Development Targets FPS RISER DESIGN

West Africa Gulf of Mexico Brazil Voring Basin West of Shetland Others 600-2500m 1500-2500m 900-2000m 800-1500m 750-1500m

Dr Hugh Howells 2H Offshore Inc

OMAE, FPS in Harsh Environments Workshop Newfoundland Hotel, St Johns, July 1999

FPS Riser Design Challenges

Deep water
Weight, collapse

Riser Types
Vertically Tensioned
Spar, TLP, DDF

Severe currents
VIV fatigue, suppression devices large offsets

Flexible (up to 1000m, max 10 inch)

Simple and wave catenaries

Severe waves
large motions fatigue damage

Rigid Catenary (400m+, up to 30 inches)

Steel, titanium Simple, wave and bottom weighted

Insulation
Needed to prevent hydrate formation Increased drag

Free Standing
Hybrid bundles

Flexible Riser Applications

1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600

FPS Riser Applications

3000
Water Depth (m)

REQUIREMENTS FOR FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS Export Trunk Lines Export Feeder Lines Production Lines Service Lines Flexibles

2500 2000
Hybrid Steel Catenary

1500 1000 500

Flexible Risers

400

FLEXIBLES
200 0

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

Diameter Inches

30

12 16 20 24 Internal Diameter (inches)

28

32

Rigid Catenary Risers

Simple SCR Features

Extension to Pipeline Low Cost Mild environments Small vessel motions Small vessel offsets Large TDP motions TDP trenching

Vertical Section

Tether (3 Off) Pile Foundation

Flex Joint/Elbow and Weight Assembly Horizontal Section

Lazy Wave Catenary

Plan Length 0.75-1.5 Depth

Mean Top Angle 10-25 degrees

Simple Catenary

TDP Touch Down Point

800m 20 inch TLP SCR West of Shetlands

Vessel Motions
20.0

KEY: GoM TLP WoS

10.0

0.0

SEMI FPSO

-10.0

-20.0 -20.0

-10.0

0.0

10.0

20.0

SURGE (m)

TDP Buckling

Wave Catenary Riser Features

Buoyant Arch Higher Cost Large vessel motions Small TDP motions Harsh environments Large vessel offsets Complex installation

1200m 10 inch Wave Catenary West of Shetlands

Bottom Weighted Riser

Vertical Section

Flex Joint/Elbow and Weight Assembly Tether (3 Off) Horizontal Section Pile Foundation

Hybrid Risers
Vertical Bundle of Steel Pipes Syntactic and Air Can Offset or Non-Offset Flexible Jumpers 350m-3000m Water Depth FPSO, Barge, Semi

Offset and Non-Offset Hybrid Riser Arrangements

Hybrid Risers
Vertical Bundle of Steel Pipes Syntactic and Air Can Offset or Non-Offset Flexible Jumpers 350m-3000m Water Depth FPSO, Barge, Semi

Hybrid Riser Cross Section

Hybrid Riser Construction

Global Riser Analysis

Highly Dynamic & Non-Linear Response Time Domain FE Analysis
Flexcom, Riflex, ABAQUS

3 Dimensional Structure and Loading Numerous Load Cases Highly Iterative Analysis Intensive Uncertainties in seabed interaction

Simple SCR Extreme Stresses

28IN Simple Catenary Riser

Wave Catenary Extreme Stresses

28IN Buoyant Wave Riser

Extreme Hurricane Static/Dynamic von Mises stresses

1 0.9 0.8 0.7 von Mises/Yield 0.6
von Mises/Yield

Extreme Hurricane Dynamic and Static von Mises stresses

Optimised Configuration

1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0

0 500 Mod 1 Far Ex Mod 1 Far Static 1000 1500 Mod 2 Far Ex Mod 2 Far Static 2000 2500 Mod 3 Far Ex Mod 3 Far Static
Near Extreme Far Extreme Near Static Zero Static Far Static

0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 3000 3500 Distance Along Riser From Vessel (m)

0.0

500.0

1000.0

1500.0

2000.0

2500.0

3000.0

3500.0 4000.0

4500.0

Distance Along Riser From Vessel (m)

Simple SCR First Order Fatigue

28in Simple Catenary Riser

Wave Catenary Fatigue

28in Buoyant Wave Catenary Riser

FIRST ORDER FATIGUE LIFE

FIRST ORDER FATIGUE LIFE 100000

100000 Unfactored Fatigue Life (years)

Unfactored Fatigue Life (years)

10000

10000

1000

1000

100

100

10

10

1 0
Dir 1

500
Dir 2 Dir 3

1000
Dir 4

1500
Dir 5 Dir 6

2000
Dir 7

2500
Dir 8 Min Life

3000

1 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 Distance from Vessel (m)
Dir 1 Dir 2 Dir 3 Dir 4 Dir 5 Dir 6 Dir 7 Dir 8

Distance from Vessel (m)

Vortex Induced Vibration

High frequency stress reversals High fatigue damage rates Analysis using SHEAR7 and VIVA Many uncertainties in analysis methods

Catenary Riser VIV Fatigue

28in Simple Catenary Riser

VIV DAMAGE - TRANSVERSE CURRENTS

10 0.1 0.001 Fatigue Damage (Per Year) 1E-05 1E-07 1E-09 1E-11 1E-13 1E-15 1E-17

ACDSee GIF Image

1E-19 1E-21 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 Location Along Riser from TDP (x/L) Bin 1 Bin 18 Bin 3 Bin 21 Bin 6 Bin 25 Bin 9 Total Bin 12 Bin 15

VIV Suppression
Strakes
Higher drag loading Higher stresses Higher pipe wall thickness Complex installation Higher cost

VIV Analysis Uncertainties

Changes in incidence angle along length Changes in structural properties Changes in diameter Non-monotonic current distribution Current direction variation with depth Seabed interaction Strake design and effectiveness Vessel motions and riser tension variation Wave loading

Fairings
better response, more expensive

How much suppression is needed?

Installation Issues
Weather windows - increased time, current Tension - limitation for large dia. lines Tow-out - fatigue damage VIV suppression - effect on method Reeled pipe - residual stresses

Reeled Installation
SCR Installation by Reel Vessel High Levels of Plastic Deformation (2%) Effect on Fatigue Performance ??

Thermal Insulation
Wax and hydrate prevention External coatings Pipe in Pipe - feasible as SCR? Heating (electrical or water circulation) Low weight in water Increased drag diameter Degraded response and worse VIV Increased cost

Riser Design Developments

STRIDE JIP
Steel Risers in Deepwater Environments

VIV response - tank and open water tests Riser-seabed interaction, testing and analysis Materials - fatigue of girth welds Installation - fatigue performance of reeled pipe

Conclusions (1/2)
FPS Riser Technology Developing- Not Mature Wide Range of SCR Applications
500m-3000m 4 - 30 diameter Mild - Harsh environments TLP - FPSO

Conclusions (2/2)
VIV understanding developing Reeled installation may be feasible Thermal insulation very important TDP and effects of trenching ?? Risers a key FPS technology

Low Cost Potential