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Components of Bridge EGCE 406 Bridge Design II. Bridge g Types yp
deck bearings
Substructure
Superstructure
Foundation F d (Pile/ (P l / Spread S d Footing) F ) Pier (Column) Abutment
Any structures above A b bearing b which support the roadway Wearing g Surface
pier
Praveen Chompreda
Mahidol University First Semester, 2007
foundation
abutment
Components of Bridge
Superstructure Substructure Abutment Abutment Roadway Deck
Components of Bridge
Bearing
Superstructure
Roadway Deck
Substructure
Pier Abutment
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Components of Bridge Components of Bridge
Superstructure
Pin Joint Bearing Cap Beam
Bearing C B Cap Beam
Pier
Span Length
span length
single span
T Types of f Bridge B id
Types by Kinds of Traffic Types by Traffic Position Types by Material and Fabrication Types by Structural System
span multi lti span
Span > 6 m Bridge Span < 6 m Culvert
Short span: 6-30 m Medium span: 30-100 m Long span: > 100 m
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Types of Bridge by Traffic
Types: Highway Bridge
Highway bridge (trucks, cars) Pedestrian bridge (pedestrians, bicycles) Railway y bridge g (trains) ( ) Transit guideway (city trains, monorail) Other types (pipelines (pipelines, utilities utilities, industrial industrial, aqueduct aqueduct, airport structure)
Golden Gate Bridge California, USA
Avon Mouth Bridge Bristol, UK
Types: Pedestrian Bridge
Types: Railway Bridge
El Alam illo Bridge Seville, Spain 200m span Mount ain Creek Bridge ( 1880) Canada Japan Bridge ( 1994) Paris, France 100m span St oney Creek Bridge ( 1894) Canada 325ft span
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Types: Transit Guideway Types: Others
R Roman A Aqueduct d t Spain
BTS System Bangkok, Thailand
Pont du Gard (Roman Aqueduct) (circa 19 BC) N Nimes, France F
Types: Others
Types: Others
Navigational Canal Netherlands Runway at the Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) g USA Los Angeles,
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Types: Deck Type
Deck type
Structural components under the deck Preferred by drivers (can clearly see the view) Requires space under the bridge Structural components above the deck Obstructed view (not a problem for railway bridges) No structure under the bridge
Henry Hudson Bridge (1936)
Through type
Rhone Bridge France
Half-through type
Types: Through Type
Firth of Forth Bridge (1890) Scotland 521m span
Types: Through Type
Tonegawa River Bridge (1972) Japan
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Types: Half Half-Through Through Types by Material & Fabrications
Materials
Fabrications
Masonry (brick, M (b k rock) k) Timber Reinforced Concrete (RC) Prestressed Concrete (PC) Iron Steel Aluminum Composites Plastics Etc Etc
Precast (RC/PC) P Cast-in-place (RC/PC) Pretensioned (PC) Posttensioned (PC) Prefabricated ( (steel) ) Rivet (steel) Bolted (steel/ timber) Welded (steel) Etc
Types by Material & Fabrications
Types by Material & Fabrications
Leonardo L d Da D Vinci V Bridge B d (2001) Norway 40 m Span Glue-laminated Timber Bridge
Timber Bridge probably built in place?
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Types by Material & Fabrications
Steel P f bi Prefabricated d (probably with precast slab)
Types by Material & Fabrications
Prestressed & Precast & Pretensioned (most likely with precast concrete slab)
Types by Material & Fabrications
Prestressed Segmental Bridge Precast & Post-Tensioned Post Tensioned
Types of Bridge by Structure
Arch Beam Cantilever Cable-Stayed Suspension Others
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Types: Arch Bridge Types: Arch Bridge
Semi-circle (has vertical reaction f force only) l ) Flat arch (has vertical and horizontal forces at the support) Tied arch (tie resists tension force) )
Forces Along the Arch
Reaction Forces
Reaction Forces
Types: Arch Bridge
hingless
Types: Arch Bridge
Hinge changes the degree of i d indeterminatcy i i in the h structure
2 hinged hi d
3 hinged keystone
tie
Hinge Detail at the top of an arch bridge
voussoir
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Types: Arch Bridge Types: Masonry Arch Bridge
Ponte Fabricio and Ponte Cestio (65 BC), Tiberina Island, Italy
Ponte dei Salti Bridge (circa 1st century AD) Switzerland Masonry Arch
The arch Th h construction i was invented during the Roman empire
M Materials i l
Masonry Timber Concrete (Reinforced/ Prestressed) Steel
Types: Masonry Arch Bridge
Types: Masonry Arch Bridge
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Types: Masonry Arch Bridge Types: Concrete Arch Bridge
Bixby Bridge (1932) California, USA 97.5 m span Concrete arch
Types: Concrete Arch Bridge
Types: Prestressed Concrete Arch
Enz Bridge (1961) Mlacker, Germany 46 m span Concrete arch
Natchez Trace Parkway Bridge (1994) Tennessee, USA 502 m span
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Types: Steel Arch Bridge Types: Steel Arch Bridge
Construction of Sydney y y Harbor Bridge g
Sydney Harbor Bridge (1938) Sydney, Australia parabolic arch 503 m span
Types: Beam/Girder Bridges
Vertical Loads from Traffic
Types: Beam/Girder Bridges
Common Materials
The most basic type of bridge Typically consists of a beam simply supported on each side by a pier and can be made continuous later Typically inexpensive to build
ROADWAY DECK BEAM
PIER
PIER
Timber Truss RC Beam Steel Plate Girder/ Box Girder Steel Truss Girder Prestressed Concrete Girders
I-Beam, U-Beam, T-Beam Segmentally Prestressed Box Beam
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simple cantilever continuous
Types: yp Beam/Girder Bridges g
Currently, C l most of f the h b beam bridges b id are precast (in (i case of f RC and d PC) or prefabricated Most are simply-supported Some are made continuous on site
Mountain Creek Bridge (1880) Canada Timber
Types: yp Beam/Girder Bridges g
Types: yp Beam/Girder Bridges g
Steel Box Gi d Girder Bridge
hot-rolled
box sections
plate girder
Steel sections may be hot-rolled shapes (for short-span bridge), Box section (medium span), or Plate Girder (medium span)
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Types: yp Beam/Girder Bridges g
Upper: Steel Plate Girder Bridge Lower: Prestressed Concrete I-Girder Bridge
Steel Plate Girder
Types: yp Beam/Girder Bridges g
Types: yp Beam/Girder Bridges g
6'9"
8"
Prestressed Concrete P Precast t (and ( dP Pretensioned) t i d) sections are usually of Ishape p
54" 28 o 0.5" strands
6@2" =12" 13@2" @ =26"
Steel Plate Girder (C ti (Continuous) )
AASHTO T T Type IV Girder. i d
Typical Cross-Section of Pretensioned AASHTO Type IV girder
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Precast Pretensioned Prestressed Concrete Bridge Si l S Simply-Supported dB Beam
Types: Beam/Girder Bridges
Post-Tensioned Prestressed Concrete are often found in the form of segmentally t ll precast t members b
Types: Beam/Girder Bridges
Types: Beam/Girder Bridges
Segmental construction may be constructed t t di in 2 ways
Cantilever Construction construct from the p pier equally q y on both sides Span-by-Span Construction finish one span at a time
Span-by-Span
Cantilever
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Types: Beam/Girder Bridges
Some types of truss bridges can also be considered as a beam bridge when h looked l k d globally l b ll
Types: Beam/Girder Bridges
Types: Beam/Girder Bridges
Steel Truss can be of beam type, arch type, or cantilever type depending on the primary mechanisms Components of Truss
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Types: Cantilever Bridges
Types: Cantilever Bridges
In a cantilever bridge, the roadway is constructed out from the pier in two di ti directions at t th the same ti time so th that t the th weight i ht on both b th sides id counterbalance t b l each other Notice the larger section at the support to resist negative moments
Types: Cantilever Bridges
Types: Steel Truss Cantilever Bridge
Steel Truss Cantilever Prestressed Concrete Segmental Cantilever Beam
350'
150'
1700'
Firth of Forth Bridge (1890), Scotland 521m span
Firth of Forth Bridge (1890) Scotland 521m span
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Types: Cantilever Bridges
Prestressed Concrete Segmental Cantilever Beam
Columbia River Bridge USA 1950 ft span
Types: Cable Cable-Stayed Stayed Bridge
TOWER/ PYLON TOWER/ PYLON
Types: Cable Cable-Stayed Stayed Bridge
Vertical Loads from Traffic
Cable-stayed bridge uses the prestressing principles but the prestressing tendons are external of the beam All the forces are transferred from the deck through the cables to the pylon
ROADWAY DECK
PIER
PIER
Roadway deck can be:
(Prestressed) Concrete Box Deck Steel Box Deck Steel Truss Deck
Reaction Force
Reaction Force
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Types: Cable Cable-Stayed Stayed Bridge Types: Cable Cable-Stayed Stayed Bridge
Harp Type
Fan Type
Steel Box Beam
I-Shaped Cross Beam
P Precast t Concrete Panel Roadway
Types: Cable Cable-Stayed Stayed Bridge
Types: Cable Cable-Stayed Stayed Bridge
Millau Viaduct France
Cable-Stayed Bridge
Rama IX Bridge Bangkok p 450m span
I d Industrial i l Ring Ri R Road dB Bridges id Bangkok, Thailand
Tatara Bridge Japan 890m span
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Types: Cable Cable-Stayed Stayed Bridge Types: Cable Cable-Stayed Stayed Bridge
Construction sequence
Construct Pylons
Types: Cable Cable-Stayed Stayed Bridge
Types: Cable Cable-Stayed Stayed Bridge
Erect the deck away from the pylon in both of the pylons.
Join the cable-stayed sections with the back piers (back piers helps resist tension forces)
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Types: Cable Cable-Stayed Stayed Bridge Types: Cable Cable-Stayed Stayed Bridge
The concrete roadway deck is laid as the deck structure is erected
Finally, join the two cantilevers at the midspan
Types: Suspension Bridge
Types: yp Suspension p Bridge g
Suspension bridge needs to have very strong main cables Cables are anchored at the abutment abutment has to be massive
TOWER/ PYLON
TOWER/ PYLON
Vertical Loads from Traffic
Forces in Main Cable
ROADWAY DECK ABUTMENT PIER PIER
Reaction Force Reaction Force
ABUTMENT
Reaction Forces
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Types: Suspension Bridge
Types: yp Suspension p Bridge g
London Tower Bridge (1894) London, UK
3-Hinged Suspension Bridge Tension member is a truss
Anchor of a suspension bridge
Types: Suspension Bridge
Types: Suspension Bridge
Akashi Kaikyo Bridge (1998) Japan 1991m central span
Mackinac Bridge (1957) Mi hi Michigan, USA 1158 m span
Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940) Washington, USA 2800 ft f span
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Millennium F b id Footbridge (2002) London, UK 144m span
Types: yp Suspension p Bridge g
Types: Suspension Bridge
Types: yp Others
Pontoon (Floating) Bridge
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Types: Others Types: Others
The bridge can rotate to allow ships to go under
Gateshead Millennium Bridge (2000) Gateshead, UK 126m span
Charing g Cross Bridge g (middle ( - truss) ) and Golden J Jubilee Bridges (outer cable-stayed).
Which type should I use?
Consider the followings: Span length Bridge length Beam B spacing i Material available Site Sit conditions diti (foundations, (f d ti height, h i ht space constraints) t i t) Speed of construction Constructability Technology/ Equipment available Aesthetics Cost Access for maintenance
Span Length
st eel suspension st eel rib arc h st eel t russ arc h c onc ret e arc h Type s st eel t russ c able- st ay ed st eel
Type s slab concret e girder st t eel l girder i d cable- st ayed concret e cable- st ayed st eel st eel t russ concret e arch st eel t russ arch st eel rib arch st eel suspension m in 0 10 10 90 90 90 90 250 120 300 m ax 12 220 270 250 350 550 300 500 370 2000
c able- st ay ed c onc ret e st eel girder c onc ret e girder slab l b 0 200 400
600
800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 Spa n Le ngt h ( m )
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Span Length Cost vs. Span Length
The span length may be influenced by the cost of superstructure ( t/ t ) and (cost/meter) d substructure bt t (cost/pier) ( t/ i ) If the substructure cost is about 25% of total cost shorter span is more cost effective cost-effective If the substructure cost is about 50% of total cost longer spans are more economical
Cost vs. Span Length
Access for Maintenance
Total Cost = Initial Cost + Maintenance Cost Bridge should be made easy to inspect and maintain Maintenance cost may yg govern the selection of bridge g
Steel bridge needs a lot of maintenance in coastal regions Concrete bridge g usually y require q the least maintenance
Substructure here is expensive compared with the superstructure
If the water is shallow, p substructure is inexpensive compared with the superstructure
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Beam Spacing
Materials
Beam spacing determine the number of girders Large Spacing
Steel Concrete
Fewer girder (faster to erect) Deeper and heavier girder (can it be transported?) Reduced redundancy Thicker slab More girder Smaller girder More redundancy (but more beams to inspect) Thinner slab
Cast-in-place Precast
Smaller Spacing
Material choice depends p on the cost of material at the bridge g site Shipping S pp g cost from o fabricators ab cato s
Speed of construction
Site Requirement
In urban areas, the construction of bridge may disrupt traffic
Prefabricated/ Precast member are the only choice Substructure construction may disrupt traffic more than the superstructure erection i may consider id longer l spans
Is the bridge straight or curved
Precast I-Girder cannot be curved d Segmental prestressed can have slight curve Cast-in-place
Segmental pieces may be easier to ship in narrow urban streets
Shipping of prefabricated pieces to site Is shipping shi in channel re required? ired? Is the temporary falsework required? i d? C Can it i be b done d with ih the site conditions?
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Site Requirement Site Requirement
Requirement for shipping channel leads to long span bridge
In the Millau Aqueduct, the superstructure was completed inland and pushed into the span
Site Requirement
Aesthetics
An ugly bridge, however safe, serviceable, and inexpensive, is not a good bridge Long span bridge over a river can be a landmark; thus, aesthetics should be an important factor Bridge g should blend with the environment Smooth transition between members Avoid unnecessary decorations Bridge should have an appearance of adequate strength
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Aesthetics
Aesthetics
Determinant of bridges appearance (in order of importance)
Vertical and Horizontal geometry relative to surrounding topography and other structures S Superstructure type: arch, h girder, i d etc Pier placement Ab t Abutment t placement l t Superstructure shape, parapet and railing Pier shape Abutment shape Color surface texture, Color, texture ornamentations Signing, Lighting, Lanscaping
Aesthetics
Aesthetics
