NAME:- ARIJIT NATH

UNIVERSITY ROLL NO:-13005319042

DEPARTMENT:-EIE
SUBJECT:-CONTROL SYSTEM LAB (PC-EI591)
SEMESTER:-5

EXPERIMENT NO : 7

TITLE:
Determination of the Bode plot for the Transfer Functions .

OBJECTIVE:
To draw the Bode Plot for the given Transfer Function and find the stability of
the system.

THEORY:
When a Phasor transform is applied to a transfer function the result can
be expressed as a magnitude and angle that are functions of frequency. The
magnitude is the gain, and the angle is the phase shift.
The Bode plot method gives a graphical procedure for determining the
stability of a control system based on sinusoidal frequency response. The
transfer function of a system for sinusoidal input response can be obtained by
substituting jω in place of Laplace operator “s”. Therefore, if the open-loop
transfer function is G(s) H(s), the corresponding sinusoidal open-loop transfer
function is G(jω) H(jω) which can be expressed in the form of magnitude and
phase angle.

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 The variation of the magnitude of sinusoidal transfer function expressed
in decibel and the corresponding phase angle in degrees being plotted w.r.t
frequency on a logarithmic scale (i.e log10 ω) in rectangular axes. The plot thus
obtained is known as Bode plot. The logarithmic Bode plot has an advantage of
being approximated by asymptotic straight lines.

Relative stability of a closed-loop control system can be conveniently

assessed by plotting its open-loop transfer function by Bode plot method. The
gain margin and phase margin is determined directly from the Bode plot.

For complicated systems Bode plot can also be plotted from experimental
results and therefrom the transfer function of the system under test can be
determined.

Bode plot (Logarithmic plot) for transfer functions

The open-loop transfer function of a closed-loop control system can be
expressed in a form given below :

The sinusoidal form of the transfer function obtained by substituting s=jω ,

therefore giving

The procedure for drawing the Bode plot for transfer function (eqn 1) is
explained below :

In decibel form (eqn 1) can be expressed as

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And for phase angle

The Bode plot is a graph obtained from the decibel and phase angle eqns. given
above as:

1) Magnitude of G(jω) H(jω) in decibel [i.e 20log10 G(jω) H(jω)] versus

log10ω.
2) Phase angle versus log10ω .

Constant term ‘K’: It gives a constant magnitude of 20log10 K. It does not give
any phase shift. It is represented by a line parallel to 0dB line (slope dB/dec)
and starts from a point having a magnitude 20log K.

FIG: Bode plot for gain term “K”

PROGRAMS:

PROB 1: To determine the Bode plot for transfer function .

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MATLAB PROGRAM:
>> n1=[ 10 ];

>> d1=[ 1 3 2 0 ];

>> g1= tf( n1,d1);

>> bode(g1)

>> margin(g1)

GRAPH:
(TRANSFER FUNCTION, G(s) H(s) = )

PROB 2:To determine the Bode plot for transfer function G(s) H(s) =
.

MATLAB PROGRAM:
>> n2=[ 1 0 ];

>> d2=[ 1 10.2 2];

>>g2= tf( n2,d2 );

>> bode(g2)

>> margin(g2)

GRAPH :

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(TRANSFER FUNCTION , G(s) H(s) = ).

Result :

GRAPH:
(TRANSFER FUNCTION, G(s) H(s) = ).

GRAPH :
(TRANSFER FUNCTION , G(s) H(s) = ).

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DISCUSSION :

1. Bode plots show gain and phase angle as a function of frequency.

2. Bode plots can be constructed by calculating point or with straight line
approximations.
3. A signal spectrum shows the relative strengths of components at different
frequencies
4. The gain margin and phase margin is determined directly from Bode plot.
5. If modification of an existing system is to be studied, it can be easily
done on a bode plot.
6. Relative stability of a closed-loop control system can be conveniently
assessed by bode plot.