UNIT 1 ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION AND ANTENNA FUNDAMENTALS Two Mark Questions with Answers

1. Define an antenna. Antenna is a transition device or a transducer between a guided wave and a free space wave or vice versa. Antenna is also said to be an impedance transforming device. 2. What is meant by radiation pattern? Radiation pattern is the relative distribution of radiated power as a function of distance in space .It is a graph which shows the variation in actual field strength of the EM wave at all points which are at equal distance from the antenna. The energy radiated in a particular direction by an antenna is measured in terms of FIELD STRENGTH. (E Volts/m) 3. Define Radiation intensity? The power radiated from an antenna per unit solid angle is called the radiation intensity U (watts per steradian or per square degree). The radiation intensity is independent of distance. 4. Define Beam efficiency? The total beam area (A) CONSISTS of main beam area (M) plus minor lobe area (m). Thus (A)= (M)+ (m). Beam efficiency =(M)/ (A) 5. Define Directivity? The directivity of an antenna is equal to them ratio of the maximum power density P(,f)max to its average value over a sphere as observed in the far field of an antenna. Directivity D= P(,f)max / P(,f)av 6. What is retarded current? Since current flowing through a short dipole is assumed to be constant throughout its length, the effect of current is not felt instantaneously at a distant point P, but only after an interval equal to the time required for the wave to propagate over distant r. This current is called retarded current. 7. Define hertzian dipole. Hertzian dipole is a defined as a short linear conductor or short electric dipole whose length is very short compared to wavelength (l<<) and current is assumed to be constant throughout its length l. 8. What are the two types of radiation pattern. (i) Field pattern: If the radiation from the antenna is expressed in terms of the field strength (either E or H), then the radiation pattern is called as field pattern.

(ii) Power pattern: If the radiation from the antenna is expressed in terms of power per unit area, then the resultant pattern is power pattern. 9. Distinguish between radian and steradian. The measure of a plane angle is radian. The measure of a solid angle is steradian. 1 steradian = 1 radian2 10.Define stray factor. The ratio of minor lobe area m to the beam area A is called stray factor. m = m/ A 11.Define different types of aperture.? Effective aperture(A). It is the area over which the power is extrated from the incident wave and delivered to the load is called effective aperture. Scattering aperture(Ae) It is the ratio of the reradiated power to the power density of the incident wave Loss aperture. (Aes). It is the area of the antenna which dissipates power as heat. Collecting aperture. (A). It is the addition of above three apertures. Physical aperture. (Ape). This aperture is a measure of the physical size of the antenna. 12. Define Aperture efficiency? The ratio of the effective aperture to the physical aperture is the aperture efficiency. i.e Aperture efficiency = ap = Ae / Ap (dimensionless). 13. What is meant by effective height? The effective height h of an antenna is the parameter related to the aperture.It may be defined as the ratio of the induced voltage to the incident field.i.e H= V / E. 14. Define FBR. Front to back ration is defined as the ratio of power radiated in desired direction to the power radiated in opposite direction. Higher the FBR , Better the antenna performance. 15. Define radiation resistance.

Antenna is a two terminal circuit element, as seen from the transmission line, having an impedence ZA=(Rr+RL) +jXA, where Rr is the radiation resistance. The resistance represents the amount of radiation by the antenna. 16. Define BWFN. Beam width between first nulls (BWFN) is defined as the angle between first nulls or the double the angle between first null and major lobe maximum directions. 17. What do you meant by self impedence? Self impedence is defined as the ratio of voltage to current at a pair of terminals Z11 = R11 + jX11. Where R11 Radiation resistance , X11 Self impedence. 18. What is mutual impedence? It is defined as the negative ratio of emf induced in one antenna to the current flowing in the other antenna. Mutual impedence , Z21 = -(V21/I1) 19. State reciprocity principle. If a current I1 at the terminals of antenna no.1 induces an emf E21 at the open terminals of antenna no.2 and a current I2 at the terminals of antenna no.2 induces an enf E 12 at the open terminals of antenna no.1 then E12 = E21 provided I1 = I2. 20. Define antenna temperature. The antenna temperature TA is defined as temperature of far field region of space and near surroundings which are coupled to the antenna through radiation resistance. 16 Mark questions 1. Explain the concept of vector potential. 2. Briefly explain about retarded vector potential. 3. Derive the fielde radiated from a hertzian dipole. Find the power radiated from the hertzian dipole. 4. Explain the following terms. a) Directivity b)Gain c)HPBW d)Radiation pattern e)Beam efficiency f)Directive gain g)Power gain. 5. What are the various types of aperatures? Find the effective aperature of a dipole antenna. 6. Derive relationship between directivity principle and effective aperature . 7. State and prove reciprocity principle with regard to antennas. 8. Explain the following. a) Vector effective length. b) Antenna temperature. 9. Explain how the solutions to wave equations are arrived. 10. Write short notes on a) Equivalence of radiation patterns. b) Equivalence of impedences.