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IEC/TC or SC : Project number

COMMITTEE DRAFT (CD)

20

IEC 60287-3-1 Ed.2

Date of circulation

Title of TC/SC:

Electric Cables

2013-10-11

Closing date for comments

2014-01-17

Also of interest to the following committees

Supersedes document

Proposed horizontal standard Other TC/SCs are requested to indicate their interest, if any, in this CD to the TC/SC secretary Functions concerned: Safety Secretary: EMC Environment Quality assurance
THIS DOCUMENT IS STILL UNDER STUDY AND SUBJECT TO CHANGE . IT SHOULD NOT BE USED FOR REFERENCE PURPOSES . RECIPIENTS OF THIS DOCUMENT ARE INVITED TO SUBMIT , W ITH THEIR COMMENTS , NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF W HICH THEY ARE AW ARE AND TO PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION .

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H Myland

Title: IEC 60287-3-1: Electric cables Calculation of the current rating Part 3-1: section on operating conditions reference operating conditions CEI 60287-3-1: Cbles lectriques calcul du courant admissible Partie 3-1: Sections concernant les conditions de fonctionnement conditions de fonctionnement de rfrence
(Titre) :

Copyright 2013 International Electrotechnical Commission, IEC . All rights reserved. It is permitted to download this electronic file, to make a copy and to print out the content for the sole purpose of preparing National Committee positions. You may not copy or "mirror" the file or printed version of the document, or any part of it, for any other purpose without permission in writing from IEC.

-2-

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CONTENTS
1 2 3 Scope .............................................................................................................................. 6 Normative reference ........................................................................................................ 6 Reference ambient temperatures and thermal resistivities of soil in various countries ...... 6 3.1 3.2 Standard operating conditions ................................................................................ 6 Procedure when values are not provided in national tables ..................................... 7 3.2.1 General ....................................................................................................... 7 3.2.2 Ambient temperatures at sea level .............................................................. 7 3.2.3 Thermal resistivity of soil ............................................................................ 7 Australia ................................................................................................................. 8 Austria .................................................................................................................... 9 Canada ................................................................................................................... 9 China .................................................................................................................... 10 Finland ................................................................................................................. 11 France .................................................................................................................. 12 Germany ............................................................................................................... 13 Italy ...................................................................................................................... 13 Japan ................................................................................................................... 14 Netherlands .......................................................................................................... 15 Norway ................................................................................................................. 16 Oman ................................................................................................................... 16 Poland .................................................................................................................. 17 Spain .................................................................................................................... 17 South Africa .......................................................................................................... 18 Sweden ................................................................................................................ 18 Switzerland ........................................................................................................... 19 United Kingdom .................................................................................................... 20 United States of America ...................................................................................... 22

Values relating to the operating conditions in various countries ....................................... 8 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19

-3-

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INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION

____________

ELECTRIC CABLES CALCULATION OF THE CURRENT RATING Part 3-1: Section on operating conditions Reference operating conditions

FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications, Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as IEC Publication(s)). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the two organizations. 2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all interested IEC National Committees. 3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any misinterpretation by any end user. 4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in the latter. 5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity assessment services and, in some areas, access to IEC marks of conformity. IEC is not responsible for any services carried out by independent certification bodies. 6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication. 7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC Publications. 8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is indispensable for the correct application of this publication. 9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.

International Standard IEC 60287-3-1 Ed.2 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 20: Electric cables. This second edition supersedes and amends the consolidated version of IEC 60287-3-1 Ed. 1.1, consisting of the first edition (1995) [documents 20A(CO)75 and 20A(CO)81] and its amendment 1 (1999) [documents 20A/403/FDIS and 20A/408/RVD]. The main change is the updated list of national laying conditions in clause 4. The clause about the information required from the purchaser for the selection of the appropriate type of cable has been removed. The text of this standard is based on the following documents:
FDIS XX/XX/FDIS Report on voting XX/XX/RVD

Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on voting indicated in the above table.

-4This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.

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The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until the stability date indicated on the IEC web site under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data related to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be reconfirmed, withdrawn, replaced by a revised edition, or amended.

The National Committees are requested to note that for this publication the stability date is 2020.
THIS TEXT IS INCLUDED FOR THE INFORMATION OF THE NATIONAL COMMITTEES AND WILL BE DELETED AT THE PUBLICATION STAGE .

-51 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

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INTRODUCTION
IEC 60287 has been divided into three parts and sections so that revisions of, and additions to, the document can be carried out more conveniently. Each part is divided into sections which are published as separate standards. Part 1: Formulae for ratings (100 % load factor) and power losses Part 2: Formulae for thermal resistance Part 3: Sections on operating conditions This section of IEC 60287-3 contains reference ambient temperatures and thermal resistivities of soil in various countries. Quantities related to the operating conditions of cables are liable to vary considerably from one country to another. For instance, with respect to the ambient temperature and soil thermal resistivity, the values are governed in various countries by different considerations. Superficial comparisons between the values used in the various countries may lead to erroneous conclusions if they are not based on common criteria: for example, there may be different expectations for the life of the cables, and in some countries design is based on maximum values of soil thermal resistivity, whereas in others average values are used. Particularly, in the case of soil thermal resistivity, it is well known that this quantity is very sensitive to soil moisture content and may vary significantly with time, depending on the soil type, the topographical and meteorological conditions, and the cable loading. The following procedure for choosing the values for the various parameters should, therefore, be adopted. Numerical values should preferably be based on results of suitable measurements. Often such results are already included in national specifications as recommended values, so that the calculation may be based on these values generally used in the country in question; a survey of such values is given in this section.

-628 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 1 Scope

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ELECTRIC CABLES CALCULATION OF THE CURRENT RATING Part 3-1: Section on operating conditions Reference operating conditions

This section of IEC 60287-3 is applicable to the conditions of steady-state operation of cables at all voltages, buried directly in the ground, in ducts, troughs or in steel pipes, both with and without partial drying-out of the soil, as well as cables in air. The term "steady state" is intended to mean a continuous constant current (100 % load factor) just sufficient to produce asymptotically the maximum conductor temperature, the surrounding ambient conditions being assumed constant. This section concerns reference operating conditions. 2 Normative reference

The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. - none 3 Reference ambient temperatures and thermal resistivities of soil in various countries

3.1 Standard operating conditions In order to use the formulae given in the various parts of IEC 60287, numerical values for the physical quantities should be chosen relating to the operating conditions. It is obviously possible to compare the results of two calculations of current rating only when the assumptions made and the numerical values of the parameters are known. In particular, the quantities related to the operating conditions of cables are liable to vary considerably from one country to another. An enquiry into this subject has been carried out and a number of countries have replied. Clause 4 and its subclauses summarize the operating conditions used in various countries. Attention is drawn to the fact that the information in clause 4 is intended only as a guide for cable installation designers when data provided by a user is incomplete. Care must be taken not to draw unjustified conclusions from comparisons of values for different countries. It should be remembered that the values adopted in any particular country are governed by many factors some of which might not be of equal importance in other countries.

-764 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79

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Values relating to the operating conditions are given in clause 4 for the following countries: Australia Austria Canada China Finland France Germany Italy Japan Netherlands 3.2 Procedure when values are not provided in national tables 3.2.1 General Norway Oman Poland Spain South Africa Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom United States of America

It is recommended that when there is no value laid down in the national tables for the reference ambient temperature and thermal resistivity of the soil, the following values should be adopted. 3.2.2 Ambient temperatures at sea level
Ambient air temperature Min. C 25 10 0 Max. C 55 40 25 Ambient ground temperature at a depth of 1 m Min. C 25 15 10 Max. C 40 30 20

Climate

Tropical Subtropical Temperate

80 81 82 83 84 85

It is essential that current ratings should be valid for the maximum temperatures given. The lower values are for winter ratings if required. The values correspond with the temperature limits of winter and summer, alternatively rainy and dry seasons. When no information about the depth of laying is given, the standard depth is to be taken as 1 m. 3.2.3 Thermal resistivity of soil
Thermal resistivity K m/W 0,7 1,0 2,0 3,0 Weather conditions Continuously moist Regular rainfall Seldom rains Little or no rain

Soil conditions Very moist Moist Dry Very dry

86 87

-888 89 90 91 Thermal Characteristics of the soil Thermal resistivity, nominal, Soil ambient temperature, summer Soil ambient temperature, winter Depth of laying of cables Voltage range 1
a

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Values relating to the operating conditions in various countries

4.1 Australia

1,2 25 18

Km/W C C

L.V. cables under footways under roadways

0,5 0,75

m m

Voltage range 2 11 kV cables under footways and roadways Voltage range 3 33 kV cables and higher voltages under footways and roadways Air ambient temperature Maximum Maximum 92 93 94
a

0,8

1,0

summer winter

+ 40 + 30

C C

Measured from the ground surface to the centre of the cable, or to the centre of a trefoil group.

-995 96 4.2 Austria Thermal Characteristics of the soil Thermal resistivity, nominal, season 1 (wet) Thermal resistivity, dry zone, season 1 (dry) Temperature, season 1 Depth of laying of cables Voltage range 1 Voltage range 2 Voltage range 3 up to 1 kV > 1kV up to 30 kV > 30 kV 0,7 0,8 1,2 m m m 1,0 2,5 20 Km/W Km/W C

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Air ambient temperature Average value Maximum Minimum 97 98 99 100 101 102 There are no recognised Canadian national values of soil thermal resistivity and temperature, and depth of laying, the values shown below are typical. It is recommended that, where feasible, soil tests are performed for cable installations. Thermal characteristics of the soil Thermal resistivity, nominal (Critical temperature 50 C) Temperature, season 1 (summer) Temperature, season 2 (winter) Depth of laying of cables (minimum cover) Paper insulated, solid and non-draining cables for voltages up to 69 kV Solid insulation (butyl, ethylene propylene rubber, p.v.c., cross-linked polyethylene etc.) cables for voltages up to 46 kV Oil filled cables for voltages up to 345 kV Pipe-type (gas or oil voltages up to 345 kV (contd) pressure) cables for 1,1 0,9 m m 25 -5 C C 0,5 to 3,0 Km/W 4.3 Canada 20 +40 - 20 C C C

1,1 1,1

m m

103 104

-10105 (Canada, contd) Air ambient temperature Maximum Minimum Cyclic ratings Critical temperature 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 Thermal Characteristics of the soil Thermal resistivity, nominal, season 1 Thermal resistivity, nominal, season 2 Thermal resistivity, dry zone, season 1 Thermal resistivity, dry zone, season 2 (Critical temperature 50 C) Temperature, season 1 Temperature, season 2 Depth of laying of cables Voltage range 1 Voltage range 2 Voltage range 3 Air ambient temperature Maximum Minimum Cyclic Ratings Critical temperature or temperature rise Solar radiation Intensity of Solar Radiation 116 117 Awaiting data 50 Awaiting data W/m C Awaiting data C C Awaiting data m m m Km/W Awaiting data Km/W 4.4 China 50 C Drying out is not considered for cables in concrete duct banks 5 to 40 - 55 to - 20 C C

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Where direct measurements of soil thermal resistivity are not available, it is usual to assume a thermal resistivity of 0,9 Km/W. However in cases where it is forseen that there may be a progressive deterioration of the thermal characteristics of the environment over a period of years, and in cases where the climatic conditions may give rise to significant seasonal variations, it is recommended that the current-carrying capacity be based on a thermal resistivity of 1,2 Km/W. Reference is not made to lower values of resistivity, during winter, as a basis for system design to any significant extent.

C C

-11118 119 120 Thermal Characteristics of the soil Thermal resistivity, the average value calculations. to be used for rating the 1,0 Km/W 4.5 Finland

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For submarine cables where soil is completely saturated with water Temperature, maximum value Minimum value (average value 5 C to 10 C, exceptional maximum 20 C) Depth of laying of cables All cables up to 36 kV All cables up to 52 kV All cables up to 123 kV All cables up to 245 kV The actual depth depends on local conditions Air ambient temperature Reference value for rating calculations Maximum value Minimum value 121 122

0,4 15 0

Km/W C C

0,7 1,0 1,3 1,5

m m m m

25 35 - 20

C C C

-12123 124 125 Thermal characteristics of the soil Thermal resistivity, nominal, Summer Thermal resistivity, nominal, Winter Thermal resistivity, dry zone*, Summer Thermal resistivity, dry zone*, Winter Temperature, Summer 20 kV cables 63, 90, 225, 400 kV cables Hot area Intermediate area Cold area Temperature, Winter 20 kV cables 63, 90, 225 and 400 kV cables Hot region Intermediate region Cold region Depth of laying of cables 20 kV cables In Paris Outside Paris city 63, 90, 225 and 400 kV cables Air ambient temperature Maximum Minimum Cyclic ratings Critical temperature, Summer Critical temperature, Winter Solar radiation Intensity of solar radiation 126 127 128 1000 W/m *Drying out of the soil is only considered for high voltage systems. 55 60 C C 30 20 C C 1,0 1,2 0,8 1,3 m m m 17 15 13 C C C 10 C 25 22 20 C C C 20 C 1,20 0,85 2,5 2,5 Km/W Km/W Km/W Km/W 4.6 France

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-13129 130 131 132 133 134 4.7 Germany

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The indicated values are taken as a basis as standard values for current rating calculations unless there are any requirements specified for the thermal resistivity of the soil, the temperature and the depth of laying. Thermal Characteristics of the soil Thermal resistivity, average value Thermal resistivity, for calculations considering a dry zone near the cable for the dry zone Temperature, maximum value Temperature, minimum value Temperature, average value Depth of laying of cables For cables 60 kV For cables < 60 kV Air ambient temperature Maximum Minimum Average value 30 - 20 10 C C C 1,2 0,7* m m 1,0 2,5 20 0 10 Km/W Km/W C C C

135 136 137 138 139

*Inspite of being calculated for 0,7 m, often cables at 20 kV to 30 kV are laid at 0,9 m to 1,0 m depth.

4.8 Italy

Thermal Characteristics of the soil Thermal resistivity, maximum value 1,0 Km/W If the thermal characteristics of the soil are found to be poor, a suitable backfill is used and reference is made to a thermal resistivity intermediate between that of the backfill and that of the surrounding soil. Temperature, maximum value (to be used in 20 C calculations) Temperature, minimum value 5 C 140 141 (contd)

-14142 143 (Italy, contd)

Depth of laying of cables

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This depth is the maximum adopted unless otherwise specified. Up to 12 kV Up to 17,5 kV Up to 24 kV Up to 36 kV Up to 72 kV Up to 220 kV Air ambient temperature Maximum value (to be used in calculations) Minimum value Maximum daily excursion 144 145 146 147 148 149 Thermal Characteristics of the soil Thermal resistivity, nominal 1,2 Km/W 4.9 Japan 30 0 20 C C C 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,5 1,8 2,2 m m m m m

In summer, the maximum temperature may sometimes, for a few hours daily, be higher by 5 C (and in special cases even more) than the above-mentioned maximum value. Such an occurrence is considered to be acceptable due to its short duration.

1,5, 1,0 and 0,6 Km/W for dry and normal and wet soil respectively. No distinction for seasons Temperature, Summer Depth of laying of cables Direct burial : 1,2 m for place where the pressure of vehicle or other heavy goods may be applied. 0,6 m for other places In duct : The use of duct which withstand the pressure of vehicle or other heavy goods is required (There is no regulation for the depth of duct). Air ambient temperature Maximum, summer 150 151 (contd) 40 C 25 C

-15152 153 (Japan, contd) Solar radiation Intensity of Solar Radiation 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 Thermal characteristics of the soil Thermal resistivity, nominal, 1,00 Km/W 4.10 Netherlands 1000 W/m

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JCS (Japanese Cable Makers Association Standard) 0501, gives the calculation formula of thermal resistance of soil for 2 layers model having different two thermal resistivities dividing by the boundary such as ground water level is mentioned. Therefore, the ground water level is one parameter for variations in thermal resistivity.

It is recommended that a survey of the thermal characteristics of the soil is carried out for critical cable links. Thermal resistivity, dry zone, 2,5 Km/W It is recommended that a survey of the thermal characteristics of the soil is carried out for critical cable links. Temperature, Maximum 20 C Temperature, Winter Temperature, Average Depth of laying of cables Up to 30 kV Above 30 kV Air ambient temperature Maximum Minimum Average Cyclic ratings Critical temperature 30 C 30 - 10 20 C C C 0,7 to 1,0 1,2 m m 5 15 C C

The critical temperature is highly depended on soil composition and location. It may also vary due to seasonal influences and/or cyclic loading. It is recommended to investigate the critical temperature during a soil survey, unless it can be demonstrated that no drying out of the soil will occur.

Solar radiation Intensity of solar radiation 162 163 164 165 166 The two zone model is regularly used to calculate the current rating of MV cable systems and incidentally for HV systems. The parameter used to define the boundary between wet and dry zone is o the absolute temperature isotherm at this boundary, usually in the range between 30 C (MV cables) and o 50 C (HV cables). 1000 W/m

-16167 168 169 170 171 172 Thermal Characteristics of the soil Thermal resistivity, average value to be used in calculations Temperature, Southern Norway max/min Temperature, Central Norway max/min Temperature, Northern Norway max/min Depth of laying of cables (minimum value) 1 kV above 1 kV Air ambient temperature Maximum value (to be used in calculations) 173 174 175 Thermal Characteristics of the soil Thermal resistivity, nominal, season 1 Thermal resistivity, nominal, season 2 Temperature, maximum Temperature, minimum Depth of laying of cables All cables up to 1 kV All cables above 1 kV Air ambient temperature Maximum Minimum 176 177 (contd) 55 10 C C 0,5 0,8 m m 2,5 No distinction for seasons 40 10 C C Km/W 4.12 Oman 25 C 0,5 0,7 m m 1,0 17 / 0 15 / 0 13 / - 5 Km/W C C C 4.11 Norway

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Cable circuits are taken to be thermally independent if the separation is not less than 3 meter. For cables installed deeper than 3 m, such as in horizontal directional drilling, the minimum separation is not less than 5 meters to consider a cable circuit as thermally independent.

-17178 179 (Oman, contd) Solar radiation Intensity of Solar Radiation 180 181 182 Thermal Characteristics of the soil Thermal resistivity, average value to be used in calculations Thermal resistivity, nominal, season 2 Temperature, average value to be used in calculations Temperature, minimum value Depth of laying of cables up to 1 kV up to 15 kV above 15 kV Air ambient temperature Average value to be used in calculations 183 184 185 Thermal Characteristics of the soil Thermal resistivity, nominal, season 1 Thermal resistivity, nominal, season 2 Thermal resistivity, dry zone, season 1 Thermal resistivity, dry zone, season 2 (Critical temperature 50 C) Temperature, season 1 Temperature, season 2 186 187 (contd) C C Km/W Awaiting data Km/W 4.14 Spain 25 C 0,7 0,8 1,0 m m m 20 5 C C 1,0 Km/W 4.13 Poland 1200 W/m

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-18188 189 (Spain, contd) Depth of laying of cables Voltage range 1 Voltage range 2 Voltage range 3 Air ambient temperature Maximum Minimum Cyclic Ratings Critical temperature or temperature rise Solar radiation Intensity of Solar Radiation 190 191 192 Thermal Characteristics of the soil Thermal resistivity, nominal Thermal resistivity, nominal, season 2 Temperature, season 1 Temperature, season 2 Depth of laying of cables Voltage range 1 low voltage Voltage range 2 all higher voltages Air ambient temperature Nominal Solar radiation Intensity of Solar Radiation (inland) Intensity of Solar Radiation (coast) 193 194 195 * No distinction for seasons 4.16 Sweden Thermal Characteristics of the soil 1250 1000 W/m W/m 30 C 0,5 0,8 m m 1,2 * 25 * C C Km/W 4.15 South Africa Awaiting data 50 Awaiting data W/m C Awaiting data C C Awaiting data m m m

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-19Thermal resistivity, average value to be used in calculations where the soil is completely saturated with water and for submarine cables where the bottom is covered with sand Maximum value for submarine cables 1,0 0,4 Km/W Km/W

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1,0

Km/W

For important cables, a measurement of the resistivity and soil conditions on the sea bottom is recommended. Otherwise, Temperature, maximum value Temperature, minimum value (for main part of the year between 5 C and 10 C)

0,6

Km/W

15 0

C C

Depth of laying of cables For directly buried cables and for short road crossings by means of ducts All cables up to 24 kV Paper-insulated cables up to 52 kV Oil-filled cables up to 420 kV 196 197 198 4.17 Switzerland Thermal characteristics of the soil Thermal resistivity, nominal, Summer (May October) Thermal resistivity, nominal, Winter (November April) Thermal resistivity, dry zone, Summer Thermal resistivity, dry zone, Winter Temperature, Summer Temperature, Winter Depth of laying of cables Voltage range 10 to 30 kV Voltage range 50 to 400 kV 199 200 (contd) 0,8 1,0 m m 1,0 0,85 1,3 1,3 20 10 Km/W Km/W Km/W Km/W C C
*

0,7 0,7 1,0 1,5*

m m m

The depth depends on local conditions. Less than 1 000 mm is not used

-20201 202 (Switzerland, contd) Air ambient temperature Maximum, outdoor Minimum, outdoor Solar radiation Intensity of (Mittelland) Intensity of (Alpenraum) 203 204 205 206 207 208 4.18 United Kingdom 1 HV Thermal Characteristics of the soil Thermal resistivity, nominal, Winter Thermal resistivity, nominal, Summer Thermal resistivity, dry zone, Winter Thermal resistivity, dry zone, Summer (critical temperature 50C) Temperature, Winter Temperature, Summer Depth of laying of cables 0,9 min (general) 132kV and above 0,75 min (substation sites) 0,825 min (Scotland) Air ambient temperature Maximum Minimum Solar radiation Intensity of Solar Radiation 209 210 2 LV/MV 1000 W/m 30 10 C C m 1,05 1,2 1,05 3,0 10 15 Km/W Km/W Km/W Km/W solar solar radiation, radiation, Swiss Alpine plateau region 1000 1200 W/m W/m 30 - 25 C C

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Cables are usually laid in HDPE pipes.

C C

-21Thermal Characteristics of the soil Thermal resistivity, nominal Thermal resistivity, nominal, season 2 Thermal resistivity, dry zone, (critical temperature 50C) a) Temperature, season 1 Temperature, season 2 Depth of laying of cables Voltage range 1 (1kV) Voltage range 2 (3kV-33kV) Air ambient temperature Nominal Solar radiation Intensity of Solar Radiation 211 212 213 214 215 30 C for 1 kV cables in buildings 1000 W/m 25* C 0,5 0,8 m m 1,2 No distinction for seasons 1,2 15 No distinction for seasons Km/W Km/W

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C C

Historically a 3m circuit separation at normal cable depths is assumed to be thermally independent under review.

-22216 217 218 Thermal Characteristics of the soil Thermal resistivity, nominal Temperature, season 1 Temperature, season 2 Depth of laying of cables Nominal Air ambient temperature Maximum Minimum 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 _____________ 50 2 C C 0,9 m 0,9 25 15 Km/W C C 4.19 United States of America

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When circuits are separated 3,7 m (12 feet) or more they are considered thermally independent.