You are on page 1of 12

www.minbaralhurriyya.

org
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by
any means without the prior permission of Minbaralhurriyya Team.

www.arab-csr.org
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by
any means without the prior permission of Arab Center for Scientific Research
and Humane Studies Team.



) .(2003

Tragedy of the Commons
Garrett Hardin
:

1974 " "



390



" "
)(

:1875

" "

.

) (William Forster Lloyd

1832


)
( " :
2

" .


" :
"

"" .


: .




.


" "
" :1788

" 1 )(

1 .51
3

" " )
(

. :


"" .1968

:

" "

) (






) (

) (

" "Managed Commons



) : ( .


)(

(Hutterites)

" :
" )

( .

150
.
)(
) (150 .


.

"

"

:



)(


.


6


.
) (
) (S&L

) (FSLIC

) (S&L

) (S&L .

) (S&L

) (S&L

.
)(S&L

""
.

: .

.1 : .
.2 : .
.3 : .
.4 : .
.5 : .
.6

: .

.7 : .
.8 : .
.9 : .



1. Berkes, Fikret. 'Common Property Resources'. London: Belhaven
Press, 1989.

2. Hardin, Garrett. 'Filters Against Folly'. New York: Viking-Penguin,


1985.
3. Hardin, Garrett. 'Living on a Lifeboat'. BioScience 24 (1974): 561
568.
4. Hardin, Garrett. 'The Tragedy of the Commons'. Science 162 (1968):
12431248.
5. Hardin, Garrett, and John Baden, eds. 'Managing the Commons'. San
Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1977.
6. Hiatt, Howard H. 'Americas Health in the Balance'. New York:
Harper and Row, 1987.
7. McCay, Bonnie J., and James M. Acheson, eds. 'The Question of the
Commons'. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1987.
8. McGoodwin, James R. 'Crisis in the Worlds Fisheries'. Stanford:
Stanford University Press, 1990.
9. Ostrom, Elinor. 'Governing the Commons'. New York: Cambridge
University Press, 1990.

You might also like