Report for ET4393

Assignment 2013

Part Medical Ultrasound

By

Dali ZHANG

4219058

2013/6/27

Abstract
Element width affects both resolution and steering angle range of a phased array transducer. According to the given application, w=0.5 turns out to be the best element width, and w=0.2 mm is the best among the three choices.

Simulation Results
So,

In all simulation, assume that speed of sound is c=1505 m/s. 2 2f = 14605 /m, = 0.43 mm c dx = sinc wsin() (1) (2)

For each element, azimuthal directivity is as follows:

k=

Elevational directivity is as follows:

Results of each elements far-field directivity are shown in Appendix AppFig.1, AppFig.2, and AppFig.3. For the 64-elements phased array, distance between adjacent elements is ignored. And for the steering angle s , we have Consider only targets on = 0, directivity of the whole array would be: N wsin() sin 2 (kdsin() ) D = sinc Nsin[0.5(kdsin() )]
m

dy = sinc

Hsin()

= wk sin(s )

(3)

Results of directivity with a sweep of s are shown in Appendix AppFig.4, AppFig.5, and AppFig.6. As defined, grating lobes locate at g = arcsin ( + sin(s )), and the first grating lobes d are located where m = 1. According to our assumptions, = 0.43 mm, so for w=0.1 mm and w=0.2 mm, no grating lobes will present. However, for w=0.3 mm, first grating lobe will present at where m=1. Relevant results are shown in Table 1.

(4)

As shown in Table 1, for w=0.1 mm and w=0.2 mm, no grating lobes will present. But side lobes will present as a limit for steering angle. With the 6 dB limit used for grating lobes, for w=0.1 mm, |s,max | < 71.5 and for w=0.3 mm, |s,max | < 77. However, these limits are too optimistic. Distortion of directivity is observed at s,max s, so actual limit will be more rigid. According to the theory, for w=0.3 mm, no grating lobes will present when
d

1, or s < arcsin 1 25.7. Simulation results show no side lobe reach the 6 dB d limit in this region, however, as shown in AppFig.7 the m= -1 grating lobe starts to present when s = 24.5 at = 90 and reaches the 6dB limit when s > 24.9. So s limit for w=0.3 mm will be |s,max | < 24.9.

+ sin(s ) <

w=0.1mm Sterring Angle s () Main Lobe Side Lobe (dB) 71 6.7 58.1 76.5 6.4 67.5 24.8 6.9 -90 71.5 5.6 90 77 5.5 90 24.9 5.5 -90

Observation Angle () w=0.2mm Sterring Angle s () Main Lobe - Side Lobe (dB) Observation Angle () w=0.3mm Sterring Angle s () Main Lobe - Grating Lobe (dB) Observation Angle ()

Table 1 Maximum Steering Angle Approaching

Discussion
From simulation results, we can see a decrease in maximum value of the main beam directivity. As it is shown in equation (4), directivity of the whole array is shaped by the size wsin () will of elements. Shape of elements is uncorrelated with steering angle, so sinc filter the normalized directivity normalized directivity shifts with it, and result in a decrease in maximum value of main beam, as shown in Fig. 1.
Nsin [0.5(kdsin ())] sin (kdsin ())
N 2

, and when steering angle increases,

Fig.1 Directivity Shaping[1]

steering angles will be safe.

To avoid grating lobe, the most direct way is to reduce distance between adjacent elements m and element width. In this way, when + sin(s ) > 1 grating lobes will not exist, all
p

Conclusion
According to simulation results, it turns out that the largest element size is not a good choice. It will lead to rather small steering region. However, system resolution increases with larger element.[2] In all, w=0.5=0.215 mm will be the best choice of element width. And for the given choices, w=0.2 mm is the best.

Reference
[1] T.L. Szabo, Diagnostic ultrasound imaging: inside out, Elsevier Academic Press, London, 2004. [2] Bjrn A.J. Angelsen, Hans Torp, Sverre Holm, Kjell Kristoffersen, T.A. Whittingham, Which transducer array is best?, European Journal of Ultrasound 2, 1995, pp. 151-164, 1995.

Appendix

AppFig.1 w=0.1 mm Element Directivities

AppFig.2 w=0.2 mm Element Directivities

AppFig.3 w=0.3 mm Element Directivities

AppFig.4 w=0.1 mm Array Directivities

AppFig.5 w=0.2 mm Array Directivities

Appendix Fig.6 w=0.3 mm Array Directivities

AppFig.7 Grating Lobe m=-1, w=0.3 mm