8.2.

Example: Transfer Functions Buck-Boost Converter

of

the

The small-signal ac equations of the buck-boost converter are derived in Section 7.2, with the result [Eq. 7.42)] repeated below:

d i (t) = Dvg(t) + D'v(t) + Vg V d (t) dt dv(t) v(t) C = D' i (t) + Id (t) R dt L

(8.106) The converter contains two independent ac inputs: the control input d (s) and the line input vg(s) . The ac output voltage variations v(s) can be expressed as the superposition of terms arising from these two inputs:

i g(t) = Di (t) + Id(t)

v(s) = Gvd (s) d (s) + Gvg(s) vg(s)

Hence, the transfer functions Gvd(s) and Gvg(s) can be defined as

(8.107)

Gvd (s) =

(8.108) An algebraic approach to deriving these transfer functions begins by taking the Laplace transform of Eq. (8.106), letting the initial conditions be zero:

v(s) d(s)

and Gvg(s) =
v g(s) = 0

v(s) vg(s)

d (s) = 0

sLi (s) = Dvg(s) + D'v(s) + Vg V d (s)

(8.109) To solve for the output voltage v(s) , we can use the top equation to eliminate i (s) :

sCv(s) = D' i (s)

v(s) + Id (s) R

i (s) =

Dvg(s) + D'v(s) + Vg V d (s) sL

(8.110)

Substitution of this expression into the lower equation of (8.109) leads to

v(s) sCv(s) = D' Dvg(s) + D'v(s) + Vg V d (s) + Id (s) sL R

Solution for v(s) results in

(8.111)

v(s) =

D' Vg V sLI DD' v d (s) g(s) D' 2 + s L + s 2 LC D' 2 + s L + s 2 LC R R

(8.112)

Correction 7/14/98

Converter Transfer Functions

We arent done yet the next step is to manipulate these expressions into normalized form, such that the coefficients of s0 in the numerator and denominator polynomials are equal to one:

1s

Vg V 1 v(s) = D vg(s) d (s) D' D' 1 + s L + s 2 LC L + s 2 LC 1 + s D' 2 D' 2 D' 2R D' 2R (8.113)
This result is similar in form to Eq. (8.107). The line-to-output transfer function is

LI D' Vg V

Gvg(s) =

v(s) vg(s)

(8.114) Thus, the line-to-output transfer function contains a dc gain Gg0 and a quadratic pole pair:

= D D' 1 + s d (s) = 0

1 L + s 2 LC D' 2 D' 2 R

Gvg(s) = Gg0

(8.115) Analytical expressions for the salient features of the line-to-output transfer function are found by equating like terms in Eqs. (8.114) and (8.115). The dc gain is (8.116) By equating the coefficients of s in the denominators of Eqs. (8.114) and (8.115), one obtains
2

1 s s 1+ + Q0 0

Gg0 = D D'

1 = LC 2 D' 2 0
Hence, the angular corner frequency is

(8.117)

(8.118) By equating coefficients of s in the denominators of Eqs. (8.114) and (8.115), one obtains

0 = D' LC

1 = L Q0 D' 2R
Elimination of 0 using Eq. (8.118) and solution for Q leads to

(8.119)

(8.120) Equations (8.116), (8.118), and (8.120) are the desired results in the analysis of the lineto-output transfer function. These expressions are useful not only in analysis situations, where it is desired to find numerical values of the salient features G g0, 0, and Q, but also in design situations, where it is desired to select numerical values for R, L, and C such that given values of the salient features are obtained.
2

Q = D'R

C L

Converter Transfer Functions

According to Eq. (8.113), the control-to-output transfer function is

1s Gvd (s) = v(s) d(s) =

v g(s) = 0

Vg V D'

LI D' Vg V

1+s L + s 2 LC D' 2R D' 2

(8.121)

This equation is of the form

Gvd (s) = Gd0

s 1 z s 1+ s + Q0 0
2

(8.122) The denominators of Eq. (8.121) and (8.114) are identical, and hence Gvd(s) and Gvg(s) share the same 0 and Q, given by Eqs. (8.118) and (8.120). The dc gain is (8.123) The angular frequency of the zero is found by equating coefficients of s in the numerators of Eqs. (8.121) and (8.122). One obtains

Gd0 =

Vg V Vg = 2 = V D' DD' D'

(8.124) This zero lies in the right half-plane. Equations (8.123) and (8.124) have been simplified by use of the dc relations

z =

D' Vg V 2 = D' R LI DL

(RHP)

(8.125) Equations (8.118), (8.120), (8.123), and (8.124) constitute the results of the analysis of the control-to-output transfer function: analytical expressions for the salient features 0, Q, G d0, and z. These expressions can be used to choose the element values such that given desired values of the salient features are obtained. Having found analytical expressions for the salient features of the transfer functions, we can now plug in numerical values and construct the Bode plot. Suppose that we are given the following values: D = 0.6 R = 10 Vg = 30 V L = 160 H

V = D Vg D' I= V D' R

Converter Transfer Functions

80 dBV

|| Gvd ||
60 dBV 40 dBV 20 dBV 0 dBV 20 dBV 40 dBV

|| Gvd ||
Gd0 = 187 V 45.5 dBV Q = 4 12 dB

Gvd

f0
400 Hz 0

40 dB/decade

10 1/2Q 0 f0 300 Hz
fz /10 260 Hz

Gvd

fz
2.6 kHz RHP 20 dB/decade

0 90 180

10 1/2Q 0 f0 533 Hz
10 Hz 100 Hz 1 kHz

10fz 26 kHz
10 kHz 100 kHz

270

270 1 MHz

f Fig. 8.26 Bode plot of the control-to-output transfer function Gvd, buck-boost converter example. Phase reversal due to output voltage inversion not included.

C = 160 F (8.126) We can evaluate Eqs. (8.116), (8.118), (8.120), (8.123), and (8.124), to determine numerical values of the salient features of the transfer functions. The results are:

(8.127) The Bode plot of the magnitude and phase of Gvd is constructed in Fig. 8.26. The transfer function contains a dc gain of 45.5 dBV, resonant poles at 400Hz having a Q of 4 12dB, and a right half-plane zero at 2.65 kHz. The resonant poles contribute 180 to the high frequency phase asymptote, while the right half-plane zero contributes 90. In addition, the inverting characteristic of the buck-boost converter leads to a 180 phase reversal, not included in Fig. 8.26. The Bode plot of the magnitude and phase of the line-to-output transfer function Gvg is constructed in Fig. 8.27. This transfer function contains the same resonant poles at 400 Hz, but is missing the right half-plane zero. The dc gain Gg0 is equal to the conversion ratio M(D) of the converter. Again, the 180 phase reversal, caused by the inverting characteristic of the buck-boost converter, is not included in Fig. 8.27.

Gg0 = D = 1.5 3.5 dB D' V = 187.5 V 45.5 dBV Gd0 = DD' f0 = 0 = D' = 400 Hz 2 2 LC Q = D'R C = 4 12 dB L 2 z D = ' R = 2.65 kHz fz = 2 2DL

Converter Transfer Functions

20dB

|| Gvg ||
0dB 20dB 40dB 60dB 80dB

Gg0 = 1.5 3.5dB

Q = 4 12dB

Gvg

|| Gvg ||

f0
400Hz

40dB/dec

10 1 / 2Q 0 f0 300Hz
0 90

Gvg
180

180 270 100kHz

10 f0 533Hz
10Hz 100Hz 1kHz 10kHz

1 / 2Q 0

f Fig. 8.27 Bode plot of the line-to-output transfer function Gvg, buckboost converter example. Phase reversal due to output voltage inversion not included.

Table 8.2 Converter Buck Boost Buck-boost

Salient features of the small-signal CCM transfer functions of some basic dc-dc converters Gg0 D 1 D' D D' Gd0 V D V D' V DD' 0 1 LC D' LC D' LC Q
R D' R D' R C L C L C L

z D' 2 R L D' 2 R DL