Chapter Ten Section 4, Reform Introduction Not every person agreed with industrialism, laissez-faire, and harsh philosophies

es Some argued that Americans and their government should take a more active role in regulating the economy and helping those in need Concerned with the poor and unrestricted business practices

Early Reformers Focused on wealth gap and helping the poor Henry George Progress and Poverty Concerned with the gap between rich and poor Proposed a single tax on land Basis of wealth

Early Reformers Lester Frank Ward Reform Darwinism Humans plan to create desirable outcomes Different from regular Social Darwinism Humans do not compete to survive and adapt Instead, they cooperate Government should take an active role in regulating the economy, advancing education, and curing poverty

Naturalism Social Darwinism people can control circumstances of their own lives to improve their situation in life Challenged by naturalism

 People failed in life due to uncontrollable circumstances No regulation of economy means society does not create best result Peoples lives could be destroyed through no fault of their own

Helping the Urban Poor Social Gospel Washington Gladden, Walter Rauschenbusch Applying Christian law to societys problems Either condemn society or help fix its problems Salvation Army and the Young Mans Christian Association Both began in England in late 1800s, spread to the United States Christian missions YMCAs gyms, cheap housing, citizenship training, libraries, pools

Settlement Houses Offshoot of Social Gospel Established in urban poor areas by middle class to provide assistance to poor residents Jane Addams Hull House, Chicago, 1889 Lillian Wald Henry Street Settlement, NYC Medical care, recreation programs, English classes, hot lunches for factory workers Helped create social work profession

Public Education Increased industrialism created a demand for skilled/trained/educated workers Demand led to a focused effort to build schools and colleges in the late 1800s Push to increase schools

 1870- 6.5 million students 1900 17.3 million students Crucial to immigrants Taught English, responsibilities of citizenship, how to act like an American, United States History Americanization a process of an immigrant becoming more like an American Different from naturalization Naturalization process that involves classes, a citizenship test, interviews, and an oath of loyalty to become an American citizen Americanization become like an American in culture, norms, and manners (also known as assimilation) Instill valuable work ethics into children for jobs later in their life Listen to orders, skills, work ethic, discipline, importance of attendance and promptness, efficiency Not all immigrants liked Americanization Feared a loss of their own culture Not equal across America Mostly urban Mostly white Rural areas, heavily African American areas not well educated Booker T. Washington Founded Tuskegee Institute in Alabama 1881

Higher Education Morrill Land Grant Federal land given to states Establish agricultural and mechanical schools across the nation

 1900 Midwestern Land Grant schools were established 1870 50,000 college students 1900 157,000 college students Womens education lagged behind mens Started to change in this time Vassar, Wellesley, Smith womens only colleges Harvard and Columbia added womens colleges

Public Libraries Free education (books) to urban residents Andrew Carnegie and the Carnegie libraries 1,689 built in America between 1883 and 1929 Gave literate poor an escape from their harsh lives