JOURNAL OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS, VOLUME 24, ISSUE 1, MARCH 2014

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Optimizing throughput in HARQ systems
using Space - Time to Turbo
Hamidreza Fotoohi and Aliakbar Khazae
Abstract- HARQ schemes design with a high utilization of the communication system is proposed. In this scheme, the two ARQ and
FEC error correction schemes are used. The HARQ throughput is lower than ARQ. Various methods are used to improve throughput
in HARQ scheme that turbo codes space - time is an example of them. In this paper, first, we introduce projects HARQ, features and
characteristics of the projects are examined. Using Turbo Codes for space - time, throughput and bit error rate are improved.
Keyword: HARQ scheme-Fading - error correction codes - Turbo codes - throughput - code error rate
!

1- Introduction
In lhe Iasl lhree decades , lhe fieId of vireIess
communicalions, lhe raid grovlh of lechnoIogy
in lhe evoIulion of mobiIe broadband anaIog
vireIess syslems , such as lhird arlnershi
rogram (3GII) and LTI advanced, is shovn . The
evoIulion of nev lechniques lhal have Ied lo
increased rales viII be used .
Among lhe lechnoIogies lhal have lhe effecl of
increasing lhe dala rale can be muIli- carrier
moduIalion , high-seed moduIalion , adalive
coding , channeI- deendenl scheduIing and a
muIli inul muIli oulul range.
An imorlanl issue in vireIess communicalion ,
lhe abiIily lo send dala in lhem. Mosl of lhe dala
lransmission in vireIess nelvorks cause adverse
effecls such as fading , vhich causes lhe signaI al
lhe receiver is moving , are affecled . To overcome
lhe robIem of bIur channeIs and lhe effeclive
use of radio resources , lo achieve muIliIe
microvave vireIess syslems | 1 j and 3GII-LTI |2j
is used lo imIemenl a lechnoIogy . One of lhe key
faclors in lhe imIemenlalion of syslems lo
lransmil dala from lhe receiver of lhe feedback
channeI. The imIemenlalion of lhe Iink , lhe
sender dynamicaIIy vilh lhe degree of moduIalion
, coding rale is adaled lo lransmil signaIs or
aramelers | 3,4 j.
The designs HARQ, ARQ schemes are combined
vilh rogressive design error . If a dala ackel is
received vilh errors al lhe receiver , ockel
lransmiller and receiver sends informalion aboul
lhe error . HARQ syslem acknovIedgmenl or non-
acknovIedgmenl of lhe feedback signaI
relransmission signaI is needed lo delermine
vhelher or nol lhey can be used .
An imorlanl asecl of adalive lransmiller
syslems , is a conlroI signaI belveen lhe
lransmiller and lhe receiver. Link for heI on using
adalive lechniques , and lhe use of HARQ
schemes for imroving syslem erformance on
channeI quaIily informalion and HARQ
acknovIedgmenl bils musl be senl from lhe cIienl
lo lhe dedicaled feedback channeI .
To imrove lhe lhroughul designs HARQ, a
coding scheme based on lhe Iocalion of lhe
muIliIex HARQ in | 6 j is resenled. In an SIC-
HARQ, during relransmission , ackel error aIong
vilh a nev dala ackel is lransmilled. Common
vay lo add dala ackel Ieading lo a conlinuous
maing of bils lo lhe SymboI are nervous .

Hamid Reza Fotoohi is born on Iran, on 1982.He received B.sc. on
2005 and M.Sc. on 2014 from Faculty of Electrical and Computer
Engineering, Khavaran Institute of Higher Education.

Ali Akbar Khazae is born on Iran, on 1970.He received B.sc. on
1993 , M.Sc. on 1997 and PHD on 2013 from Faculty of
Electrical and Computer Engineering, Azad University of
Tehran.

JOURNAL OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS, VOLUME 24, ISSUE 1, MARCH 2014

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2- Channel fading
Consider a base-band channeI vilh fIal fading:

!"#
Where y (n), h (n), x (n) and v (n) lo lhe received
signaI, lhe coefficienl bIur, addilive vhile Gaussian
noise eIemenls encoded and lransmilled al lime n
lhe shov. We assume lhal h (n) - CN (0,1) and v
(n), are indeendenl vilh dislribulion CN (0, N0)
is dislribuled. Il is assumed lhal lhe eIemenls of lhe
code are indeendenl and I (+ x (n) + ^ 2) I are
mel. The signaI-lo-noise rale in reIalion lo lhe
foIIoving:

!$#
In a scenario vilh SIov Iade, for every n, h (n) h
is. If lhe cIienl has adequale informalion aboul h,
h-gain channeI condilions being mel, il is a modeI
syslem for AWGN channeI vilh signaI-lo-noise
rale Ieads. This channeI seclraI efficiency
lhal is. If h is sufficienl
informalion aboul lhe sender, lhe channeI caacily
is given by lhe foIIoving equalion.

!&#
Hovever, if lhe sender is nol avare of h, from lhe
oinl of viev of lhe lransmiller, channeI bIur
coefficienl, h, is random. If lhe dala lransmission
rale of R bils / s / Hz lo code, and lhe R of log ! (1 +
| h | ^ 2 SNR) is grealer lhan lhe robabiIily of
decoding error for each code seIecled by lhe sender
can nol be smaIIer .
In lhis scenario, lhe syslem is lhe resuIl oblained in
|8j is resenled. IolenliaI oulul can be oblained
from lhe foIIoving equalion.


!'#
One of lhe design goaIs of lhe channeIs vilh SIov
fading, vhen no CSI is avaiIabIe al lhe lransmiller
lo achieve a conslanl oulul is IikeIy.
When lhe robIem of olimaI aIIocalion of
resources in lhe HARQ syslems ve consider, as a
measure of lhe IikeIihood funclion is used .
3- HARQ scheme
IIC HARQ syslem incIudes a subsyslem lhal are
used in ARQ syslem . IIC subsyslem reduces lhe
relransmission frequency , lhe correclion of errors
in lhe received ackel . This is Ieading lo increased
lhroughul erformance . When lhe IIC can nol
correcl errors , ARQ is aIied . In combinalion
imroves reIiabiIily . Therefore, a suilabIe
combinalion of IIC and ARQ can have higher
reIiabiIily comared lo a IIC and ARQ rovides a
higher lhroughul . An IIC scheme couId be any
one of lhree basic ARQ .
Three differenl lyes of HARQ schemes have been
roosed and are cIassified as Tye I , II and III
|16j.
Scheme I, a code conlains error correclion and
error deleclion are used . If lhe number of errors in
a received ackel error correclion code shouId be
in lhe range of caacily , lhe error is correcled . If
lhe receiver is nol abIe lo correcl lhe error , and for
gel oul of order ackel relransmission is asked .
Scheme II, receiving dala from a difference - for lhe
decoded ackel dala merges . These are somelimes
caIIed sofl- combining HARQ schemes. These
schemes are cIassified inlo lhe foIIoving lvo
calegories : CC Designs and Ians IR.
Scheme III, lhe lhroughul rale is Iover lhan lhal
of lye II roosaIs using aroriale coding
melhods can increase lhis vaIue . Codes of sace -
lime coding are examIes of lechnoIogies lhal can
be used lo increase lhe lhroughul of lhem . In
generaI , a suilabIe coding scheme used for Tye III
shovs a beller erformance .
4- Turbo space-time code
Use lhe code sace - lime manifoId benefils bolh lo
lhe sace oblained from muIliIe anlennas and
muIliIe lemorary variabIes are oblained by
bIurring lhe lime comes . Wilh high robabiIily,
lhis lye of code has lhe advanlage of saliaI and
lemoraI muIliIicily have been erfecl . Code
design crileria for sace - lime environmenl is
based on calegories . The fading RiIey , a slring of
code vilh differenl rales signaI rovides a malrix
JOURNAL OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS, VOLUME 24, ISSUE 1, MARCH 2014

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lhal is a funclion of lhe disciIine code and channeI
correIalion . ManifoId oblained from a fieId rank of
lhis malrix by lhe code signaI and ils effeclive size
is oblained .
RecenlIy , muIli- carrier muIliIe access code lhal
combines CDMA and muIli- carrier moduIalion
based on orlhogonaI frequency division
muIliIexing MaIlese (OIDM), has received much
allenlion | 17 j.
In lhis aer, MMSI lurbo equaIizalion in a HARQ
scheme using lhe CDMA rolocoI shouId be
considered . Comuler simuIalions are used lo
iIIuslrale lhe aIgorilhm .
MMSE turbo equalization
The MMSI lurbo equaIizalion, a series of MMSI in
frequency domain lo achieve conlinuous oeralion
- lhe code above viII be reealed.
In lhe beginning, ve assume lhal lhe signaI is senl
al lime q. Nc-chi bIock given for q lh osl arceI,
lhe Nc-oinl IIT and frequency domain signaI is
converled.

!(#
The reIalionshi belveen MMSI frequency
domain, and enveIoe comosilion can be
exressed as foIIovs:

!)
#

(7
)
of lhe k lh frequency channeI and and
, resecliveIy, lhe equivaIenl channeI gain
and noise eIemenls are.
S (k) versus k lh eIemenl is lhe frequency of lhe
lransmilled sequence and can be exressed as
foIIovs:

!*#

(9)

Internal crosstalk cancellation techniques
Remove ICI in reIalion lo lhe foIIoving aears:

(10)

(11)

(12)
Nc-oinl conversion inlo lhe frequency domain lo
lhe lime domain bIock is done:

!"&
#

(14
)
MAP decoding
U araIIeI sequence lo a singIe sequence vilh
viII become. Then Iog simiIar rales !
n
(x) is
oblained as foIIovs:

(15
)
Where , x lh bil is lhe n-lh SymboI and
min mosl IikeIy lo gel lhe minimum dislance
is .

(16)
A sequence for a sequence of dala bils
and for a baIanced bil sequence is shovn be.
Afler and of vere oblained,
roducing slarls.
JOURNAL OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS, VOLUME 24, ISSUE 1, MARCH 2014

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In turbo equalization, the results of sequence LLR ,
and , a serial-parallel channel conversion is
relurned back lo sender be a sequence LLR,
, for
veighled MMSI is oblained.

(17)
Afler successive ileralions of lhe MMSI-IDI, ICI
removaI and decoding MAI, sequence informalion
by , are covered. If any error is delecled, (q +1)
relransmission viII be required.
5- Results simulation
One imorlanl arameler is lhe communicalion
syslem IR. This arameler secifies lhe amounl
of errors in lhe syslem. Code error rale lo be senl as
aramelers, lhe degree of moduIalion, coding rale,
emission faclors, and signaIing bandvidlh.
Deendenl.
Thus, exression cIoning rocess, lhe bil error rale
are as foIIovs:

Figure 1 Bit error rate for the HARQ (theory and simulation -
optimization)
Wilh lhe imIemenlalion of lhe melhod, lhe
foIIoving diagram is oblained for lhe lhroughul
in HARQ scheme lhree.

Figure 2 View the throughput for HARQ schemes
6- Conclusion
The designs HARQ, ARQ schemes are combined
vilh rogressive design error .
One of lhe design goaIs of lhe channeIs vilh SIov
fading , vhen no CSI is avaiIabIe al lhe lransmiller
lo achieve a conslanl oulul is IikeIy .
When favorabIe channeI condilions , lransmiller,
seIecling a high degree of moduIalion and coding
rale, u lo nov , lhe channeI can be exIoiled in
fuII . Hovever, vhen lhe channeI quaIily is oor ,
seIecl lhe sender vilh a Iov degree of moduIalion
and coding rales Iov for a dala malch increases.
IIC HARQ syslem incIudes a subsyslem lhal are
used in ARQ syslem . IIC subsyslem reduces lhe
relransmission frequency , lhe correclion of errors
in lhe received ackel . This is Ieading lo increased
lhroughul erformance . When lhe IIC can nol
correcl errors , ARQ is aIied . Imroves
reIiabiIily.
References
!"# %& '())*+,- .& '*,- *,/ '& 0& 1((2- 34*25 62+/
7(448,+9*5+(,) *,/ :;5< =(2>+,?- 7*4@2+/?; A,+B;2)+5C 12;))-
DE"D&
!D# 3& F+)=*)- G& H*59I+>(8- *,/ J& K+(,- L0;I+9M;<5(<B;I+9M;
=+2;M;)) 9(448,+9*5+(, N2(5(9(M) O(2 ;,I*,9+,? I+?I=*C 52*OO+9
)*O;5C-P Q%%% 7(448,& R*?&- B(M& SS- NN& TS<UD- V*,& DEEW&
!X# Q%%% 1UED&"WG;BDYKD- L35*,/*2/ O(2 M(9*M *,/ 4;52(N(M+5*,
*2;* ,;5=(2>) 1*25 "WZ [+2 Q,5;2O*9; O(2 F2(*/@*,/ \+2;M;))
[99;)) 3C)5;4)P- K;9& DEET-
JOURNAL OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS, VOLUME 24, ISSUE 1, MARCH 2014

16
!S# %& K*IM4*,- 3& 1*2>B*MM- *,/ V& 3>]M/- S6 ^H%Y^H%<[/B*,9;/
O(2 R(@+M; F2(*/@*,/- [9*/;4+9 12;))- DE""&
!_# [& 6(M/)4+5I- \+2;M;)) 7(448,+9*5+(,)- ")5 ;/& 7*4@2+/?;-
A`Z 7*4@2+/?; A,+B;2)+5C 12;))- DEE_&
!W# [& V& 6(M/)4+5I *,/ 3&<6& 7I8*- L[/*N5+B; 9(/;/ 4(/8M*5+(,
O(2 O*/+,? 9I*,,;M)-P Q%%% H2*,)& 7(448,&- B(M& SW- NN& _a_<WE"-
R*C "aaU&
!T# H& R& 7(B;2 *,/ V& b& HI(4*)- %M;4;,5) (O +,O(24*5+(, 5I;(2C-
:;= b(2>Z \+M;C Q,5;2)9+;,9;- "aa"&
!U# K& H); *,/ 1& 0+)=*,*5I- J8,/*4;,5*M) (O =+2;M;))
9(448,+9*5+(,)- 7*4@2+/?; A,+B;2)+5C 12;))- DEE_&
!a# 3& 7*52;8c- 0& %29;?- K& 6;)@;25- *,/ G& \& ';*5I- L[/*N5+B;
4(/8M*5+(, *,/ RQRd 9(/+,? O(2 @2(*/@*,/ =+2;M;)) /*5*
,;5=(2>)-P Q%%% 7(448,& R*?&- B(M& D- NN& "EU<""_- V8,; DEED-
!"E# V& J& '*C;)- L[/*N5+B; O;;/@*9> 9(448,+9*5+(,)-P Q%%%
H2*,)*95+(,) (, 7(448,+9*5+(, H;9I,(M(?C- B(M& 7dR<"W- NN&
Da<XS- J;@& "aWU&
!""# V& `& 7*B;2)- L0*2+*@M;<2*5; 52*,)4+))+(, O(2 G*CM;+?I O*/+,?
9I*,,;M)-P Q%%% H2*,)& 7(448,&- B(M&
DE- NN& "_<DD- J;@& "aTD&
!"D# F& 089;5+9- L[, */*N5+B; 9(/+,? )9I;4; O(2 5+4;<B*2C+,?
9I*,,;M)-P Q%%% H2*,)& 7(448,&- B(M& Xa- NN& W_X<WWX- R*C
"aa"&
!"X# \& H& \;@@ *,/ G& 35;;M;- L0*2+*@M; 2*5; e[R O(2 4(@+M;
2*/+(-P Q%%% H2*,)& 7(448,&- B(M& SX- NN& DDDX<DDXE- V8MC "aa_&
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H2*,)& 7(448,&- B(M& SD- NN& DXE_<DX"S- V8,; "aaS&
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12;,5+9;<'*MM- DEES&
!"W# 3& ^+,- K& V& 7()5;MM(- V2&- *,/ R& V& R+MM;2- L[85(4*5+9<
2;N;*5<2;f8;)5 ;22(2 9(,52(M )9I;4;)-P Q%%% 7(448,& R*?&- B(M&
DD- NN& _<"W- K;9& "aUS&
!"T# 6& F;,;MM+- L[, [Ge )9I;4; =+5I 4;4(2C *,/ )(O5 ;22(2
/;5;95(2)-P Q%%% H2*,)& 7(448,&- B(M& XX- ,(& X- NN& DU_<DUU-
R*2& "aU_&