JEISON MEDINA HIGUERA Universidad Nacional de Colombia English Grammar I William Gar on A !

IEW O" "UN#IONA$ GRAMMAR IN #HE CHA%#ER & 'INDIREC# O(JEC#) AND HOW I# WOR*S ON #HE +U$E,S #E-#. Grammar is one o/ 0he s1bs2s0ems o/ a lang1age3 more s4eci/icall25 i0 is 0he s2s0em o/ 6ordings o/ a lang1age. A/0er de/ining 0he conce40 o/ grammar5 i0 is necessar2 0o 0a7e in0o acco1n0 Grammar as a 4henomenon o/ s01d2 0ha0 is in0er4re0ed according 0o di//eren0 0heories3 one o/ 0his 0heories and 6hich concerns 0o 1s as anal2sis o/ 0he +1le,s 0e80 is 0he /1nc0ion grammar. (105 6ha0 e8ac0l2 does /1nc0ional grammar mean9 And5 6ha0 is i0s rela0ionshi4 6i0h 0he /rame6or7 o/ 0he +1le,s 0e80 in 0he cha40er & in regards 0o 0he 0o4ic 'indirec0 ob:ec0s). #o ans6er 0hese ;1es0ions i0 is necessar2 0o ma7e clearer 0he conce40 o/ /1nc0ional grammar5 and 0hen com4are 6i0h 0he +1le,s 0e80 in order 0o sho6 ho6 i0 6or7s on 0he mean 6hich is 1sed in cha40er &. As 6e men0ion above i0 is necessar2 0o el1cida0e 0he conce40 o/ /1nc0ional grammar. 0he s01d2 o/ grammar based on 0he /1nc0ional elemen0s as essen0ial 4ar0 o/ 0he lang1age 6hich are needed /or each one 0o cons0r1c0 a meaning/1l sen0ence .#he 6ord 0ha0 6e 1s1all2 associa0e 6i0h /1nc0ional o/ co1rse is /1nc0ion and b2 /1nc0ion5 %ic7 <4age =>? es0ablishes@ 'A /1nc0ional elemen0 is an idea s1ch as Aagen0B5 Aob:ec0B5 Ains0r1men0B5A0arge0B5 Areci4ien0B5 and Abene/iciar2B5 6hich s0and /or classes o/ 6ords 6hich 4er/orm a 4ar0ic1lar /1nc0ion in a sen0ence) =. So5
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/1nc0ional anal2sis is onl2 concerned 6i0h 0he ac0ion or s0a0e 6hich a 4ar0ic1lar sen0ence describes. So5 no6 6e di//erence 0he 0erms elemen0 and bene/iciar2 /or o1r 4ar0ic1lar goal o/ e84laining 0hese 0erms and 0heir in/l1ence in 0he cha40er &. #hese 0erms are concerned 6i0h '0rans/erring) < humans, transfer, and having)2. (eca1se 0he /1nc0ional elemen0 is 0ha0 6hich is 0rans/erred5 0a7e in0o acco1n0 0he conce40 o/ +1le@ '0rans/er is movemen0 <C? 0rans/er can involve real <concre0e? ob:ec0s) <4age =&?>. #hese /1nc0ional elemen0s are e84ressed as direc0 ob:ec0s5 con0rari6ise 0he bene/iciar2 men0ion be/ore is e84ressed as 0he indirec0 ob:ec0 and 6here 0he 0rans/er is 0o. #ha0 is a ver2 no0iceable in/l1ence o/ 0he /1nc0ional grammar beca1se +1le does no0 anal2 e 0he lang1age /rom disco1rse anal2sis@ he sim4l2 anal2 es 0he lang1age concerning 0o onl2 0he ac0ions or s0a0es 6hich a 4ar0ic1lar sen0ence describes. No65 as concl1sion 6e can sa2 0ha0 grammar is a s1bs2s0em o/ 0he lang1age3 0ha0 is 4ossible 0o be s01d2 /rom several 4ers4ec0ives and 0ha0 one o/ 0hem is /1nc0ional grammar3 6e de/ine /1nc0ional grammar as 0he s01d2 o/ grammar based on 0he /1nc0ional elemen0s as essen0ial 4ar0 o/ 0he lang1age 6hich are needed /or each one 0o cons0r1c0 a meaning/1l sen0ence.. "1r0hermore5 /1nc0ional grammar has a grea0 in/l1ence in 0he 6a2 +1le carr2 0he e84laining o10 o/ gramma0ical conce40s or a0 leas0 0ha0 in/l1ence is ac01all2 no0iceable in 0he cha40er & 'indirec0 ob:ec0s).

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