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CHAPTER 2 Electromagnetism and magnetic circuit

Introduction, Understanding of magnetic fields, magnetic relationship

Magnetism Objective of the chapter

Understanding concept basic magnetic field, magnetic flux, magnetic force at the conductor, solenoid and toroid Identify force on the conductor carrying current in the magnetic field Identify direction of induce emf on the conductor in the magnetic field

Objective of the chapter (Cont.)

Relationship between magnetic and electrical circuit Understanding magnetic characteristics and to analysis simple magnetic circuit Understanding concept self, mutual and coupling coefficiences

Magnetic material
Potential to attract other material Pure, permanence and temporary magnet Pure From earth Permanence Depended on metal Temporary electromagnetic
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Magnetic material (Cont.)

Two pole, north and south Direction of line force outside magnetic material as shown in figure 2.1

figure 2.1

Magnetic Field/flux
Field Detector can use a compass to map out magnetic field, as shown in (Figure 2.2) Field forms closed flux lines around the magnet Magnetic flux measured in Webers (Wb) Symbol

Figure 2.2

Magnetic Flux or flux line

Magnetic flux lines are assumed to have the following properties:

Leave the north pole (N) and enter the south pole (S) of a magnet Like magnetic poles repel each other as shown in figure 2.3 (a) Unlike magnetic poles create a force of attraction as shown in figure 2.3 (b) Magnetic lines of force (flux) are assumed to be continuous loops Flux line short distance

Properties of magnetism

(a)

Figure 2.3

(b)

Magnetic Field on Conductor

A magnetic field also forms round a conductor along which a current is flowing Field can be described using right hand screw rule

Magnetic Circuit
Flux Force line in the magnetic field Symbol , Weber (Wb)

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Flux Density

Flux, Area,

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Magnetomotive Force (mmf)

Coil generates magnetic field in ferrous toroid Driving Magnetomotive Force (mmf) is needed to overcome toroid reluctance
mmf, proportional to current, I and number of turn, N mmf = NI, Ampere-turn (AT)

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Magnetic field intensity/strength

Magnetic field strength or Magnetizing force
mmf per length

mmf NI , Unit, At/m H l l

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Permeability
Permeability is a measure of the ease by which a magnetic flux can pass through a material (Wb/Am)

B fluxdensit y H magnetizin gforce

B = H = o r H

Permeability of free space o = 4 x 10-7 (Wb/Am) Permeability:

= o r

o = free space permeability

r = relatif permeability
= absolute permeability
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 Permeability depend on the material free space

0= 4 x 10-7 (Wb/Am)

Non-magnetic materil i.e. air, vacuum etc

Relative = r = 1

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Reluctance
Reluctance: resistance to flow of magnetic flux l l S A 0 r A Where, l length A cross section area - Permeability Symbol S unit AT/Wb or Siemen Associated with magnetic circuit flux equivalent to current in electric circuit
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Magnetic leakage and Fringing

Magnetic leakage/ leakage flux
Flux not passing through in the magnetic material or in air useful gap
In air gap useful fluxs
fluxs, a

Occurs at the magnetic source

As shown in Figure 2.a
leakage _ factor , totalflux usefulflux
leakage flux, l Total flux, T

air gap, (useful fluxs)

magnetic Source, NI

Figure 2.a
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Magnetic leakage and Fringing

Fringing Occurs at the air gap Flux intends to bulge outwards
Increasing the effective area Reduce the flux density

As shown in Figure 2.a (still useful flux)

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