ARANI POWER SYSTEMS LIMITED

BOP REPORT
(EJECTOR SYSTEM)

NAME DATE

: :

K.NANDA KISHORE 26/10/2007

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HOGGER EJECTOR: A "HOGGER" is the large air ejector used when the condenser is being lit off (started up) to pull an initial vacuum usuall! to "#$"%" Hg& At this point the service air ejectors are lit off and continue pulling vacuum down to normal operating range& EJECTOR Ejector consists of a motive fluid inlet no''le and a converging$diverging outlet no''le& (n this case of a steam ejector the motive fluid is high$pressure steam&

)he *enturi effect a particular case of +ernoulli,s principle applies to the operation of this device& )he high$pressure steam is converted into a high$velocit! jet at the throat of the convergent$divergent no''le which creates a low pressure at that point& )he low pressure draws the suction fluid (a vapor or gas in this case) into the convergent$divergent no''le where it mi-es with the high$pressure steam& (n essence the pressure energ! of the inlet steam is converted to .inetic energ! in the form of velocit! head at the throat of the convergent$divergent no''le& As the mi-ed fluid then e-pands in the divergent diffuser the .inetic energ! is converted bac. to pressure energ! at the diffuser outlet in accordance with +ernoulli,s principle& )he compression ratio of the steam jet ejector /01/" is defined as ratio of the ejector,s outlet pressure /0 to the inlet pressure of the suction vapour or gas /"&

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)he entrainment ratio of the steam jet ejector 2s12v is defined as the amount of motive steam 2s (in .g1hr) re3uired to entrain and compress a given amount 2v (in .g1hr) of suction vapour or gas& SYSTEM PROCESS: 4team Ejectors are often used to pull vacuum on surface condensers evaporators etc& A high pressure motive fluid (usuall! steam) enters the ejector chest through a no''le and then e-pands& )his converts its pressure energ! to velocit!& )he increased velocit! causes reduced pressure which suc.s in and entrains gas from the suction& )he diffuser section then recompresses the mi-ed steam1gas stream to some intermediate pressure& )he e-haust is then sent to a condenser which 3uic.l! condenses the steam at a low pressure and temperature so that the volume 3uic.l! decreases&

EJECTOR STAGES Ejectors can be classified as single$stage or multistage& 5ultistage ejectors ma! be further divided into condensing or non condensing t!pes& )he single$stage ejector the simplest and most common t!pe is generall! recommended for pressures ranging from atmospheric pressure (6# in& Hg absolute) to 6 in& Hg abs& 7ischarge is t!picall! at or near atmospheric pressure& 5ultistage non condensing ejectors (58Es) are used to produce suction pressures lower than 6 or 9 in& Hg abs& 4team consumption in an 58E is relativel! high& Each successive stage is re3uired to handle the load plus the motive steam from the previous stage& )he! are used for intermittent service or when condensing water is not available& 58Es are usuall! two$stage&

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5ultistage condensing ejectors (5:Es) are available in two through si- stages& (nter condensers (surface or direct$contact) between stages condense steam from the preceding stage reducing the load to be compressed in the succeeding stage& A multistage s!stem is shown in ;igure "& ;our$ five$ and si-$stage ejectors are used to achieve suction pressures as low as % <m Hg abs& =nder such vacuum conditions pressure between the preliminar! stages is too low to permit condensation of ejector steam and onl! the final two stages are fitted with condensers& 5:Es remove condensable vapor ahead of a given ejector stage& )he! also permit use of a smaller ejector and a reduction in the amount of steam re3uired& :ondenser nomenclature is determined b! the corresponding operating conditions and functions& /re condensers are used when the absolute pressure of the process is sufficientl! high to allow condensation at the temperature of the available water suppl!& 8on condensable are removed from the pre condenser b! one or more ejector stages& :ondensers or inter$condensers li3uef! process vapor and motive steam from one or more preceding booster ejectors& After condensers condense steam discharging from the last$stage ejector generall! at atmospheric pressures& )here are two basic t!pes of condensers > "& 7irect$contact& 0& 4urface$contact& (n direct$contact (countercurrent barometric design) condensers cooling water is mi-ed directl! with the vapor to be condensed and then discharged to atmosphere through a barometric leg or tailpipe of sufficient length to overcome the atmospheric pressure& A means of cleaning up or otherwise disposing the water that has become contaminated b! process material is often re3uired& )he surface$contact condenser permits main$condenser cooling water to be used as cooling water through inter$ and aftercondensers for energ! and process$water conservation&

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;igure$"
)his illustration represents a four$stage ejector s!stem with two surface$contact intercondensers& A simple single$ stage s!stem would comprise onl! the section in the outlined bo-& (n either case motive force is provided b! steam jets which draw vapor from a vessel and through the s!stem& )he condensers act to reduce the load on the ne-t ejector&

Ejector s!stems have no moving parts? thus the! are designed for optimum performance at a single set of conditions& A .e! performance measure is the compression ratio@ the ratio of the discharge pressure to the suction pressure (note that the pressure of the motive steam is not included)& A single ejector stage can achieve compression ratios up to A@" although values in the 6@" to %@" range are more t!pical& )he discharge pressure is set b! the condenser pressure $$ minimum pressure is the condensing pressure of steam at the vapor outlet temperature& :ompression ratios can be increased b! using several stages& (n this arrangement vacuum is pulled on each condenser b! a second ejector& )his results in a lower vacuum on the process& Num !" #$ S%&'!( Su)%*#+ P"!((u"! (,#-!(%) " B% mmHg 0 "0 mmHg 6 " mmHg 9 #&0 mmHg % #&#0 mmHg C &##0 mmHg )he average compression ratio for a s!stem is best appro-imated as the overall compression ratio to the "184 power (84 is the number of stages)&

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STEAM TRAP STRAINER

4team traps pass steam and condensate through a strainer before entering the trap& A circular baffle .eeps the entering steam and condensate from impinging on the c!linder or on the dis.& )he impulse t!pe of steam trap is dependent on the principle that hot water under pressure tends to flash into steam when the pressure is reduced& )he onl! moving part in the steam trap is the dis.& A flange near the top of the dis. acts as a piston& )he wor.ing surface above the flange is larger than the wor.ing surface below the flange&

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