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Logic Circuits
vital for todays engineers Key components in computers, household appliances, Large systems: equipments for television and telephone networks Implemented using transistors on an IC chip Complex and large logic circuits handled by highly organized design techniques
WHY ICs?
Why ICs?
Integration reduces manufacturing costs (almost) no manual assembly Mass production System level reduction in cost
Integration improves Size Speed Power Reliability Modern technology: Possible to fabricate chips that contain tens of millions of transistors E.g.: computer processor
Performance measures of IC
Cost Speed Area Power Consumption Functionality Testability Manufacturability Reliability Time-to-market
Digital Hardware
Until 1960s: bulky components, transistors and resistors came as individual parts Advent of integrated circuits: number of transistors and thus an entire circuit on a single chip ICs manufactured on a silicon wafer Wafer cut to produce individual chips Individual chips places inside a special type of chip package By 1970: all circuitry needed to realize a microprocessor on a single chip Early microprocessors information processing revolution affordable personal computers
Silicon Wafer
Silicon wafer Single die Packaging Integrated Circuit
Moores Law
Gordon Moore, Chairman of Intel Corporation "The number of transistors incorporated in a chip will approximately double every 24 months. --Gordon Moore, Intel co-founder SIA roadmap Size of transistor measured by its gate length
Moores Law
Moores Law
Transistor size and structure are at the very center of delivering the benefits of Moore's Law to the end user. The smaller and more power efficient the transistor, the better. Intel continues to predictably shrink its manufacturing technology
45nm with high-k/metal gate in 2007 32nm in 2009 and now 22nm with the world's first 3-D transistor in a high volume logic process in 2011
With a smaller, 3-D transistor, can design even more powerful processors with incredible power efficiency. Until now, transistors, the core of microprocessors, were 2-D (planar) devices. 3-D Tri-Gate transistor mark a dramatic change in the fundamental structure of the computer chip Next Generation: 14nm technology
Implementation Options
Most digital hardware products: build logic circuits from scratch Digital hardware designed and implemented On a single chip Number of chips placed on a PCB Realization: Standard parts Application Specific Integrated Circuits E.g.: A design may require A P to perform arithmetic operations Memory chips to provide storage capability Interface chips to connect input and output devices
Implementation Options
Digital Systems
Standard Components
ASIC
TTL, CMOS
Semi Custom
Full Custom
Programmable
Cell Based
Gate Array
PAL
CPLD
FPGA
Standard Components
Circuits realized on readily available ICs They conform to an agreed upon standard in functionality and physical configuration Small circuitry (<100 transistors) & performs simple functions Designer chooses ICs that perform whatever functions are needed and defines how these ICs should be interconnected Popular until early 1980s
Inefficient to use valuable space on PCB for ICs with low functionality Functionality of each IC is fixed & cannot be changed
Advantage of custom IC
Design can be optimized for a specific task leading to better performance Possible to include larger amount of logic circuitry in a custom IC Though the cost of producing such ICs is high, if used in a product that is sold in large quantities then the cost per IC would become less Smaller area is needed on the PCB that houses the IC in the final product further reduction in cost
Full Custom
Design time is more More prone to errors Better knowledge is required More compact, faster
Geometric
Geometric
Functional
Register-Transfer
Gate
Transistor
Geometric
Geometric
Structural
Processor-Memory Switch
Interconnection of processors, memories, input-output devices
Floor Plan
Geometric
Domains and Levels of Modeling- Level II: describes data storage and transformations
Structural
Processor-Memory Switch
Functional
Algorithm(behavioral) Register-Transfer Language
RTL used to specify operation of a system Storage of data: register variables Transformations: arithmetic and logical operators
Register-Transfer
Data path: data storage registers, data transferred through transformation units Control section: sequences operation of data path components
Geometric
Standard library cells used to implement registers and data transformation units; placed in the area allocated in floor plan
Structural
Processor-Memory Switch
Register-Transfer
Gate
Sticks
Geometric
Geometry modeled as stick diagrams/ notations
Functional
Algorithm(behavioral) Register-Transfer Language Boolean Equation Differential Equation Polygons Sticks
Register-Transfer
Gate
Transistor
Geometric
MODULE +
GATE
CIRCUIT
DEVICE
G
S n+ D n+