Mark burry-virtual gaudi, digital tectonic ---session 5 (London 2002) Three phase of gaudis life Gaudis entry in sagarada

da familia ----building tectonics emergence

Exit

establishing of a framework for digital tectonics

Allow his successors to engage with the geometrical codex

Defined the architecture of real absence

virtual presence To understand ----First understand second order geometry Compare physical design process through modelling Explain exploitation models through 3-d and time based modelling Gaudis earlier works depend upon ---his eyes and presence on site Collaboration with mason and sculptor

philosophical Rational geometry mathematical Practical Structural efficiency Aesthetics Composition in nature

Gaudi known for

Topics chapterization 1. Mathematics 2. Physical modelling 3. Analytical modelling 4. Digital modelling

Inference This article s talked about second order geometry that gaudi uses in his final work.it also spread light on gaudi s life phase and how it has its own impact on architecture . Gaudis entry in sagarada familia bring building tectonics into picture and his exit open the door for digital tectonics .author also talked about real absence and virtual presence in architecture of gaudis. In the end of his life span, gaudi s realize that he need to share his idea to the successors in order to complete sagarada familia . In order to understand gaudis principal or method author suggest four parameters which are: Physical modelling ,analytical modelling ,drawings, digital modelling and mathematics . Authors also explained the process to re-engineered gaudis use of ruled surface .

Otto Vs nox-session 4- Machine architecture :lars spaybreak

Self generative design

As a design As a building

Article : the science of design : Creating the artificial ---herbert a simon.--------------26/9/13 In this article , author talked about design in manner of how it related different discipline . In introduction he is talking about natural environment and artificial science . He is much more concerned with the process of design .the natural science concerned with how thing are and design , concerned with how things ought to be. He is also talking about inner and outer environment of design process. He actually wanted to come with curriculum in science of design through various argument .by stating the topics .he want us to understand science of design , how one can inquire it .design process is about finding satisfactory solution rather than optimum as we can not decide ,the best but only good or worse. Designing solution is actually sequence of actions which leads to satisfying result. Basically he sis looking at design from various perspective like analysis .logical search ,resource ,hierarchy etc. Search processes is actually efforts to gathering information about problem structure and then find solution which result into design process.

Process is concerned with finding a satisfactory result rather than optimum solution. Shape of design and organization of the design process is essential components for theories of design In the end author suggesting that there should be a common platform of conversation about design I between diff discipline , so they can engage in common creative activity. Author discuss design in terms of many layers. Design is process to find appropriate solution and solution is the search for appropriate system which leads toward satisfactory result not optimum and for that one need to have system which gives you alternatives and then decide on most suitable adoptable alternatives.

Innovation and practice reconstituting the practice and product of architecture tom verbesarchitectural review ,Australia. Author is talking about relation between innovation and architectural practice and how it effect overall system which include students, professionals , institution and clients. Digital design and production techniques bring changes in the way architectural product is designed .it give birth to generative design process. which leads to use of digital tools which transforming architectural practice and education. The fusion of architectural and robotics are emerging which leads to new kind of architecture and urban environment. The process is give birth to paradigm shift in architectural,furniture dsign , environmental branding and interface design technology An internationalism is emerging because shared design platform and which leads to changes in organization system of architectural firm. This change also effecting norms in architectural practice and new types of organization is emerging out. Two kinds of models are emerging 1. Research base model links to academic research 2. Community base model- work with local demographics constituencies So overall innovation bring digitalization which change product, so production firm has to take new measure to create it,which leads to change in system of manufacturing firma and the way they do also change .this change directly effect institutions who trained the professionals .so by enlarge its chain reaction which effect everyone in the cycle.

Disappearance & distribution : the architect as machine interface -------------------- 27/9/13 Authors trying to pose question of definition of architect and his role into this article . according to him conventional images of architect as a singular design personalities need to change due to increasingly group based ,collective and self-organizing formations .

The connective technology ,work organization and distributed machine process are the element which constitute to architects work environment which replace traditional tools of working. Authors said that architects working lives are now bound to the screen of their computers. Networked environment not only transformed physical workspace but also effect working environment of architects office .it effect physical characteristic of architects own space .so effect of paradigms shift started from architects own space . The networked design domain ,change designer into a virtual ,constantly adopating organization ,the organization consists of design specialist ,technicians , managers ,documents & their associated electronic files. Authors also question that what building should be like but at same time, how architects ought to work today The tools for forming a design are soft wares , interface and scripting language . it also affecting the teaching and learning method of architectural design and urbanism. According to herber a simon definition of designer is following : anyone who devises courses of action aimed at changing existing situation into preferred ones .

It also explain the definition of interface ,which is node between artificial {designed} and natural {preexisting}. Interface is a regular of how an inner (artificial ) environment meets its outer (natural) surroundings . According to him ,architect is a cyborg ,a result of distributed design cultures. According to h.h. Collins architect is a an artificial expert An agent trained to interact with artificial symbol I highly specific way whose world view is shaped entirely by the procedural input & output demands of machines operating as essential parts of these new expert system. Today user computer interaction system is a result of these artificial expert system . Machines that simply store various kind of knowledge transferred from their expert human user ,which is then simply called up when needed. Machine operating systems is essential part of these expert system ,which take procedural input and output.

pattern ---- a formal rhetorical device expressing design intent ---- Alexander (1979) PATTERN - device to achieving define goals .

Alexander (1979) Patten as a three part construct -context -problem -solution

Graphic spaces Aspects of the work of zaha hadid-patrick Schumacher -2012 -------29/12/13

Drawing is representation rather creation freedom idea is there , not think according execution point of view Hadid convert her 2d graphic , calligraphic to fluid spatial system , bring distortion is space , merging fish eye perspective Painterly techniques likes color modulations , gradient of dark to light or pointillist techniques of dissolving object into their background use as tool for deriving concept or making new design tools The logic of evolutionary innovation starts with mutation ---- mutation , selection , reproduction

Digital making exploring design with computer controlled fabrication sameer kashyap

3 phase of design ----- Design phase ---- digital system -------design derivation ---- role of interface , scripting , programming , parametric thinking -------design development procedure ----manufacturing , fabrication , material system

Ar peter eisneman architecture review ----- 1/1/14 Pioneer in computer aided design Architecture as syntax : conception of form as an index a signal notation

Cardboard architecture Architecture and building are not same The real architecture exists in drawings The real architecture exists outside drawings Drawing is a way of thinking

DDA ----------2/1/14

2) language of computation Computer aided design ---the art of developing virtual representation of design Computation ----medium

Computer , software ,internet & other facilities that essential Rely on calculations

the support of art, design , communications, entertainment education .

What computational medium do???

Design

Subjected to structural ,environment ,acoustic calculations. Give more solution Wide range of engineering calculations

Computational design has 3 elements Design representations---- digital tool , material information Computational media ----- interface Strategies for authoring & interacting

Bim modelling ----- marriage of the automated drawing board & bills of quantities Computational media ---- is defined here as the environment in which the design representation live

Repetition , transformation , patterning are hallmarks of computational design Sense of laying and sense of sequence In nature --- the start form is different from the end form . We practice form based design using code whereas nature practices code based design resulting in form

Design computation involves three types of space 1. Parametric space 2. Geometric space 3. Performance space

optimization is the search for a solution within constrain algorithmic architecture is form authored by external algorithms with no direct relevance to the design except to determine the aesthetics of it Computational design is not about programming .it is more about understanding design as an information model that you shape through the design process .

Grasshopper window ---parametric space Rhino window ----performance space Difference between engineering design problem and creative design problem: The mapping between design parameters & performance parameters are known In creative design problem mapping is non computable design representation is not available .

Genetic modelling is a way of creating design representation to facilitate design exploration , in our case within cad environment Building genetic model is about capturing the geometric spirit of objects and not about creating shells Earlier stage of genetic modeling is like rough sketching Generative design application is also about exploring the out edges of the design space where interesting possibilities lies.

Design is a search A mature representation of design A representation of design space (mostly parametric ) A desirable answer ( stated in terms of performance ) Design space is about representing design data Design is the process through which uncertainty is reduced

Parametric modelling

genetic modelling

Created to explore parametric variation Of a design Representation by varying the Driving dimension of the design

more sophisticated version of the same design representation but capable of exploring a much larger region of the design Space . Structured in a way which help To facilitate the human driven Generative design process.

In revit when we edit window family ---its parametric variation But in performance space it linked with wall so combination of wall and window is genetic modelling

Automated design process

----------

human driven design process

One approach to design is to search for the design with good marks Other approach is to search for the good designs by discarding bad ones Setting fitness rules In computational design we need to think not in terms of a design instances but in terms of regions or in design space ---that are expanded & constructed during design development .

Optimization

Exploration

-shoots toward targets -definition of a desirable end state To run an optimization process -end up with singular solution Genetic algorithms provide fitness values

-uses filter to narrow the feasible region -you dont need process -end up with multiple choice

Genrative design exploration by parametric generative systems in architecture ipek gursel dino Parametric tools are algorithmic based Gero 1994: two main areas in the development of CAD 1. The representation & production of the geometry & topology of designed objects . 2. The representation & use of knowledge to support or carry synthesis of design

Generative design : allow the formation of complex composition , formal & a conceptual through the implementation of a simple set of operations & parameters .

Parametric design act as a generative & analytical method during design exploration

(design as an activity )----- design has dual sharing -------- (design as an artifact )

Generative system : is a shift from the modeling of a designed object to modeling of the designs logic ( leach ,2009) Peter eisenman : used analogue transformational rules in architectural design synthesis . Four elements of generative process. 1. The start condition and parameters ( Input)

2. A generative mechanism ( rules , algorithms etc) 3. The act of generations of the variants (output) 4. The selection of the best variant

Generative system --- a production system rather a representation construct .

Generative system

Linguistic ---- grammar based formalism -->> result in shape grammar

Biological ------ takes nature & complex living organisms as a precedent & applies it principles in the derivation & transformation of architectural form (shea 2004,oxman 2006,arida 2004) Argument of paper : parametric design as third class generative systems

Due to their algorithmic foundation & potential to expand design exploration through parameters .

Parametric systems are principally based on algorithmic principles.

An algorithm is a finite set of instructions that aim to fulfill a clearly defined purpose in a finite number of steps.

Three basic control instruction : for algorithm ( chang ,2003) 1. Sequence ( executing instruction in order ) 2. Selection ( choosing which instruction to execute based on conditional if then statements ) 3. Iteration ( repeating instruction in a linearly or recursively ) Parametric design subcategory of algorithmic design

Parametric system emphasize the explicit & direct manipulation of the parameter values in order to induce a change on the design artifact.

Difference between algorithmic & parametric design .

CAD tools -single state design -aim is to representation of the final -design form

parametric modelling -allows for the divergence of the design space -explore many variants of the same Model

For performative Design exploration

performative principles can encoded in the parametric model

Use of external performance simulations tools with parametric model---plug\ In like (diva)

Designers needs to resolve

parametric schema

prior to form exploration

The performative parameters

For performative design Exploration

early stage implementation

the avira stadium in Dublin ,ireland (single model shared between architect & Engineer )

Detail design the faade of the kilden performing arts Stage implementation center in Kristian sand , norway

Design representation

analog

drawings ,sketches ,physical & electronic models

reality ,composition, contextual,congruency Constructability

Symbolic

physical or mathematical Description Related to performance as Heat transfer ,light ,sound Distribution

Parametric system as a tool To mediator between this two

Grasshopper Rhino

symbolic analog

the schema is based on directed graph data structure Where graph nodes are geometric components or Parameters the edges are the paths of the oneDirectional data transfer

Design has always been parametric & the algorithmic Parametric logic is not exclusive to computational tools.

Bill howard , design of university center building in Cambridge Used informal parametric constructive logic

Early gap between 2 realm (during gaudi period ) Form Finding Process material structure

Digital system filling this gap

Gaudi

sagarada familia

lack of digital system

taking more time& Cost Is higher

John utzon

Sydney opera house

Benefit of Computation

-eliminate the need for physical modeling trial & error strategies in form optimization -increase the efficiency of design analysis -synthesis with increased precision of form & details.

According to aish and woodburry --- parameterization

increase complexity of both designer task & interface as designers must model not only the artifact being designed , but a conceptual structure that guides variation .

Parametric design system different from other generative system :--- they allow a stepwise control over the form during the design process.

Parametric manipulation of form

performance driven design process

Rapid cycling of performance analysis

Design synthesis as an integrated process

Analog method

Digital method

-workshop model making -john utzon -gaudi -peter eisenman

-make same in 3d environment :symbolic representation -by making mathmetical model -3d print

-make fabrication drawing using same

Where u start (main driver )

system Avira stadium ,kilden Performaing art center

As tools

interface Material

Constrain related to end product

Scripting ,digital tools

fabrication, assembly , on site execution

Case study : authors own application structure

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Art precedent analysis Grasshopper script analysis Final grasshopper script & iteration Fabrication method & issue Rhino fabrication files Final physical model

Structural stability and morphogenesis (reno thom)

21/1/14

Use of analytic Quantitative model depend upon Continuous function

Soft architecture machines -------> Nicholas Negroponte

Potential of computers 1. Computer as designer 2. Computer as a per to the novice with a self interest 3. Computer as a physical environment that knows

towards the performative in architecture ----- banko kolarevic At urban scale Architecture urban space smooth (blend In ) Urban landmarks ( stand out) architecture as performance art

The engagement of the eye and the body that makes architecture performative

Architectures spatial presence and materiality

Performative Architecture

skin

Skin+structure

semi-monocoque & monocoque structures.

Two approach

geometry imposed upon material

static (Romanesque ) relation form matter dynamic relation-material force (gothic)

geometry emerged from the material

Lars spuybroeks analog computing ---- use of threads dipped into liquids

Mark goulthrope

-the fluid synergies of form & material -appearance & performance

Lars spuybroek

-architecture & engineering

Bernhard franken

conceptual elements of their work

Environmental performance elements

light Sound or movement Heat Energy

1. Form oriented or cultural Performance oriented

frank gehry, greg lynn

2. Environmental performance Oriented 3. Not formalist or Environmentalist

Thomas Herzog, glenn murcutt

foster,grimshow,piano ,sauerbruch & hutton, jourda & perraudin

An evolutionary architecture john frazer

22/1/14

Evolutionary model require following A genetic code script Rules for the development of the code Mapping of the code to a virtual model The nature of the environment for the development of the model The criteria for selection

 Concept : the process driven Form generating rules ---consist of process Complex forms & technologies evolved hierarchically from simple forms & technologies Vernacular Architecture the prototyping & feedback expressed replaced by computer modelling & simulation

The main structure of the evolutionary program based on following classifier An environment system A development system An evaluation module A genetic algorithm A graphic output mapping procedure

Architectural genetic Search space

universal state space modeler

or iso spatial model

The data structure consists of a field of dimensionless logical points in a regular geometrical Array Each point carries following information -location & relation to other points -details of its properties ,Including a parameterized -geometrical description of any form

A history of how it come to be where & what it is Machine play the role of the mass of imitators -natural selection has tactics ---but no strategy -evolutionary architecture exhibit metabolism

Otto VS NOX Natural forms architectural formsrainer barthel

Frei otto focus

create space using the smallest possible amount of material Produce adoptable,lightweight architecture

Construction ---something artificially crated and assembled Form finding process specific set of conditions

Autonomous Formation Process

following law of nature give rise to visible forms & construction under experimental Conditions

Tent construction

the shape of the membrane surface The type of support

Membrane construction largely defined by edges and up & down points

Pneumatics construction

membranes support by air pressure not by mast Air as the load bearing element

Session -6 Le ricolais Vs reiser

23/1/14

Le ricolais : matter , materials , constructional system ,structural configuration , space and place

Material System

materials Forces Space

Material behavior

interaction among

vectors: have a force and a Directionality that shape Organize ,produce variation in field Fronts: are singular features produced By dynamics in the field Force

Geometry : as an instrument

linked to materiality

Solid stat architecture -------Jesse reiser

Media based architecture Two model of media

1. Approach : no material constrain

------using free form

----> use media for that

2. Approach : media assumes a sublimated or classically decorative position within the enframing operation of building -concept of the design of building a dead husk -jean nouvels bibliotheque national --------> use of media as a decorative element 3. Approach : mixing of traditional architectural practices with emerging notions of complexity

Robert Le ricolais search for the indestructible idea

Trusses patented by warren , long , prattt & howe Le ricolais -1935 , idea of iso-flex ( iso-equal , flex-bend) Or two way corrugated sheet iso-trophy -(tropus-turn) All materials receive their isotropy from the directionality from their process of production ,both human & natural Construction system receive its isotropies ,space & time from the mode of its production Inertia : measure the element s resistance to deformation Beams, column ,strut ,tie one dimensional element

One axis is more resistant to deformation Arch ,suspension cable---one dimensional ---act in two dimensional plane Wall,floor,slab ,membrane two dimension ---two dimensional plane Vault ,cylindrical shell---two dimensioncurved in three dimension Domes ,domical shells doubly curved with positive Gaussian curvature Hyperboloid of revolution ---doubly curved with negative Gaussian curvature

La-ricolais: corrugated stress skins -the concept of space frames -father of space structure

Session -7 Fuller Vs decoi

Buckminister fuller : interested in how a surface could mimic the sensitivity of the human skin.letting in Light & porosity allowing it to operate as an animated smart surface .

Fuller thinking about surface & structure lie in cartography a flat graphic means of analysis garden of eden Joseph Paxton : labor intensive system of venetian blind

precise indeterminacy :--- Amanda reeser & Ashley Schafer PRAXISmark goulthrpe shift technology ---- a mental assimilation of the new fundamental cognitive

Open-ended creative processing --alloplastic Eisenmans uniform plasticity The media/ cultural theorist friedrich killer has explored the effects of digitization of information

The miran gallery/the glaphyros apartment robotically carved wood

Parametric Modelling

offer the possibility to build variance into a system

To model relations such that shifting the parameters crates variability

Effect of digital ------- not a communication tool -----not an enhanced technical efficiency It is a release within our consciousness of a new cognitive quality Bernard cache , kao oast erhuis , greg lynn , tom kavoc architects using new digital tools.