 7I.
=o#ie, G.L., Mill,, ).=., Por.ella, -.=., Ca"p1ell, C.L., Paen$op%, J.'., '&pp, G.L., John,on,
K.M., Chan, P.).H., Gherini, S.A. and Cha"1erlin, C./. >?;G. 'ate,, Con,tant,, and Kineti.
!or"&lation, in S&r%a.e )ater Q&alit* Modelin. U.S. /n(ir. Prot. Aen.*, @'-, Athen,,
GA, /'L, /PA8H008CA;G80F0.
=rad*, -.K., Gra(e,, ).L., and Ge*er, J.C. >?H?. S&r%a.e Heat /9.hane at Po#er Plant Coolin
La$e,, Coolin )ater -i,.hare Pro3e.t 'eport, 7o. G, /di,on /le.tri. 2n,t. P&1. 7o. H?A?0>,
7e# Ior$, 7I.
=ra,, '.L. >??0. H*drolo*. Addi,onA)e,le*, 'eadin, MA.
=ro#n, L.C., and =arn#ell, T.@. >?;7. The /nhan.ed Strea" )ater Q&alit* Model, QUAL2/
and QUAL2/AU7CAS, /PA8H008CA;7A007, U.S. /n(iron"ental Prote.tion Aen.*, Athen,,
GA, >;? pp.
=r&nt, -. >?C2. 7ote, on radiation in the at"o,phere: 2. Q&art J 'o*al Meteorol So. G;:C;?AF20.
=r&t,aert, ). >?;2. /(aporation into the at"o,phere: theor*, hi,tor*, and appli.ation,. -.'eidel
P&1li,hin Co., Hinha" MA, 2?? p.
=&tt,, T. A. and /(an,, '. L. >?;C. /%%e.t, o% Channel -a", on -i,,ol(ed @9*en
Con.entration, in 7orthea,tern 2llinoi, Strea",, Cir.&lar >C2, State o% 2llinoi,, -ept. o% 'e.
and /d&.., 2llinoi, )ater S&r(e*, Ur1ana, 2L.
Car,la#, H.S. and Jaeer, J.C. >?G?. Cond&.tion o% Heat in Solid,, @9%ord Pre,,, @9%ord, UK,
G>0 pp.
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th
Ed8 7e# Ior$, M.Gra#AHill.
Chapra, S.C. >??7. Su%)ace wate% ,ualit- (odelin. 7e# Ior$, M.Gra#AHill.
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Hill, G?2 pp.
Ch&r.hill, M.A., /l"ore, H.L., and =&.$inha", '.A. >?H2. The predi.tion o% ,trea" reaeration
rate,. "8 Sanit8 En%8 2iv8 , ASC/, ;;[F6,>AFH.
Co%%aro, G. and A. S%ri,o, Si"&lation "odel o% Ul(a riida ro#th in ,hallo# #ater o% the
Laoon o% +eni.e. /.ol Model, >02: GGAHH, >??7.
QUAL2K 72 J&ne 2;, 2007
Co(ar, A. P. >?7H. PSele.tin the Proper 'eaeration Coe%%i.ient %or U,e in )ater Q&alit*
Model,.P Pre,ented at the U.S. /PA Con%eren.e on /n(iron"ental Si"&lation and Modelin,
April >?A22, >?7H, Cin.innati, @H.
-i Toro, -. M. and J. !. !it<patri.$. >??C. Che,apea$e =a* ,edi"ent %l&9 "odel. Te.h. 'eport
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Mi,,i,,ippi, C>H pp.
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'e,. >2:>0G?A>0H;.
-i Toro, -.M. 200>. Sedi(ent 3lux 6odelin. )ile*A2nter,.ien.e, 7e# Ior$, 7I.
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GF:;2GA;GG.
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7e# Ior$, M.Gra#, Hill.
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de,.ription. /.ol Model, ?H: ?>A>>0, >??7.
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G>:2>?F.
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predi.tin e(aporati(e #ater lo,, in .oolin i"po&nd"ent,. 'eport CSA2C2G, 'e,ear.h
pro3e.t >2H0A>7. /le.tri. Po#er 'e,ear.h 2n,tit&te, Pala Alto, CA. Mar.h >?;2.
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Li"nol.@.eanor. F;5H6, 200C, 227GA22;;.
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Ior$, 7I.
Jo1,on, H./. >?77. =ed Cond&.tion Co"p&tation %or Ther"al Model,. J. H*dra&l. -i(. ASC/.
>0C5>06:>2>CA>2>7.
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th
Ed8 Harper and 'o#, 7e# Ior$,
7I.
La#,, /. A. and Chal&p, M. S. >??0. A Mi.roalal Gro#th Model. 'i(nol8 0ceano%8 CG5C6:G?7A
H0;.
L2AC@', 200C. 'adiation Mea,&re"ent 2n,tr&"ent,, L2AC@', Lin.oln, 7/, C0 pp.
Li$en,, G. /., and John,on, 7. M. 5>?H?6. PMea,&re"ent, and anal*,i, o% the ann&al heat 1&det
%or ,edi"ent, o% t#o )i,.on,in la$e,.P 'i(nol8 0ceano%8, >F5>6:>>GA>CG.
Ma.$a*, -. and Ie&n, A.T.K. >?;C. Ma,, Tran,%er Coe%%i.ient Correlation, %or +olatili<ation o%
@rani. Sol&te, %ro" )ater. Envi%on8 Sci8 $echnol8 >7:2>>A2CC.
QUAL2K 7C J&ne 2;, 2007
Mar.iano, J.K. and G./. Har1e.$. >?G2. Ma,, tran,%er ,t&die, in #ater lo,, in(e,tiation: La$e
He%ner ,t&die,. Geoloi.al Cir.&lar 22?. U.S. Geoloi.al S&r(e*, )a,hinton -C.
M.2nt*re, C. -. >?7C. Periph*ton d*na"i., in la1orator* ,trea",: A ,i"&lation "odel and it,
i"pli.ation,. Ecol8 6ono%8 FC:C??AF20.
Mee&,, J. >???. A,trono"i.al alorith",. Se.ond edition. )ill"annA=ell, 2n.. 'i.h"ond, +A.
Mel.hin, C.S. and !lore,, H./. >???. 'eaeration /:&ation, %ro" U.S. Geoloi.al S&r(e*
-ata1a,e. "8 Envi%on8 Enin8, >2G5G6:F07AF>F.
Mill,, A.!. >??2. Heat $%ans)e%8 2r#in, Ho"e#ood, 2L.
Moo, -.=., and 2ir$a, G.H. >??;. Anal*,i, o% reaeration e:&ation, &,in "ean "&ltipli.ati(e
error. "8 Envi%on8 En%8, ASC/, >2F526, >0FA>>0.
7a$,ha1andi, G.A. and H. Kohn$e. >?HG. Ther"al .ond&.ti(it* and di%%&,i(it* o% ,oil, a, related
to "oi,t&re ten,ion and other ph*,i.al propertie,. Ar. Met. +ol 2.
@4Connor, -.J., and -o11in,, )./. >?G;. Me.hani," o% reaeration in nat&ral ,trea",. $%ans8
AS!E, >2C, HF>AH;F.
@#en,, M., /d#ard,, '.)., and Gi11,, J.). >?HF. So"e reaeration ,t&die, in ,trea",. &nt8 "8 Ai%
and #ate% Pollution, ;, FH?AF;H.
Pl&""er, L.7. and =&,en1er, /. >?;2. The Sol&1ilitie, o% Cal.ite, Araonite and +aterite in
C@2AH2@ Sol&tion, =et#een 0 and ?0
o
C, and an /(al&ation o% the A:&eo&, Model %or the
S*,te" CaC@CC@2H2@. 7eochi(8 !os(ochi(8 FH:>0>>A>0F0.
'a&d$i(i, A. 2. >?7?. H-d%olo-. Pera"on, @9%ord, /nland.
'ed%ield, A.C., Ket.h&", =.H. and 'i.hard,, !.A. >?HC. The 2n%l&en.e o% @rani,", on the
Co"po,ition o% Sea#ater, in $he Sea, M.7. Hill, ed. +ol. 2, pp. 27AFH, )ile*A2nter,.ien.e,
7I.
'ile*, G.A. >?GH. @.eanoraph* o% Lon 2,land So&nd >?G2A>?GF. 22. Ph*,i.al @.eanoraph*,
=&ll. =inha" @.eano. Colle.tion >G, pp. >GA>H.
'o,en, -. >??H. Applied ri(er "orpholo*. )ildland H*drolo* p&1li,her,. Pao,a Sprin,,
C@.
'&ther%ord, J.C., S.ar,1roo$, M.'. and =roe$h&i<en, 7. 2000. Gra<er Control o% Strea" Alae:
Modelin Te"perat&re and !lood /%%e.t,. "8 Envi%on8 En8 >2H5F6:CC>ACC?.
'*an, P.J. and -.'.!. Harle"an. >?7>. Predi.tion o% the ann&al .*.le o% te"perat&re .hane, in a
,trati%ied la$e or re,er(oir. Mathe"ati.al "odel and &,erB, "an&al. 'alph M. Par,on,
La1orator* 'eport 7o. >C7. Ma,,a.h&,ett, 2n,tit&te o% Te.hnolo*. Ca"1ride, MA.
'*an, P.J. and K.-. Stol<en1a.h.>?72. /nineerin a,pe.t, o% heat di,po,al %ro" po#er
eneration, 5-.'.!. Harle"an, ed.6. '.M. Par,on La1orator* %or )ater 'e,o&r.e, and
H*drod*na"i.,, -epart"ent o% Ci(il /nineerin, Ma,,a.h&,ett, 2n,tit&te o% Te.hnolo*,
Ca"1ride, MA
Shanahan, P. >?;F. )ater te"perat&re "odelin: a pra.ti.al &ide. 2n: Pro.eedin, o% ,tor"#ater
and #ater :&alit* "odel &,er, ro&p "eetin, April >2A>C, >?;F. US/PA, /PAAH008?A;GA00C.
5&,er,.r.n..o"8,hanahan."a.&ltranet8Te"pModelin.pd%6.
S"ith, /.L. >?CH. Photo,*nthe,i, in 'elation to Liht and Car1on -io9ide. Pro.. 7atl. A.ad. S.i.
22:G0FAG>>.
Steele, J.H. >?H2. /n(iron"ental Control o% Photo,*nthe,i, in the Sea. Li"nol. @.eanor. 7:>C7A
>G0.
St&"", ). and Moran, J.J. >??H. A:&ati. Che"i,tr*, 7e# Ior$, )ile*A2nter,.ien.e, >022 pp.
S<ei.<, G. >?7F. Solar radiation %or plant ro#th. J. Appl. /.ol. >>:H>7AHCH.
Tha.$,ton, /. L., and -a#,on, J.). 222. 200>. 'e.ali1ration o% a 'eaeration /:&ation. "8 Envi%on8
En%8, >275F6:C>7AC20.
Tha.$,ton, /. L., and Kren$el, P. A. >?H?. 'eaerationApredi.tion in nat&ral ,trea",. "8 Sanit8
En%8 2iv8, ASC/, ?G5>6, HGA?F.
QUAL2K 7F J&ne 2;, 2007
T,i(olo&, /. C., and 7eal, L.A. >?7H. Tra.er Mea,&re"ent o% 'eaeration. 222. Predi.tin the
'eaeration Capa.it* o% 2nland Strea",. Jo&rnal o% the )ater Poll&tion Control !ederation,
F;5>26:2HH?A2H;?.
Tho"ann, '.+. and M&eller, J.A. >?;7. Prin.iple, o% S&r%a.e )ater Q&alit* Modelin and
Control. 7e# Ior$, HarperACollin,.
T+A, >?72. Heat and "a,, tran,%er 1et#een a #ater ,&r%a.e and the at"o,phere. )ater 'e,o&r.e,
'e,ear.h, La1orator* 'eport 7o. >F. /nineerin La1orator*, -i(i,ion o% )ater Control
Plannin, Tenne,,ee +alle* A&thorit*, 7orri, T7.
)annin$ho%, '., Led#ell, 2. '., and Cr&,i&,, 2. >??>. PGa, Tran,%er +elo.itie, on La$e, Mea,&red
#ith S&l%&r He9a%l&oride.P 2n S*"po,i&" +ol&"e o% the Se.ond 2nternational Con%eren.e on
Ga, Tran,%er at )ater S&r%a.e,, S.C. )ilhel", and 2.S. G&lli(er, ed,., Minneapoli,, M7 .
)ood, K.G. >?7F. Car1on -io9ide -i%%&,i(it* A.ro,, the AirA)ater 2nter%a.e. A%chiv )%
H-d%obiol8 7C5>6:G7AH?.
QUAL2K 7G J&ne 2;, 2007
A++6403M A: 45M64&LA-UR6
Symbol Definition (nits
i ac%es
A
,
,&r%a.e area o% ele"ent i a.re,
LC@2Ms ,at&ration .on.entration o% .ar1on dio9ide "ole8L
LC@C
2
M .ar1onate ion "ole8L
LH
K
M h*droni&" ion "ole8L
LH2C@CUM ,&" o% di,,ol(ed .ar1on dio9ide and .ar1oni. a.id "ole8L
LHC@C

M 1i.ar1onate ion "ole8L

L@H

M h*dro9*l ion "ole8L

a (elo.it* ratin .&r(e .oe%%i.ient di"en,ionle,,
aP "ean at"o,pheri. tran,"i,,ion .oe%%i.ient a%ter
,.atterin and a1,orption
-i"en,ionle,,
aD "ean at"o,pheri. tran,"i,,ion .oe%%i.ient -i"en,ionle,,
a> at"o,pheri. "ole.&lar ,.atterin .oe%%i.ient %or radiation
tran,"i,,ion
di"en,ionle,,
Aa at"o,pheri. lonA#a(e radiation .oe%%i.ient di"en,ionle,,
Ab at"o,pheri. lonA#a(e radiation .oe%%i.ient ""H
A0.G
or "1
A0.G
ab 1otto" alae "A8"
2
Ac .ro,,A,e.tional area "
2
ad .oe%%i.ient .orre.tin da" reaeration %or #ater :&alit* di"en,ionle,,
Alk al$alinit* e: L
>
or
"CaC@C8L
ap ph*toplan$ton "C8L
ap ph*toplan$ton .on.entration "A8"
C
at at"o,pheri. atten&ation di"en,ionle,,
atc at"o,pheri. tran,"i,,ion .oe%%i.ient di"en,ionle,,
B a(erae ele"ent #idth "
b (elo.it* ratin .&r(e e9ponent di"en,ionle,,
B0 1otto" #idth "
bd .oe%%i.ient .orre.tin da" reaeration %or da" t*pe di"en,ionle,,
c
>
=o#en4, .oe%%i.ient 0.F7 ""H8
o
C
c) %a,t rea.tin C=@- "@28L
c) %a,t C=@- in the o(erl*in #ater @28"
C
!b5$6 te"perat&reAdependent "a9i"&" photo,*nthe,i, rate "A85"
2
d6
!HF,> "ethane .on.entration in the aero1i. ,edi"ent la*er @28"
C
!' %ra.tion o% ,$* .o(ered #ith .lo&d, di"en,ionle,,
cnps,i,j jth nonApoint ,o&r.e .on.entration %or ele"ent i
o
C
!p ,pe.i%i. heat o% #ater .al85
o
C6
cps,i,j jth point ,o&r.e .on.entration %or ele"ent i
o
C
cs ,lo#l* rea.tin C=@- "@28L
!s ,at&ration .on.entration o% "ethane "@28L
!S02 the a"o&nt o% o9*en de"and enerated 1* "ethane
o9idation
@28"
2
8d
c$ total inorani. .ar1on "ole L
>
c4$,i>
.on.entration o% inorani. .ar1on enterin ele"ent
1elo# a da"
"@28L
QUAL2K 7H J&ne 2;, 2007
d d&,t atten&ation .oe%%i.ient di"en,ionle,,
2d pore #ater di%%&,ion .oe%%i.ient "
2
8d
2p di%%&,ion .oe%%i.ient %or 1iot&r1ation "
2
8d
EBi 1&l$ di,per,ion .oe%%i.ient 1et#een ele"ent, i and i K > "
C
8d
e
ai%
air (apor pre,,&re "" H
elev ele(ation a1o(e ,ea le(el "
En n&"eri.al di,per,ion "
2
8d
Ep,i lonit&dinal di,per,ion 1et#een ele"ent, i and i K > "
2
8,
e,ti(e e:&ation o% ti"e: the di%%eren.e 1et#een "ean ,olar ti"e
and tr&e ,olar ti"e #hen lo.ated on the re%eren.e
lonit&de o% the ti"e <one .on,idered
"in&te,
e
s
,at&ration (apor pre,,&re at #ater ,&r%a.e ""H
) photoperiod %ra.tion o% da*
)dai %ra.tion o% a""oni&" in di,,ol(ed %or" in ,edi"ent
la*er i
di"en,ionle,,
)dpi %ra.tion o% inorani. pho,phor&, in di,,ol(ed %or" in
,edi"ent la*er i
di"en,ionle,,
3'p ph*toplan$ton ro#th atten&ation d&e to liht di"en,ionle,,
3oxc atten&ation o% C=@- o9idation d&e to lo# o9*en di"en,ionle,,
3oxdn enhan.e"ent o% denitri%i.ation at lo# o9*en
.on.entration
di"en,ionle,,
3oxna atten&ation d&e to lo# o9*en di"en,ionle,,
3ox%b atten&ation d&e to lo# o9*en di"en,ionle,,
3ox%p atten&ation d&e to lo# o9*en di"en,ionle,,
)pai %ra.tion o% a""oni&" in parti.&late %or" in ,edi"ent
la*er i
di"en,ionle,,
)ppi %ra.tion o% inorani. pho,phor&, in parti.&late %or" in
,edi"ent la*er i
di"en,ionle,,
3u %ra.tion &nioni<ed a""onia
a..eleration d&e to ra(it* J ?.;> "8,
2
Z "a,, o% ele"ent Z
H #ater depth "
H #ater depth "
Hd drop in #ater ele(ation %or a da" "
Hi thi.$ne,, o% ,edi"ent la*er i "
Hsed ,edi"ent thi.$ne,, ."
&506 ,olar radiation at #ater ,&r%a.e .al8."
2
8d
&0 e9traterre,trial radiation .al8."
2
8d
"
an
net at"o,pheri. lon#a(e radiation %l&9 .al85."
2
d6
"
b%
lon#a(e 1a.$ radiation %l&9 %ro" #ater .al85."
2
d6
"
c
.ond&.tion %l&9 .al85."
2
d6
"!,7> %l&9 o% la1ile di,,ol(ed .ar1on @28"
2
8d
"!HF %l&9 o% "ethane %ro" ,edi"ent, to the o(erl*in #ater @28"
2
8d
"!HF,d %l&9 o% di,,ol(ed "ethane enerated in anaero1i.
,edi"ent, .orre.ted %or "ethane a, %or"ation
@28"
2
8d
"!HF,$ .ar1on diaene,i, %l&9 .orre.ted %or denitri%i.ation @28"
2
8d
"
e
e(aporation %l&9 .al85."
2
d6
"a airA#ater heat %l&9 .al85."
2
d6
QUAL2K 77 J&ne 2;, 2007
"/ nitroen diaene,i, %l&9 78"
2
8d
"02,dn o9*en e:&i(alent, .on,&"ed d&rin denitri%i.ation @28"
2
8d
"P pho,phor&, diaene,i, %l&9 P8"
2
8d
"P0!,7> the %l&9 o% la1ile P@C deli(ered to the anaero1i.
,edi"ent la*er
@28"
2
8d
"P06 the do#n#ard %l&9 o% P@M - "
2
d
>
"si ,edi"entA#ater heat %l&9 .al85."
2
d6
"
sn
net ,olar ,hort#a(e radiation %l&9 .al85."
2
d6
k5$6 te"perat&re dependent %ir,tAorder rea.tion rate 8d
1> a.idit* .on,tant %or di,,o.iation o% .ar1oni. a.id
12 a.idit* .on,tant %or di,,o.iation o% 1i.ar1onate
1a e:&ili1ri&" .oe%%i.ient %or a""oni&" di,,o.iation
ka5$6 te"perat&reAdependent o9*en reaeration .oe%%i.ient 8d
kac5$6 te"perat&reAdependent .ar1on dio9ide reaeration
.oe%%i.ient
8d
kdb5$6 te"perat&reAdependent 1otto" alae death rate 8d
kdc5$6 te"perat&reAdependent %a,t C=@- o9idation rate 8d
kdn5$6 te"perat&reAdependent denitri%i.ation rate 8d
kdp5$6 te"perat&reAdependent ph*toplan$ton death rate 8d
kdt5$6 te"perat&reAdependent detrit&, di,,ol&tion rate 8d
kd55$6 te"perat&reAdependent pathoen dieAo%% rate 8d
ke liht e9tin.tion .oe%%i.ient 8"
>
keb a 1a.$ro&nd .oe%%i.ient a..o&ntin %or e9tin.tion d&e to
#ater and .olor
8"
kp5$6 "a9i"&" photo,*nthe,i, rate at te"perat&re $ 8d
1
H
Henr*4, .on,tant "ole85L at"6
khc5$6 te"perat&reAdependent ,lo# C=@- h*drol*,i, rate 8d
khn5$6 te"perat&reAdependent orani. nitroen h*drol*,i, rate 8d
khnxb pre%eren.e .oe%%i.ient o% 1otto" alae %or a""oni&" "78"
C
khnxp pre%eren.e .oe%%i.ient o% ph*toplan$ton %or a""oni&" "78"
C
khp5$6 te"perat&reAdependent orani. pho,phor&, h*drol*,i,
rate
8d
1'>2 pore #ater di%%&,ion "a,, tran,%er .oe%%i.ient "8d
1'b 1otto" alae liht para"eter
1'p ph*toplan$ton liht para"eter l*8d
16,2p o9*en hal%A,at&ration .on,tant %or 1iot&r1ation @28"
C
kna5$6 te"perat&reAdependent nitri%i.ation rate %or a""onia
nitroen
8d
1/HF a""oni&" hal%A,at&ration .on,tant 78"
C
1/HF,02 o9*en hal%A,at&ration .on,tant "@28L
kP0!,7> the "inerali<ation rate o% la1ile P@C d
>
k%b5$6 te"perat&reAdependent 1otto" alae re,piration rate 8d
k%p5$6 te"perat&reAdependent ph*toplan$ton
re,piration8e9.retion rate
8d
ks/b nitroen hal%A,at&ration .on,tant %or 1otto" alae 78L
ks/p nitroen hal%A,at&ration .on,tant %or ph*toplan$ton 78L
1soc) para"eter %or o9*en dependen.* o% %a,t C=@-
o9idation
QUAL2K 7; J&ne 2;, 2007
1sodn para"eter %or o9*en dependen.* o% denitri%i.ation
1sona para"eter %or o9*en dependen.* o% nitri%i.ation
ksPb pho,phor&, hal%A,at&ration .on,tant %or 1otto" alae P8L
ksPp pho,phor&, hal%A,at&ration .on,tant %or ph*toplan$ton P8L
1w a.idit* .on,tant %or di,,o.iation o% #ater
'at latit&de radian,
'l( lonit&de o% lo.al "eridian deree,
local$i(e lo.al ,tandard ti"e "in&te,
's( lonit&de o% ,tandard "eridian deree,
( opti.al air "a,, di"en,ionle,,
"I "a,, o% ele"ent I "
(i inorani. ,&,pended ,olid, "-8L
(i the ,olid, .on.entration in ,edi"ent la*er i -8"
C
(o detrit&, "-8L
(o detrit&, .on.entration -8"
C
n Mannin ro&hne,, .oe%%i.ient
na a""onia nitroen "78L
na the a""oni&" .on.entration in the o(erl*in #ater "78"
C
nau &nioni<ed a""onia nitroen "78L
n)ac at"o,pheri. t&r1idit* %a.tor di"en,ionle,,
/HF,i the .on.entration o% total a""oni&" in ,edi"ent la*er i 78"
C
nn nitrate nitroen "78L
nn nitrate .on.entration in the o(erl*in #ater "78"
C
no orani. nitroen "78L
/0C,i nitrate .on.entration in la*er i 78"
C
npai total n&"1er o% nonApoint #ithdra#al, o&t%lo#, %ro"
ele"ent i
di"en,ionle,,
npsi total n&"1er o% nonApoint ,o&r.e, in%lo#, to ele"ent i di"en,ionle,,
/S02 the a"o&nt o% o9*en de"and enerated 1* nitri%i.ation @28"
2
8d
o di,,ol(ed o9*en "@28L
o the di,,ol(ed o9*en .on.entration in the o(erl*in
#ater
@28"
C
o4i>
o9*en .on.entration enterin an ele"ent 1elo# a da" "@28L
oc%it .riti.al o9*en .on.entration %or ,edi"ent pho,phor&,
,orption
@28"
C
os5$, ele(6 ,at&ration .on.entration o% o9*en at te"perat&re, $, and
ele(ation a1o(e ,ea le(el, elev
"@28L
P #etted peri"eter "
Pab pre%eren.e %or a""oni&" a, a nitroen ,o&r.e %or
1otto" alae
di"en,ionle,,
pai total n&"1er o% point #ithdra#al, %ro" ele"ent i di"en,ionle,,
Pap pre%eren.e %or a""oni&" a, a nitroen ,o&r.e %or
ph*toplan$ton
di"en,ionle,,
PA*5+6 photo,*ntheti.all* a(aila1le radiation 5PA'6 at depth +
1elo# #ater ,&r%a.e
l*8d
pat( at"o,pheri. pre,,&re "" H
p
C@2
at"o,pheri. partial pre,,&re o% .ar1on dio9ide at"
pi inorani. pho,phor&, P8L
QUAL2K 7? J&ne 2;, 2007
pi the inorani. pho,phor&, in the o(erl*in #ater "P8"
C
po orani. pho,phor&, P8L
P0F,i the .on.entration o% total inorani. pho,phor&, in
,edi"ent la*er i
P8"
C
P0!2,7> the .on.entration o% the la1ile %ra.tion o% P@C in the
anaero1i. ,edi"ent la*er
@28"
C
P0!* re%eren.e G> .on.entration %or 1iot&r1ation C8"
C
psi total n&"1er o% point ,o&r.e, to ele"ent i di"en,ionle,,
pwc "ean dail* at"o,pheri. pre.ipita1le #ater .ontent
Q %lo# "
C
8, or "
C
8d
Qout,i total o&t%lo# %ro" ele"ent d&e to point and nonpoint
#ithdra#al,
"
C
8d
Qi o&t%lo# %ro" ele"ent i into ele"ent i K > "
C
8d
Qin,i total in%lo# into ele"ent %ro" point and nonpoint
,o&r.e,
"
C
8d
Qnpa,i,j jth nonApoint #ithdra#al o&t%lo# %ro" ele"ent i "
C
8d
Qnps,i,j jth nonApoint ,o&r.e in%lo# to ele"ent i "
C
8d
Qpa,i,j jth point #ithdra#al o&t%lo# %ro" ele"ent i "
C
8d
Qps,i,j jth point ,o&r.e in%lo# to ele"ent i "
C
8d
% nor"ali<ed radi&, o% earthB, or1it 5i.e., ratio o% a.t&al
earthA,&n di,tan.e to "ean earthA,&n di,tan.e
di"en,ionle,,
%cndn ratio o% o9*en e:&i(alent, lo,t per nitrate nitroen that
i, denitri%ied
@287
%d ratio o% de%i.it a1o(e and 1elo# da" di"en,ionle,,
%da the ratio o% dr* #eiht to .hloroph*ll a -8"A
*' lon#a(e re%le.tion .oe%%i.ient di"en,ionle,,
%oc ratio o% o9*en .on,&"ed per orani. .ar1on o9idi<ed to
.ar1on dio9ide
@28C
%oca ratio o% o9*en enerated per orani. .ar1on prod&.ed
1* photo,*nthe,i, #hen nitrate i, ta$en &p
@28C
%ocn ratio o% o9*en enerated per orani. .ar1on prod&.ed
1* photo,*nthe,i, #hen a""onia i, ta$en &p
@28C
%on the ratio o% o9*en to nitroen .on,&"ed d&rin
nitri%i.ation
J F.G7 @287
%on4 ratio o% o9*en .on,&"ed per a""onia nitroen
.on(erted 1* nitri%i.ation8denitri%i.ation to nitroen a,
@287
%onB the ratio o% o9*en to nitroen .on,&"ed %or total
.on(er,ion o% a""oni&" to nitroen a, (ia
nitri%i.ation8denitri%i.ation
J >.7>F @287
*s al1edo or re%le.ti(it* 5%ra.tion o% ,olar radiation that i,
re%le.ted6
di"en,ionle,,
S .hannel ,lope di"en,ionle,,
s .hloride "Cl8L
s "a,, tran,%er .oe%%i.ient 1et#een the #ater and the
aero1i. ,edi"ent,
"8d
S0 1otto" ,lope "8"
Sb,i ,o&r.e, and ,in$, o% .on,tit&ent d&e to rea.tion, %or
1otto" alae
"A8"
2
8d
Si ,o&r.e, and ,in$, o% .on,tit&ent d&e to rea.tion, and 8"
C
8d or "8"
C
8d
QUAL2K ;0 J&ne 2;, 2007
"a,, tran,%er "e.hani,", %or #ater .on,tit&ent,
S02 the ,edi"ent o9*en de"and @28"
2
8d
S02s the ,&pple"ental ,edi"ent o9*en de"and @28"
2
8d
S02t total ,edi"ent o9*en de"and J S02 K S02s @28"
2
8d
ss .hannel ,ide ,lope "8"
t ti"e d
$ #ater te"perat&re
o
C
$ #ater te"perat&re
o
C
$,w,) #ater te"perat&re
o
!
$
a
a1,ol&te te"perat&re K
$ai% air te"perat&re
o
C
$ai%,) air te"perat&re
o
!
$d de#Apoint te"perat&re
o
C
$i te"perat&re in ele"ent i
o
C
ti(e+one ti"e <one indi.ate, lo.al ti"e <one in relation to
Green#i.h Mean Ti"e 5GMT6 5neati(e in #e,tern
he"i,phere6
ho&r,
$nps,i,j jth nonApoint ,o&r.e te"perat&re %or ele"ent i
o
C
$ps,i,j jth point ,o&r.e te"perat&re %or ele"ent i
o
C
t%ueSola%$i(e ti"e deter"ined %ro" a.t&al po,ition o% the ,&n in the
,$*
"in&te,
$s,i te"perat&re o% 1otto" ,edi"ent
o
C
ts% ti"e o% ,&nri,e Hr
tss ti"e o% ,&n,et Hr
$std ,tandard ti"e Hr
tt,i tra(el ti"e %ro" head#ater to end o% ele"ent i -
U "ean (elo.it* "8,
Ui
U
,hear (elo.it* "8,
Uw #ind ,peed "8,
Uw,(ph #ind ,peed "ph
Uw,+ #ind ,peed at heiht +w a1o(e #ater ,&r%a.e "8,
va ph*toplan$ton ,ettlin (elo.it* "8d
va ph*toplan$ton ,ettlin (elo.it* "8d
vdt detrit&, ,ettlin (elo.it* "8d
vdt detrit&, ,ettlin (elo.it* "8d
vi inorani. ,&,pended ,olid, ,ettlin (elo.it* "8d
Vi (ol&"e o% i
th
ele"ent "
C
vp pathoen ,ettlin (elo.it* "8d
vpc nonAli(in parti.&late orani. .ar1on ,ettlin (elo.it* "8d
#0 ,olar .on,tant 2;G> .al8."
2
8d
w2 the 1&rial (elo.it* "8d
#h,i net heat load %ro" point and nonApoint ,o&r.e, into
ele"ent i
.al8d
#i e9ternal loadin o% .on,tit&ent to ele"ent i 8d or "8d
5 pathoen .%&8>00 "L
+w heiht a1o(e #ater %or #ind ,peed "ea,&re"ent, "
QUAL2K ;> J&ne 2;, 2007
;ree,:
Symbol Definition (nits
depth ratin .&r(e .oe%%i.ient di"en,ionle,,
,&nB, altit&de radian,
d
,&nB, altit&de deree,
s
,edi"ent ther"al di%%&,i(it* ."
2
8,
0
%ra.tion o% total inorani. .ar1on in .ar1on dio9ide di"en,ionle,,
>
%ra.tion o% total inorani. .ar1on in 1i.ar1onate di"en,ionle,,
2
%ra.tion o% total inorani. .ar1on in .ar1onate di"en,ionle,,
i
e%%e.t o% inorani. ,&,pended ,olid, on liht atten&ation L8"-8"
o
e%%e.t o% parti.&late orani. "atter on liht atten&ation L8"-8"
p
linear e%%e.t o% .hloroph*ll on liht atten&ation L8A8"
pn
nonAlinear e%%e.t o% .hloroph*ll on liht atten&ation 5L8A6
28C
8"
path
pathoen liht e%%i.ien.* %a.tor di"en,ionle,,
depth ratin .&r(e e9ponent di"en,ionle,,
,olar de.lination radian,
P0F,>
%a.tor that in.rea,e, the aero1i. ,edi"ent la*er partition
.oe%%i.ient relati(e to the anaero1i. .oe%%i.ient
di"en,ionle,,
v

(irt&al te"perat&re di%%eren.e 1et#een the #ater and air W!
ts
di%%eren.e 1et#een ,tandard and lo.al .i(i. ti"e hr
xi
lenth o% ith ele"ent "
e"i,,i(it* o% #ater di"en,ionle,,
clea%
e"i,,i(it* o% lon#a(e radiation %ro" the ,$* #ith no
.lo&d,
0A>
sk-
e"i,,i(it* o% lon#a(e radiation %ro" the ,$* #ith
.lo&d,
0A>
a
e,ti"ated error R
'b
1otto" alae liht atten&ation 0A>
'p
ph*toplan$ton liht atten&ation 0A>
/b
1otto" alae n&trient atten&ation %a.tor 0A>
/p
ph*toplan$ton n&trient atten&ation %a.tor 0A>
p
ph*toplan$ton photo,*nthe,i, rate 8d
den,it* o% #ater 8."
C
Ste%anA=olt<"ann .on,tant >>.7^>0
A;
.al85."
2
d K
F
6
lo.al ho&r anle o% ,&n radian,
i
re,iden.e ti"e o% i
th
ele"ent d
te"perat&re .oe%%i.ient %or <ero and %ir,tAorder rea.tion, di"en,ionle,,
a(
ele(ation ad3&,ted opti.al air "a,,
>2
the 1iot&r1ation "a,, tran,%er .oe%%i.ient 1et#een the
,edi"ent la*er,
"8d
ai
the partition .oe%%i.ient %or a""oni&" in ,edi"ent la*er
i
"
C
8-
pi
the partition .oe%%i.ient %or inorani. pho,phor&, in "
C
8-
QUAL2K ;2 J&ne 2;, 2007
,edi"ent la*er i
!HF
te"perat&re .orre.tion %a.tor %or ,edi"ent "ethane
o9idation
di"en,ionle,,
2d
te"perat&re .oe%%i.ient %or pore#ater di%%&,ion di"en,ionle,,
2p
te"perat&re .oe%%i.ient %or 1iot&r1ation di%%&,ion di"en,ionle,,
/HF
te"perat&re .orre.tion %a.tor %or ,edi"ent nitri%i.ation di"en,ionle,,
/0C
,edi"ent denitri%i.ation te"perat&re .orre.tion %a.tor di"en,ionle,,
P0!,7>
te"perat&re .orre.tion %a.tor %or la1ile P@C
"inerali<ation
di"en,ionle,,
!HF,>
the rea.tion (elo.it* %or "ethane o9idation in the
aero1i. ,edi"ent,
"8d
/HF,>
the rea.tion (elo.it* %or nitri%i.ation in the aero1i.
,edi"ent,
"8d
/0C,i
denitri%i.ation rea.tion (elo.it* ,edi"ent la*er i "8d
QUAL2K ;C J&ne 2;, 2007
A++6403M :: S5LAR +5S3-354) SU4R3S6) A40
SU4S6- &AL&ULA-354S
The ,&nri,e8,&n,et and ,olar po,ition %&n.tion, are a +=A tran,lation o% 7@AA4, ,&nri,e8,&n,et .al.&lator
and 7@AA4, ,olar po,ition .al.&lator at the %ollo#in #e1 pae,:
http:88###.,rr1.noaa.o(8hihliht,8,&nri,e8,&nri,e.ht"l
http:88###.,rr1.noaa.o(8hihliht,8,&nri,e8a<el.ht"l
The .al.&lation, in the 7@AA S&nri,e8S&n,et and Solar Po,ition Cal.&lator, are 1a,ed on e:&ation, %ro"
A,trono"i.al Alorith",, 1* Jean Mee&,. The ,&nri,e and ,&n,et re,&lt, ha(e 1een (eri%ied 1* 7@AA to
1e a..&rate to #ithin a "in&te %or lo.ation, 1et#een K8A 72W latit&de, and #ithin >0 "in&te, o&t,ide o%
tho,e latit&de,.
!i(e "ain %&n.tion, are in.l&ded %or &,e %ro" /9.el #or$,heet, or +=A prora",:
,&nri,e 5lat, lon, *ear, "onth, da*, ti"e<one, dl,ti"e6 .al.&late, the lo.al ti"e o% ,&nri,e %or a lo.ation
and date
,olarnoon 5lat, lon, *ear, "onth, da*, ti"e<one, dl,ti"e6 .al.&late, the lo.al ti"e o% ,olar noon %or a
lo.ation and date 5the ti"e #hen the ,&n .ro,,e, the "eridian6
,&n,et 5lat, lon, *ear, "onth, da*, ti"e<one, dl,ti"e6 .al.&late, the lo.al ti"e o% ,&n,et %or a lo.ation
and date
,olara<i"&th 5lat, lon, *ear, "onth, da*, ho&r, "in&te, ,e.ond, ti"e<one, dl,ti"e6 .al.&late, the ,olar
a<i"&th %or a lo.ation, date, and ti"e 5deree, .lo.$#i,e %ro" north to the point on the hori<on
dire.tl* 1elo# the ,&n6
,olarele(ation 5lat, lon, *ear, "onth, da*, ho&r, "in&te, ,e.ond, ti"e<one, dl,ti"e6 .al.&late, the ,olar
ele(ation %or a lo.ation, date, and ti"e 5deree, (erti.all* %ro" hori<on to the ,&n6
A ,&1ro&tine i, al,o pro(ided that .al.&late, ,olar a<i"&th 5a<6, ,olar ele(ation 5el6:
,olarpo,ition 5lat, lon, *ear, "onth, da*, ho&r, "in&te, ,e.ond, ti"e<one, dl,ti"e, a<, el,
earth'adi&,+e.tor6
The ,in .on(ention %or the "ain %&n.tion, and ,&1ro&tine i,:
po,iti(e latit&de de.i"al deree, %or northern he"i,phere
neati(e lonit&de deree, %or #e,tern he"i,phere
neati(e ti"e <one ho&r, %or #e,tern he"i,phere
The /9.el8+=A %&n.tion, and ,&1ro&tine, %or ,olar po,ition, ,&nri,e, and ,&n,et ti"e, are a, %ollo#,:
Option Explicit
Function radToDeg(angleRad)
'// Convert radian angle to degrees
radToDeg = (18! " angleRad / #pplication$%or&s'eetFunction$(i())
End Function
Function degToRad(angleDeg)
'// Convert degree angle to radians

degToRad = (#pplication$%or&s'eetFunction$(i() " angleDeg / 18!)

End Function
Function calc)D(*ear+ ,ont'+ da*)
'"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""/
'" -a,e. calc)D
QUAL2K ;F J&ne 2;, 2007
'" T*pe. Function
'" (urpose. )ulian da* /ro, calendar da*
'" #rgu,ents.
'" *ear . 0 digit *ear
'" ,ont'. )anuar* = 1
'" da* . 1 1 21
'" Return value.
'" T'e )ulian da* corresponding to t'e date
'" -ote.
'" -u,3er is returned /or start o/ da*$ Fractional da*s s'ould 3e
'" added later$
'"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""/
Di, # #s Dou3le+ 4 #s Dou3le+ 5d #s Dou3le
6/ (,ont' 7= 8) T'en
*ear = *ear 1 1
,ont' = ,ont' 9 18
End 6/

# = #pplication$%or&s'eetFunction$Floor(*ear / 1+ 1)
4 = 8 1 # 9 #pplication$%or&s'eetFunction$Floor(# / 0+ 1)
5d = #pplication$%or&s'eetFunction$Floor(2:;$8; " (*ear 9 0<1:)+ 1) 9 =
#pplication$%or&s'eetFunction$Floor(2$:1 " (,ont' 9 1)+ 1) 9 da* 9 4 1 1;80$;
calc)D = 5d

'gp put t'e *ear and ,ont' 3ac& >'ere t'e* 3elong
6/ ,ont' = 12 T'en
,ont' = 1
*ear = *ear 9 1
End 6/
6/ ,ont' = 10 T'en
,ont' = 8
*ear = *ear 9 1
End 6/

End Function
Function calcTi,e)ulianCent(5d)
'"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""/
'" -a,e. calcTi,e)ulianCent
'" T*pe. Function
'" (urpose. convert )ulian Da* to centuries since )8$$
'" #rgu,ents.
'" 5d . t'e )ulian Da* to convert
'" Return value.
'" t'e T value corresponding to t'e )ulian Da*
'"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""/
Di, t #s Dou3le
t = (5d 1 80;1;0;!) / 2:;8;!
calcTi,e)ulianCent = t
End Function
Function calc)DFro,)ulianCent(t)
'"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""/
'" -a,e. calc)DFro,)ulianCent
'" T*pe. Function
'" (urpose. convert centuries since )8$ to )ulian Da*$
'" #rgu,ents.
'" t . nu,3er o/ )ulian centuries since )8$
'" Return value.
'" t'e )ulian Da* corresponding to t'e t value
'"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""/
Di, 5d #s Dou3le
5d = t " 2:;8;! 9 80;1;0;!
calc)DFro,)ulianCent = 5d
End Function
Function calc?eo,@eanAongBun(t)
'"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""/
'" -a,e. cal?eo,@eanAongBun
QUAL2K ;G J&ne 2;, 2007
'" T*pe. Function
'" (urpose. calculate t'e ?eo,etric @ean Aongitude o/ t'e Bun
'" #rgu,ents.
'" t . nu,3er o/ )ulian centuries since )8$
'" Return value.
'" t'e ?eo,etric @ean Aongitude o/ t'e Bun in degrees
'"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""/
Di, l #s Dou3le
l = 88$0::0: 9 t " (2:$<:C82 9 $228 " t)
Do
6/ (l 7= 2:) #nd (l D= ) T'en Exit Do
6/ l D 2: T'en l = l 1 2:
6/ l 7 T'en l = l 9 2:
Aoop

calc?eo,@eanAongBun = l
End Function
Function calc?eo,@ean#no,al*Bun(t)
'"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""/
'" -a,e. cal?eo,#no,al*Bun
'" T*pe. Function
'" (urpose. calculate t'e ?eo,etric @ean #no,al* o/ t'e Bun
'" #rgu,ents.
'" t . nu,3er o/ )ulian centuries since )8$
'" Return value.
'" t'e ?eo,etric @ean #no,al* o/ t'e Bun in degrees
'"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""/

Di, , #s Dou3le

, = 2;<$;8C11 9 t " (2;CCC$;8C 1 $1;2< " t)
calc?eo,@ean#no,al*Bun = ,

End Function
Function calcEccentricit*Eart'Or3it(t)
'"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""/
'" -a,e. calcEccentricit*Eart'Or3it
'" T*pe. Function
'" (urpose. calculate t'e eccentricit* o/ eart''s or3it
'" #rgu,ents.
'" t . nu,3er o/ )ulian centuries since )8$
'" Return value.
'" t'e unitless eccentricit*
'"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""/
Di, e #s Dou3le
e = $1:<8:20 1 t " ($082< 9 $18:< " t)
calcEccentricit*Eart'Or3it = e

End Function
Function calcBunEEO/Center(t)
'"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""/
'" -a,e. calcBunEEO/Center
'" T*pe. Function
'" (urpose. calculate t'e eEuation o/ center /or t'e sun
'" #rgu,ents.
'" t . nu,3er o/ )ulian centuries since )8$
'" Return value.
'" in degrees
'"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""/
Di, , #s Dou3le+ ,rad #s Dou3le+ sin, #s Dou3le+ sin8, #s Dou3le+ sin2, #s Dou3le
Di, c #s Dou3le
, = calc?eo,@ean#no,al*Bun(t)
,rad = degToRad(,)
sin, = Bin(,rad)
sin8, = Bin(,rad 9 ,rad)
sin2, = Bin(,rad 9 ,rad 9 ,rad)
QUAL2K ;H J&ne 2;, 2007
c = sin, " (1$C10:8 1 t " ($081< 9 $10 " t)) =
9 sin8, " ($1CCC2 1 $11 " t) 9 sin2, " $88C

calcBunEEO/Center = c

End Function
Function calcBunTrueAong(t)
'"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""/
'" -a,e. calcBunTrueAong
'" T*pe. Function
'" (urpose. calculate t'e true longitude o/ t'e sun
'" #rgu,ents.
'" t . nu,3er o/ )ulian centuries since )8$
'" Return value.
'" sun's true longitude in degrees
'"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""/
Di, l #s Dou3le+ c #s Dou3le+ O #s Dou3le
l = calc?eo,@eanAongBun(t)
c = calcBunEEO/Center(t)
O = l 9 c
calcBunTrueAong = O

End Function
Function calcBunTrue#no,al*(t)
'"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""/
'" -a,e. calcBunTrue#no,al* (not used 3* sunrise+ solarnoon+ sunset)
'" T*pe. Function
'" (urpose. calculate t'e true ana,ol* o/ t'e sun
'" #rgu,ents.
'" t . nu,3er o/ )ulian centuries since )8$
'" Return value.
'" sun's true ana,ol* in degrees
'"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""/
Di, , #s Dou3le+ c #s Dou3le+ v #s Dou3le
, = calc?eo,@ean#no,al*Bun(t)
c = calcBunEEO/Center(t)
v = , 9 c
calcBunTrue#no,al* = v

End Function
Function calcBunRadFector(t)
'"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""/
'" -a,e. calcBunRadFector (not used 3* sunrise+ solarnoon+ sunset)
'" T*pe. Function
'" (urpose. calculate t'e distance to t'e sun in #G
'" #rgu,ents.
'" t . nu,3er o/ )ulian centuries since )8$
'" Return value.
'" sun radius vector in #Gs
'"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""/
Di, v #s Dou3le+ e #s Dou3le+ r #s Dou3le
v = calcBunTrue#no,al*(t)
e = calcEccentricit*Eart'Or3it(t)

r = (1$118 " (1 1 e " e)) / (1 9 e " Cos(degToRad(v)))
calcBunRadFector = r

End Function
Function calcBun#pparentAong(t)
'"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""/
'" -a,e. calcBun#pparentAong (not used 3* sunrise+ solarnoon+ sunset)
'" T*pe. Function
'" (urpose. calculate t'e apparent longitude o/ t'e sun
'" #rgu,ents.
'" t . nu,3er o/ )ulian centuries since )8$
QUAL2K ;7 J&ne 2;, 2007
'" Return value.
'" sun's apparent longitude in degrees
'"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""/
Di, O #s Dou3le+ o,ega #s Dou3le+ la,3da #s Dou3le
O = calcBunTrueAong(t)
o,ega = 18;$0 1 1C20$12: " t
la,3da = O 1 $;:C 1 $0<8 " Bin(degToRad(o,ega))
calcBun#pparentAong = la,3da
End Function
Function calc@eanO3liEuit*O/Ecliptic(t)
'"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""/
'" -a,e. calc@eanO3liEuit*O/Ecliptic
'" T*pe. Function
'" (urpose. calculate t'e ,ean o3liEuit* o/ t'e ecliptic
'" #rgu,ents.
'" t . nu,3er o/ )ulian centuries since )8$
'" Return value.
'" ,ean o3liEuit* in degrees
'"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""/
Di, seconds #s Dou3le+ e #s Dou3le
seconds = 81$008 1 t " (0:$81; 9 t " ($;C 1 t " ($1812)))
e = 82! 9 (8:! 9 (seconds / :!)) / :!
calc@eanO3liEuit*O/Ecliptic = e

End Function
Function calcO3liEuit*Correction(t)
'"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""/
'" -a,e. calcO3liEuit*Correction
'" T*pe. Function
'" (urpose. calculate t'e corrected o3liEuit* o/ t'e ecliptic
'" #rgu,ents.
'" t . nu,3er o/ )ulian centuries since )8$
'" Return value.
'" corrected o3liEuit* in degrees
'"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""/
Di, e #s Dou3le+ o,ega #s Dou3le+ e #s Dou3le
e = calc@eanO3liEuit*O/Ecliptic(t)
o,ega = 18;$0 1 1C20$12: " t
e = e 9 $8;: " Cos(degToRad(o,ega))
calcO3liEuit*Correction = e

End Function
Function calcBunRt#scension(t)
'"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""/
'" -a,e. calcBunRt#scension (not used 3* sunrise+ solarnoon+ sunset)
'" T*pe. Function
'" (urpose. calculate t'e rig't ascension o/ t'e sun
'" #rgu,ents.
'" t . nu,3er o/ )ulian centuries since )8$
'" Return value.
'" sun's rig't ascension in degrees
'"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""/
Di, e #s Dou3le+ la,3da #s Dou3le+ tananu, #s Dou3le+ tanadeno, #s Dou3le
Di, alp'a #s Dou3le
e = calcO3liEuit*Correction(t)
la,3da = calcBun#pparentAong(t)

tananu, = (Cos(degToRad(e)) " Bin(degToRad(la,3da)))
tanadeno, = (Cos(degToRad(la,3da)))
'original -O## code using 5avascript @at'$#tan8(*+x) convention.
' var alp'a = radToDeg(@at'$atan8(tananu,+ tanadeno,))H
' alp'a = radToDeg(#pplication$%or&s'eetFunction$#tan8(tananu,+ tanadeno,))
QUAL2K ;; J&ne 2;, 2007
'translated using Excel F4# #pplication$%or&s'eetFunction$#tan8(x+*) convention.
alp'a = radToDeg(#pplication$%or&s'eetFunction$#tan8(tanadeno,+ tananu,))

calcBunRt#scension = alp'a
End Function
Function calcBunDeclination(t)
'"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""/
'" -a,e. calcBunDeclination
'" T*pe. Function
'" (urpose. calculate t'e declination o/ t'e sun
'" #rgu,ents.
'" t . nu,3er o/ )ulian centuries since )8$
'" Return value.
'" sun's declination in degrees
'"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""/
Di, e #s Dou3le+ la,3da #s Dou3le+ sint #s Dou3le+ t'eta #s Dou3le
e = calcO3liEuit*Correction(t)
la,3da = calcBun#pparentAong(t)
sint = Bin(degToRad(e)) " Bin(degToRad(la,3da))
t'eta = radToDeg(#pplication$%or&s'eetFunction$#sin(sint))
calcBunDeclination = t'eta
End Function
Function calcEEuationO/Ti,e(t)
'"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""/
'" -a,e. calcEEuationO/Ti,e
'" T*pe. Function
'" (urpose. calculate t'e di//erence 3et>een true solar ti,e and ,ean
'" solar ti,e
'" #rgu,ents.
'" t . nu,3er o/ )ulian centuries since )8$
'" Return value.
'" eEuation o/ ti,e in ,inutes o/ ti,e
'"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""/
Di, epsilon #s Dou3le+ l #s Dou3le+ e #s Dou3le+ , #s Dou3le
Di, * #s Dou3le+ sin8l #s Dou3le+ sin, #s Dou3le
Di, cos8l #s Dou3le+ sin0l #s Dou3le+ sin8, #s Dou3le+ Eti,e #s Dou3le
epsilon = calcO3liEuit*Correction(t)
l = calc?eo,@eanAongBun(t)
e = calcEccentricit*Eart'Or3it(t)
, = calc?eo,@ean#no,al*Bun(t)
* = Tan(degToRad(epsilon) / 8!)
* = * I 8
sin8l = Bin(8! " degToRad(l))
sin, = Bin(degToRad(,))
cos8l = Cos(8! " degToRad(l))
sin0l = Bin(0! " degToRad(l))
sin8, = Bin(8! " degToRad(,))
Eti,e = * " sin8l 1 8! " e " sin, 9 0! " e " * " sin, " cos8l =
1 $; " * " * " sin0l 1 1$8; " e " e " sin8,
calcEEuationO/Ti,e = radToDeg(Eti,e) " 0!

End Function

Function calcJour#ngleBunrise(lat+ BolarDec)
'"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""/
'" -a,e. calcJour#ngleBunrise
'" T*pe. Function
'" (urpose. calculate t'e 'our angle o/ t'e sun at sunrise /or t'e
'" latitude
'" #rgu,ents.
'" lat . latitude o/ o3server in degrees
'" solarDec . declination angle o/ sun in degrees
'" Return value.
'" 'our angle o/ sunrise in radians
QUAL2K ;? J&ne 2;, 2007
'"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""/
Di, latrad #s Dou3le+ sdRad #s Dou3le+ J#arg #s Dou3le+ J# #s Dou3le
latrad = degToRad(lat)
sdRad = degToRad(BolarDec)
J#arg = (Cos(degToRad(C$822)) / (Cos(latrad) " Cos(sdRad)) 1 Tan(latrad) " Tan(sdRad))
J# = (#pplication$%or&s'eetFunction$#cos(Cos(degToRad(C$822)) =
/ (Cos(latrad) " Cos(sdRad)) 1 Tan(latrad) " Tan(sdRad)))
calcJour#ngleBunrise = J#

End Function
Function calcJour#ngleBunset(lat+ BolarDec)
'"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""/
'" -a,e. calcJour#ngleBunset
'" T*pe. Function
'" (urpose. calculate t'e 'our angle o/ t'e sun at sunset /or t'e
'" latitude
'" #rgu,ents.
'" lat . latitude o/ o3server in degrees
'" solarDec . declination angle o/ sun in degrees
'" Return value.
'" 'our angle o/ sunset in radians
'"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""/
Di, latrad #s Dou3le+ sdRad #s Dou3le+ J#arg #s Dou3le+ J# #s Dou3le
latrad = degToRad(lat)
sdRad = degToRad(BolarDec)
J#arg = (Cos(degToRad(C$822)) / (Cos(latrad) " Cos(sdRad)) 1 Tan(latrad) " Tan(sdRad))
J# = (#pplication$%or&s'eetFunction$#cos(Cos(degToRad(C$822)) =
/ (Cos(latrad) " Cos(sdRad)) 1 Tan(latrad) " Tan(sdRad)))
calcJour#ngleBunset = 1J#

End Function
Function calcBunriseGTC(5d+ Aatitude+ longitude)
'"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""/
'" -a,e. calcBunriseGTC
'" T*pe. Function
'" (urpose. calculate t'e Gniversal Coordinated Ti,e (GTC) o/ sunrise
'" /or t'e given da* at t'e given location on eart'
'" #rgu,ents.
'" )D . 5ulian da*
'" latitude . latitude o/ o3server in degrees
'" longitude . longitude o/ o3server in degrees
'" Return value.
'" ti,e in ,inutes /ro, Kero L
'"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""/
Di, t #s Dou3le+ eEti,e #s Dou3le+ BolarDec #s Dou3le+ 'ourangle #s Dou3le
Di, delta #s Dou3le+ ti,eDi// #s Dou3le+ ti,eGTC #s Dou3le
Di, ne>t #s Dou3le
t = calcTi,e)ulianCent(5d)
' // """ First pass to approxi,ate sunrise
eEti,e = calcEEuationO/Ti,e(t)
BolarDec = calcBunDeclination(t)
'ourangle = calcJour#ngleBunrise(Aatitude+ BolarDec)
delta = longitude 1 radToDeg('ourangle)
ti,eDi// = 0 " delta
' in ,inutes o/ ti,e
ti,eGTC = <8 9 ti,eDi// 1 eEti,e
' in ,inutes
' """ Becond pass includes /ractional 5da* in ga,,a calc
ne>t = calcTi,e)ulianCent(calc)DFro,)ulianCent(t) 9 ti,eGTC / 100!)
eEti,e = calcEEuationO/Ti,e(ne>t)
QUAL2K ?0 J&ne 2;, 2007
BolarDec = calcBunDeclination(ne>t)
'ourangle = calcJour#ngleBunrise(Aatitude+ BolarDec)
delta = longitude 1 radToDeg('ourangle)
ti,eDi// = 0 " delta
ti,eGTC = <8 9 ti,eDi// 1 eEti,e
' in ,inutes
calcBunriseGTC = ti,eGTC
End Function
Function calcBol-oonGTC(t+ longitude)
'"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""/
'" -a,e. calcBol-oonGTC
'" T*pe. Function
'" (urpose. calculate t'e Gniversal Coordinated Ti,e (GTC) o/ solar
'" noon /or t'e given da* at t'e given location on eart'
'" #rgu,ents.
'" t . nu,3er o/ )ulian centuries since )8$
'" longitude . longitude o/ o3server in degrees
'" Return value.
'" ti,e in ,inutes /ro, Kero L
'"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""/

Di, ne>t #s Dou3le+ eEti,e #s Dou3le+ solar-oonDec #s Dou3le+ sol-oonGTC #s Dou3le

ne>t = calcTi,e)ulianCent(calc)DFro,)ulianCent(t) 9 $; 9 longitude / 2:!)
eEti,e = calcEEuationO/Ti,e(ne>t)
solar-oonDec = calcBunDeclination(ne>t)
sol-oonGTC = <8 9 (longitude " 0) 1 eEti,e

calcBol-oonGTC = sol-oonGTC
End Function
Function calcBunsetGTC(5d+ Aatitude+ longitude)
'"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""/
'" -a,e. calcBunsetGTC
'" T*pe. Function
'" (urpose. calculate t'e Gniversal Coordinated Ti,e (GTC) o/ sunset
'" /or t'e given da* at t'e given location on eart'
'" #rgu,ents.
'" )D . 5ulian da*
'" latitude . latitude o/ o3server in degrees
'" longitude . longitude o/ o3server in degrees
'" Return value.
'" ti,e in ,inutes /ro, Kero L
'"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""/

Di, t #s Dou3le+ eEti,e #s Dou3le+ BolarDec #s Dou3le+ 'ourangle #s Dou3le
Di, delta #s Dou3le+ ti,eDi// #s Dou3le+ ti,eGTC #s Dou3le
Di, ne>t #s Dou3le

t = calcTi,e)ulianCent(5d)
' // First calculates sunrise and approx lengt' o/ da*
eEti,e = calcEEuationO/Ti,e(t)
BolarDec = calcBunDeclination(t)
'ourangle = calcJour#ngleBunset(Aatitude+ BolarDec)
delta = longitude 1 radToDeg('ourangle)
ti,eDi// = 0 " delta
ti,eGTC = <8 9 ti,eDi// 1 eEti,e
' // /irst pass used to include /ractional da* in ga,,a calc
ne>t = calcTi,e)ulianCent(calc)DFro,)ulianCent(t) 9 ti,eGTC / 100!)
eEti,e = calcEEuationO/Ti,e(ne>t)
BolarDec = calcBunDeclination(ne>t)
'ourangle = calcJour#ngleBunset(Aatitude+ BolarDec)
delta = longitude 1 radToDeg('ourangle)
ti,eDi// = 0 " delta
ti,eGTC = <8 9 ti,eDi// 1 eEti,e
' // in ,inutes
calcBunsetGTC = ti,eGTC
QUAL2K ?> J&ne 2;, 2007
End Function
Function sunrise(lat+ lon+ *ear+ ,ont'+ da*+ ti,eKone+ dlsti,e)

'"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""/
'" -a,e. sunrise
'" T*pe. @ain Function called 3* spreads'eet
'" (urpose. calculate ti,e o/ sunrise /or t'e entered date
'" and location$
'" For latitudes greater t'an <8 degrees - and B+ calculations are
'" accurate to >it'in 1 ,inutes$ For latitudes less t'an 9/1 <8M
'" accurac* is approxi,atel* one ,inute$
'" #rgu,ents.
' latitude = latitude (deci,al degrees)
' longitude = longitude (deci,al degrees)
' -OTE. longitude is negative /or >estern 'e,isp'ere /or input cells
' in t'e spreads'eet /or calls to t'e /unctions na,ed
' sunrise+ solarnoon+ and sunset$ T'ose /unctions convert t'e
' longitude to positive /or t'e >estern 'e,isp'ere /or calls to
' ot'er /unctions using t'e original sign convention
' /ro, t'e -O## 5avascript code$
' *ear = *ear
' ,ont' = ,ont'
' da* = da*
' ti,eKone = ti,e Kone 'ours relative to ?@T/GTC ('ours)
' dlsti,e = da*lig't savings ti,e ( = no+ 1 = *es) ('ours)
'" Return value.
'" sunrise ti,e in local ti,e (da*s)
'"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""/
Di, longitude #s Dou3le+ Aatitude #s Dou3le+ 5d #s Dou3le
Di, riseTi,e?@T #s Dou3le+ riseTi,eABT #s Dou3le
' c'ange sign convention /or longitude /ro, negative to positive in >estern 'e,isp'ere
longitude = lon " 11
Aatitude = lat
6/ (Aatitude D 8C$8) T'en Aatitude = 8C$8
6/ (Aatitude 7 18C$8) T'en Aatitude = 18C$8

5d = calc)D(*ear+ ,ont'+ da*)
' // Calculate sunrise /or t'is date
riseTi,e?@T = calcBunriseGTC(5d+ Aatitude+ longitude)

' // ad5ust /or ti,e Kone and da*lig't savings ti,e in ,inutes
riseTi,eABT = riseTi,e?@T 9 (: " ti,eKone) 9 (dlsti,e " :)
' // convert to da*s
sunrise = riseTi,eABT / 100
End Function
Function solarnoon(lat+ lon+ *ear+ ,ont'+ da*+ ti,eKone+ dlsti,e)
'"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""/
'" -a,e. solarnoon
'" T*pe. @ain Function called 3* spreads'eet
'" (urpose. calculate t'e Gniversal Coordinated Ti,e (GTC) o/ solar
'" noon /or t'e given da* at t'e given location on eart'
'" #rgu,ents.
' *ear
' ,ont'
' da*
'" longitude . longitude o/ o3server in degrees
' -OTE. longitude is negative /or >estern 'e,isp'ere /or input cells
' in t'e spreads'eet /or calls to t'e /unctions na,ed
' sunrise+ solarnoon+ and sunset$ T'ose /unctions convert t'e
' longitude to positive /or t'e >estern 'e,isp'ere /or calls to
' ot'er /unctions using t'e original sign convention
' /ro, t'e -O## 5avascript code$
'" Return value.
'" ti,e o/ solar noon in local ti,e da*s
'"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""/

Di, longitude #s Dou3le+ Aatitude #s Dou3le+ 5d #s Dou3le
Di, t #s Dou3le+ ne>t #s Dou3le+ eEti,e #s Dou3le
Di, solar-oonDec #s Dou3le+ sol-oonGTC #s Dou3le

' c'ange sign convention /or longitude /ro, negative to positive in >estern 'e,isp'ere
longitude = lon " 11
QUAL2K ?2 J&ne 2;, 2007
Aatitude = lat
6/ (Aatitude D 8C$8) T'en Aatitude = 8C$8
6/ (Aatitude 7 18C$8) T'en Aatitude = 18C$8

5d = calc)D(*ear+ ,ont'+ da*)
t = calcTi,e)ulianCent(5d)

ne>t = calcTi,e)ulianCent(calc)DFro,)ulianCent(t) 9 $; 9 longitude / 2:!)
eEti,e = calcEEuationO/Ti,e(ne>t)
solar-oonDec = calcBunDeclination(ne>t)
sol-oonGTC = <8 9 (longitude " 0) 1 eEti,e

' // ad5ust /or ti,e Kone and da*lig't savings ti,e in ,inutes
solarnoon = sol-oonGTC 9 (: " ti,eKone) 9 (dlsti,e " :)
' // convert to da*s
solarnoon = solarnoon / 100
End Function
Function sunset(lat+ lon+ *ear+ ,ont'+ da*+ ti,eKone+ dlsti,e)

'"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""/
'" -a,e. sunset
'" T*pe. @ain Function called 3* spreads'eet
'" (urpose. calculate ti,e o/ sunrise and sunset /or t'e entered date
'" and location$
'" For latitudes greater t'an <8 degrees - and B+ calculations are
'" accurate to >it'in 1 ,inutes$ For latitudes less t'an 9/1 <8M
'" accurac* is approxi,atel* one ,inute$
'" #rgu,ents.
' latitude = latitude (deci,al degrees)
' longitude = longitude (deci,al degrees)
' -OTE. longitude is negative /or >estern 'e,isp'ere /or input cells
' in t'e spreads'eet /or calls to t'e /unctions na,ed
' sunrise+ solarnoon+ and sunset$ T'ose /unctions convert t'e
' longitude to positive /or t'e >estern 'e,isp'ere /or calls to
' ot'er /unctions using t'e original sign convention
' /ro, t'e -O## 5avascript code$
' *ear = *ear
' ,ont' = ,ont'
' da* = da*
' ti,eKone = ti,e Kone 'ours relative to ?@T/GTC ('ours)
' dlsti,e = da*lig't savings ti,e ( = no+ 1 = *es) ('ours)
'" Return value.
'" sunset ti,e in local ti,e (da*s)
'"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""/

Di, longitude #s Dou3le+ Aatitude #s Dou3le+ 5d #s Dou3le
Di, setTi,e?@T #s Dou3le+ setTi,eABT #s Dou3le
' c'ange sign convention /or longitude /ro, negative to positive in >estern 'e,isp'ere
longitude = lon " 11
Aatitude = lat
6/ (Aatitude D 8C$8) T'en Aatitude = 8C$8
6/ (Aatitude 7 18C$8) T'en Aatitude = 18C$8

5d = calc)D(*ear+ ,ont'+ da*)
' // Calculate sunset /or t'is date
setTi,e?@T = calcBunsetGTC(5d+ Aatitude+ longitude)

' // ad5ust /or ti,e Kone and da*lig't savings ti,e in ,inutes
setTi,eABT = setTi,e?@T 9 (: " ti,eKone) 9 (dlsti,e " :)
' // convert to da*s
sunset = setTi,eABT / 100
End Function
Function solaraKi,ut'(lat+ lon+ *ear+ ,ont'+ da*+ =
'ours+ ,inutes+ seconds+ ti,eKone+ dlsti,e)
'"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""/
'" -a,e. solaraKi,ut'
'" T*pe. @ain Function
'" (urpose. calculate solar aKi,ut' (deg /ro, nort') /or t'e entered
'" date+ ti,e and location$ Returns 1CCCCCC i/ dar&er t'an t>ilig't
'"
'" #rgu,ents.
QUAL2K ?C J&ne 2;, 2007
'" latitude+ longitude+ *ear+ ,ont'+ da*+ 'our+ ,inute+ second+
'" ti,eKone+ da*lig'tsavingsti,e
'" Return value.
'" solar aKi,ut' in degrees /ro, nort'
'"
'" -ote. solarelevation and solaraKi,ut' /unctions are identical
'" and could 3e converted to a F4# su3routine t'at >ould return
'" 3ot' values$
'"
'"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""/
Di, longitude #s Dou3le+ Aatitude #s Dou3le
Di, Lone #s Dou3le+ da*Bavings #s Dou3le
Di, '' #s Dou3le+ ,, #s Dou3le+ ss #s Dou3le+ ti,eno> #s Dou3le
Di, 5d #s Dou3le+ t #s Dou3le+ r #s Dou3le
Di, alp'a #s Dou3le+ t'eta #s Dou3le+ Eti,e #s Dou3le+ eEti,e #s Dou3le
Di, BolarDec #s Dou3le+ eart'RadFec #s Dou3le+ solarTi,eFix #s Dou3le
Di, trueBolarTi,e #s Dou3le+ 'ourangle #s Dou3le+ 'arad #s Dou3le
Di, csK #s Dou3le+ Kenit' #s Dou3le+ aKDeno, #s Dou3le+ aKRad #s Dou3le
Di, aKi,ut' #s Dou3le+ exoat,Elevation #s Dou3le
Di, step1 #s Dou3le+ step8 #s Dou3le+ step2 #s Dou3le
Di, re/ractionCorrection #s Dou3le+ Te #s Dou3le+ solarKen #s Dou3le
longitude = lon " 11
Aatitude = lat
6/ (Aatitude D 8C$8) T'en Aatitude = 8C$8
6/ (Aatitude 7 18C$8) T'en Aatitude = 18C$8

Lone = ti,eKone " 11
da*Bavings = dlsti,e " :
'' = 'ours 1 (da*Bavings / :)
,, = ,inutes
ss = seconds
'// ti,eno> is ?@T ti,e /or calculation in 'ours since L
ti,eno> = '' 9 ,, / : 9 ss / 2: 9 Lone
5d = calc)D(*ear+ ,ont'+ da*)
t = calcTi,e)ulianCent(5d 9 ti,eno> / 80!)
r = calcBunRadFector(t)
alp'a = calcBunRt#scension(t)
t'eta = calcBunDeclination(t)
Eti,e = calcEEuationO/Ti,e(t)
eEti,e = Eti,e
BolarDec = t'eta '// in degrees
eart'RadFec = r
solarTi,eFix = eEti,e 1 0! " longitude 9 :! " Lone
trueBolarTi,e = '' " :! 9 ,, 9 ss / :! 9 solarTi,eFix
'// in ,inutes
Do %'ile (trueBolarTi,e D 100)
trueBolarTi,e = trueBolarTi,e 1 100
Aoop

'ourangle = trueBolarTi,e / 0! 1 18!
'// T'an&s to Aouis Bc'>arK,a*r /or t'e next line.
6/ ('ourangle 7 118) T'en 'ourangle = 'ourangle 9 2:!
'arad = degToRad('ourangle)
csK = Bin(degToRad(Aatitude)) " =
Bin(degToRad(BolarDec)) 9 =
Cos(degToRad(Aatitude)) " =
Cos(degToRad(BolarDec)) " Cos('arad)
6/ (csK D 1!) T'en
csK = 1!
Else6/ (csK 7 11!) T'en
csK = 11!
End 6/

Kenit' = radToDeg(#pplication$%or&s'eetFunction$#cos(csK))
aKDeno, = (Cos(degToRad(Aatitude)) " Bin(degToRad(Kenit')))

6/ (#3s(aKDeno,) D $1) T'en
aKRad = ((Bin(degToRad(Aatitude)) " =
Cos(degToRad(Kenit'))) 1 =
Bin(degToRad(BolarDec))) / aKDeno,
QUAL2K ?F J&ne 2;, 2007
6/ (#3s(aKRad) D 1!) T'en
6/ (aKRad 7 ) T'en
aKRad = 11!
Else
aKRad = 1!
End 6/
End 6/
aKi,ut' = 18! 1 radToDeg(#pplication$%or&s'eetFunction$#cos(aKRad))
6/ ('ourangle D !) T'en
aKi,ut' = 1aKi,ut'
End 6/
Else
6/ (Aatitude D !) T'en
aKi,ut' = 18!
Else
aKi,ut' = !
End 6/
End 6/
6/ (aKi,ut' 7 !) T'en
aKi,ut' = aKi,ut' 9 2:!
End 6/

exoat,Elevation = C! 1 Kenit'
6/ (exoat,Elevation D 8;!) T'en
re/ractionCorrection = !
Else
Te = Tan(degToRad(exoat,Elevation))
6/ (exoat,Elevation D ;!) T'en
re/ractionCorrection = ;8$1 / Te 1 $< / (Te " Te " Te) 9 =
$8: / (Te " Te " Te " Te " Te)
Else6/ (exoat,Elevation D 1$;<;) T'en
step1 = (118$<C 9 exoat,Elevation " $<11)
step8 = (12$0 9 exoat,Elevation " (step1))
step2 = (1;18$8 9 exoat,Elevation " (step8))
re/ractionCorrection = 1<2;! 9 exoat,Elevation " (step2)
Else
re/ractionCorrection = 18$<<0 / Te
End 6/
re/ractionCorrection = re/ractionCorrection / 2:!
End 6/

solarKen = Kenit' 1 re/ractionCorrection
solaraKi,ut' = aKi,ut'
End Function
Function solarelevation(lat+ lon+ *ear+ ,ont'+ da*+ =
'ours+ ,inutes+ seconds+ ti,eKone+ dlsti,e)
'"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""/
'" -a,e. solaraKi,ut'
'" T*pe. @ain Function
'" (urpose. calculate solar aKi,ut' (deg /ro, nort') /or t'e entered
'" date+ ti,e and location$ Returns 1CCCCCC i/ dar&er t'an t>ilig't
'"
'" #rgu,ents.
'" latitude+ longitude+ *ear+ ,ont'+ da*+ 'our+ ,inute+ second+
'" ti,eKone+ da*lig'tsavingsti,e
'" Return value.
'" solar aKi,ut' in degrees /ro, nort'
'"
'" -ote. solarelevation and solaraKi,ut' /unctions are identical
'" and could converted to a F4# su3routine t'at >ould return
'" 3ot' values$
'"
'"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""/
Di, longitude #s Dou3le+ Aatitude #s Dou3le
Di, Lone #s Dou3le+ da*Bavings #s Dou3le
Di, '' #s Dou3le+ ,, #s Dou3le+ ss #s Dou3le+ ti,eno> #s Dou3le
Di, 5d #s Dou3le+ t #s Dou3le+ r #s Dou3le
Di, alp'a #s Dou3le+ t'eta #s Dou3le+ Eti,e #s Dou3le+ eEti,e #s Dou3le
Di, BolarDec #s Dou3le+ eart'RadFec #s Dou3le+ solarTi,eFix #s Dou3le
Di, trueBolarTi,e #s Dou3le+ 'ourangle #s Dou3le+ 'arad #s Dou3le
Di, csK #s Dou3le+ Kenit' #s Dou3le+ aKDeno, #s Dou3le+ aKRad #s Dou3le
Di, aKi,ut' #s Dou3le+ exoat,Elevation #s Dou3le
Di, step1 #s Dou3le+ step8 #s Dou3le+ step2 #s Dou3le
Di, re/ractionCorrection #s Dou3le+ Te #s Dou3le+ solarKen #s Dou3le
QUAL2K ?G J&ne 2;, 2007
longitude = lon " 11
Aatitude = lat
6/ (Aatitude D 8C$8) T'en Aatitude = 8C$8
6/ (Aatitude 7 18C$8) T'en Aatitude = 18C$8

Lone = ti,eKone " 11
da*Bavings = dlsti,e " :
'' = 'ours 1 (da*Bavings / :)
,, = ,inutes
ss = seconds
'// ti,eno> is ?@T ti,e /or calculation in 'ours since L
ti,eno> = '' 9 ,, / : 9 ss / 2: 9 Lone
5d = calc)D(*ear+ ,ont'+ da*)
t = calcTi,e)ulianCent(5d 9 ti,eno> / 80!)
r = calcBunRadFector(t)
alp'a = calcBunRt#scension(t)
t'eta = calcBunDeclination(t)
Eti,e = calcEEuationO/Ti,e(t)
eEti,e = Eti,e
BolarDec = t'eta '// in degrees
eart'RadFec = r
solarTi,eFix = eEti,e 1 0! " longitude 9 :! " Lone
trueBolarTi,e = '' " :! 9 ,, 9 ss / :! 9 solarTi,eFix
'// in ,inutes
Do %'ile (trueBolarTi,e D 100)
trueBolarTi,e = trueBolarTi,e 1 100
Aoop

'ourangle = trueBolarTi,e / 0! 1 18!
'// T'an&s to Aouis Bc'>arK,a*r /or t'e next line.
6/ ('ourangle 7 118) T'en 'ourangle = 'ourangle 9 2:!
'arad = degToRad('ourangle)
csK = Bin(degToRad(Aatitude)) " =
Bin(degToRad(BolarDec)) 9 =
Cos(degToRad(Aatitude)) " =
Cos(degToRad(BolarDec)) " Cos('arad)
6/ (csK D 1!) T'en
csK = 1!
Else6/ (csK 7 11!) T'en
csK = 11!
End 6/

Kenit' = radToDeg(#pplication$%or&s'eetFunction$#cos(csK))
aKDeno, = (Cos(degToRad(Aatitude)) " Bin(degToRad(Kenit')))

6/ (#3s(aKDeno,) D $1) T'en
aKRad = ((Bin(degToRad(Aatitude)) " =
Cos(degToRad(Kenit'))) 1 =
Bin(degToRad(BolarDec))) / aKDeno,
6/ (#3s(aKRad) D 1!) T'en
6/ (aKRad 7 ) T'en
aKRad = 11!
Else
aKRad = 1!
End 6/
End 6/
aKi,ut' = 18! 1 radToDeg(#pplication$%or&s'eetFunction$#cos(aKRad))
6/ ('ourangle D !) T'en
aKi,ut' = 1aKi,ut'
End 6/
Else
6/ (Aatitude D !) T'en
aKi,ut' = 18!
Else
aKi,ut' = !
End 6/
End 6/
6/ (aKi,ut' 7 !) T'en
aKi,ut' = aKi,ut' 9 2:!
QUAL2K ?H J&ne 2;, 2007
End 6/

exoat,Elevation = C! 1 Kenit'
6/ (exoat,Elevation D 8;!) T'en
re/ractionCorrection = !
Else
Te = Tan(degToRad(exoat,Elevation))
6/ (exoat,Elevation D ;!) T'en
re/ractionCorrection = ;8$1 / Te 1 $< / (Te " Te " Te) 9 =
$8: / (Te " Te " Te " Te " Te)
Else6/ (exoat,Elevation D 1$;<;) T'en
step1 = (118$<C 9 exoat,Elevation " $<11)
step8 = (12$0 9 exoat,Elevation " (step1))
step2 = (1;18$8 9 exoat,Elevation " (step8))
re/ractionCorrection = 1<2;! 9 exoat,Elevation " (step2)
Else
re/ractionCorrection = 18$<<0 / Te
End 6/
re/ractionCorrection = re/ractionCorrection / 2:!
End 6/

solarKen = Kenit' 1 re/ractionCorrection
solarelevation = C! 1 solarKen
End Function
Bu3 solarposition(lat+ lon+ *ear+ ,ont'+ da*+ =
'ours+ ,inutes+ seconds+ ti,eKone+ dlsti,e+ =
solaraKi,ut'+ solarelevation+ eart'RadFec)
'"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""/
'" -a,e. solarposition
'" T*pe. Bu3routine
'" (urpose. calculate solar aKi,ut' (deg /ro, nort')
'" and elevation (deg /ro, 'oriKon) /or t'e entered
'" date+ ti,e and location$
'"
'" #rgu,ents.
'" latitude+ longitude+ *ear+ ,ont'+ da*+ 'our+ ,inute+ second+
'" ti,eKone+ da*lig'tsavingsti,e
'" Return value.
'" solar aKi,ut' in degrees /ro, nort'
'" solar elevation in degrees /ro, 'oriKon
'" eart' radius vector (distance to t'e sun in #G)
'"
'" -ote. solarelevation and solaraKi,ut' /unctions are identical
'" and could converted to a F4# su3routine t'at >ould return
'" 3ot' values$
'"
'"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""/
Di, longitude #s Dou3le+ Aatitude #s Dou3le
Di, Lone #s Dou3le+ da*Bavings #s Dou3le
Di, '' #s Dou3le+ ,, #s Dou3le+ ss #s Dou3le+ ti,eno> #s Dou3le
Di, 5d #s Dou3le+ t #s Dou3le+ r #s Dou3le
Di, alp'a #s Dou3le+ t'eta #s Dou3le+ Eti,e #s Dou3le+ eEti,e #s Dou3le
'Di, BolarDec #s Dou3le+ eart'RadFec #s Dou3le+ solarTi,eFix #s Dou3le
Di, BolarDec #s Dou3le+ solarTi,eFix #s Dou3le
Di, trueBolarTi,e #s Dou3le+ 'ourangle #s Dou3le+ 'arad #s Dou3le
Di, csK #s Dou3le+ Kenit' #s Dou3le+ aKDeno, #s Dou3le+ aKRad #s Dou3le
Di, aKi,ut' #s Dou3le+ exoat,Elevation #s Dou3le
Di, step1 #s Dou3le+ step8 #s Dou3le+ step2 #s Dou3le
Di, re/ractionCorrection #s Dou3le+ Te #s Dou3le+ solarKen #s Dou3le
longitude = lon " 11
Aatitude = lat
6/ (Aatitude D 8C$8) T'en Aatitude = 8C$8
6/ (Aatitude 7 18C$8) T'en Aatitude = 18C$8

Lone = ti,eKone " 11
da*Bavings = dlsti,e " :
'' = 'ours 1 (da*Bavings / :)
,, = ,inutes
ss = seconds
'// ti,eno> is ?@T ti,e /or calculation in 'ours since L
ti,eno> = '' 9 ,, / : 9 ss / 2: 9 Lone
5d = calc)D(*ear+ ,ont'+ da*)
t = calcTi,e)ulianCent(5d 9 ti,eno> / 80!)
QUAL2K ?7 J&ne 2;, 2007
r = calcBunRadFector(t)
alp'a = calcBunRt#scension(t)
t'eta = calcBunDeclination(t)
Eti,e = calcEEuationO/Ti,e(t)
eEti,e = Eti,e
BolarDec = t'eta '// in degrees
eart'RadFec = r
solarTi,eFix = eEti,e 1 0! " longitude 9 :! " Lone
trueBolarTi,e = '' " :! 9 ,, 9 ss / :! 9 solarTi,eFix
'// in ,inutes
Do %'ile (trueBolarTi,e D 100)
trueBolarTi,e = trueBolarTi,e 1 100
Aoop

'ourangle = trueBolarTi,e / 0! 1 18!
'// T'an&s to Aouis Bc'>arK,a*r /or t'e next line.
6/ ('ourangle 7 118) T'en 'ourangle = 'ourangle 9 2:!
'arad = degToRad('ourangle)
csK = Bin(degToRad(Aatitude)) " =
Bin(degToRad(BolarDec)) 9 =
Cos(degToRad(Aatitude)) " =
Cos(degToRad(BolarDec)) " Cos('arad)
6/ (csK D 1!) T'en
csK = 1!
Else6/ (csK 7 11!) T'en
csK = 11!
End 6/

Kenit' = radToDeg(#pplication$%or&s'eetFunction$#cos(csK))
aKDeno, = (Cos(degToRad(Aatitude)) " Bin(degToRad(Kenit')))

6/ (#3s(aKDeno,) D $1) T'en
aKRad = ((Bin(degToRad(Aatitude)) " =
Cos(degToRad(Kenit'))) 1 =
Bin(degToRad(BolarDec))) / aKDeno,
6/ (#3s(aKRad) D 1!) T'en
6/ (aKRad 7 ) T'en
aKRad = 11!
Else
aKRad = 1!
End 6/
End 6/
aKi,ut' = 18! 1 radToDeg(#pplication$%or&s'eetFunction$#cos(aKRad))
6/ ('ourangle D !) T'en
aKi,ut' = 1aKi,ut'
End 6/
Else
6/ (Aatitude D !) T'en
aKi,ut' = 18!
Else
aKi,ut' = !
End 6/
End 6/
6/ (aKi,ut' 7 !) T'en
aKi,ut' = aKi,ut' 9 2:!
End 6/

exoat,Elevation = C! 1 Kenit'
6/ (exoat,Elevation D 8;!) T'en
re/ractionCorrection = !
Else
Te = Tan(degToRad(exoat,Elevation))
6/ (exoat,Elevation D ;!) T'en
re/ractionCorrection = ;8$1 / Te 1 $< / (Te " Te " Te) 9 =
$8: / (Te " Te " Te " Te " Te)
Else6/ (exoat,Elevation D 1$;<;) T'en
step1 = (118$<C 9 exoat,Elevation " $<11)
step8 = (12$0 9 exoat,Elevation " (step1))
step2 = (1;18$8 9 exoat,Elevation " (step8))
re/ractionCorrection = 1<2;! 9 exoat,Elevation " (step2)
Else
QUAL2K ?; J&ne 2;, 2007
re/ractionCorrection = 18$<<0 / Te
End 6/
re/ractionCorrection = re/ractionCorrection / 2:!
End 6/

solarKen = Kenit' 1 re/ractionCorrection
solaraKi,ut' = aKi,ut'
solarelevation = C! 1 solarKen
End Bu3
QUAL2K ?? J&ne 2;, 2007
A++6403M &: S603M64-@WA-6R ,6A- 6M&,A4*6
Altho&h the o"i,,ion o% ,edi"entA#ater heat e9.hane i, &,&all* 3&,ti%ied %or deeper ,*,te",, it
.an ha(e a ,ini%i.ant i"pa.t on the heat 1alan.e %or ,hallo#er ,trea",. Con,e:&entl*, ,edi"entA
#ater heat e9.hane i, in.l&ded in QUAL2K.
A "a3or i"pedi"ent to it, in.l&,ion i, that in.orporatin ,edi"ent heat tran,%er o%ten .arrie,
a hea(* .o"p&tational 1&rden. Thi, i, 1e.a&,e the ,edi"ent, are &,&all* repre,ented a, a
(erti.all* ,e"ented di,tri1&ted ,*,te". Th&,, in.l&,ion o% the "e.hani," re,&lt, in the addition
o% n&"ero&, ,edi"ent ,e"ent, %or ea.h o(erl*in #ater ele"ent.
2n the pre,ent appendi9, 2 deri(e a .o"p&tationall*Ae%%i.ient l&"ped approa.h that *ield,
.o"para1le re,&lt, to the di,tri1&ted "ethod,.
The .ond&.tion e:&ation i, t*pi.all* &,ed to ,i"&late the (erti.al te"perat&re di,tri1&tion in
a di,tri1&ted ,edi"ent 5!i&re 2Ha6
2
2
x
$
t
$

(243)
Thi, "odel .an 1e ,&13e.ted to the %ollo#in 1o&ndar* .ondition,:
[ ]
$ t $
t $ $ t $
a

+
6 , 5
6 5 .o, 6 , 0 5
#here $ J ,edi"ent te"perat&re L
o
CM, t J ti"e L,M, J ,edi"ent ther"al di%%&,i(it* L"
2
,
>
M, and +
J depth into the ,edi"ent, L"M, #here + J 0 at the ,edi"entA#ater inter%a.e and + in.rea,e,
do#n#ard,
$
J "ean te"perat&re o% o(erl*in #ater L
o
CM, $a J a"plit&de o% te"perat&re o%
o(erl*in #ater L
o
CM, J %re:&en.* L,
>
M J 28$p, $p J period L,M, and J pha,e la L,M. The %ir,t
1o&ndar* .ondition ,pe.i%ie, a ,in&,oidal -iri.hlet 1o&ndar* .ondition at the ,edi"entA#ater
inter%a.e. The ,e.ond ,pe.i%ie, a .on,tant te"perat&re at in%inite depth. 7ote that the "ean o% the
,&r%a.e ,in&,oid and the lo#er %i9ed te"perat&re are identi.al.
QUAL2K >00 J&ne 2;, 2007
3
)
(a% di!tri8uted (b% Lum(ed
Figure 2?" Alternate re(re!entation! of !ediment!: (a% di!tri8uted and (b% lum(ed"
Appl*in the,e 1o&ndar* .ondition,, /:. 52C06 .an 1e ,ol(ed %or 5Car,la# and Jaeer >?G?6
[ ] + t e $ $ t + $
+
a
4 6 5 .o, 6 , 5
4

+

(244)
#here B L"
>
M i, de%ined a,

2
4 (245)
The heat %l&9 at the ,edi"ent #ater inter%a.e .an then 1e deter"ined 1* ,&1,tit&tin the
deri(ati(e o% /:. 52C>6 into !o&rierB, la# and e(al&atin the re,&lt at the ,edi"entA#ater inter%a.e
5+ J 06 to *ield
[ ] F 8 6 5 .o, 6 , 0 5 + t $ ! t "
a p
(246)
#here "50, t6 J %l&9 L)8"
2
M.
An alternati(e approa.h .an 1e de(eloped &,in a %ir,tAorder l&"ped "odel 5!i&re 2Hb6,
[ ] [ ]
s a
s
ps s s
s
ps s s
$ t $ $
H
!
dt
d$
! H + 6 5 .o,
2 8

#here Hsed J the thi.$ne,, o% the ,edi"ent la*er L"M, s J ,edi"ent den,it* L$8"
C
M, and !ps J
,edi"ent ,pe.i%i. heat L3o&le 5$
o
C6M
>
M. Colle.tin ter", i(e,,
[ ] 6 5 .o, + + t $ k $ k $ k
dt
d$
a h h h
#here
QUAL2K >0> J&ne 2;, 2007
2
,
2
sed
h
H
k

A%ter initial tran,ient ha(e died o&t, thi, ,ol&tion to thi, e:&ation i,
[ ] 6 8 5 tan 6 5 .o,
>
2 2
h a
h
h
k t $
k
k
$ $

+
+
(247)
#hi.h .an 1e &,ed to deter"ine the %l&9 a,
[ ] [ ]
1
1
]
1

+


6 8 5 tan 6 5 .o, 6 5 .o,
2
>
2 2
h
h
h
a p
sed
k t
k
k
t $ !
H
"

(248)
2t .an 1e ,ho#n that /:,. 52C>6 and 52CF6 *ield identi.al re,&lt, i% the depth o% the ,inle la*er
i, ,et at
4
>

sed
H (249)
)ater :&alit* "odel, t*pi.all* .on,ider ann&al, #ee$l* and diel (ariation,. U,in J 0.00CG
."
2
8, 5H&t.hin,on >?G76, the ,inleAla*er depth that #o&ld .apt&re the,e %re:&en.ie, .an 1e
.al.&lated a, 2.2 ", C0 ." and >2 .", re,pe.ti(el*.
=e.a&,e QUAL2K re,ol(e, diel (ariation,, a (al&e on the order o% >2 ." ,ho&ld 1e ,ele.ted
%or the ,edi"ent thi.$ne,,. )e ha(e .ho,en o% (al&e o% >0 ." a, 1ein an ade:&ate %ir,t e,ti"ate
1e.a&,e o% the &n.ertaintie, o% the ri(er ,edi"ent ther"al propertie, 5Ta1le F6.
QUAL2K >02 J&ne 2;, 2007