Road Layers

http://www.mhd.state.ma.us/downloads/designGuide/CH_9.pdf

Subgrade The surface of natural soil which is prepared to support a pavement system.

Road Layers
Sub-Base Layers The surface on which the base layers of road will set are prepared first after the careful and full examination of the material which could be soil and rock. In the case of the soil the operation of compaction of soil will be carried out to get enough of a hard surface on which the road can stand properly. While in the case of the rocky surface the levelling is important which will be done by using proper cutters and cutting material will also be used to fill the places to get the proper level. 1. Soil Construction. For a project of this scale, we will consider the construction according to the information available up till now. The soil compaction and other soil related process will be used in the areas where the base of is made up of soil instead of rock. Compaction

Compaction is the single most important process in soil construction. Compaction will give soil the desired properties. The compaction of the cohesive soils areas of the route will be carried out using single-drum compactors with Padfoot drums applying high amplitudes of approximately 1.8 mm. Non-cohesive soils areas will be compacted using smooth drums and low amplitudes of between 0.5 mm and 1 mm. Then the ground will be ready to serve as a base for the upper road structure. 2. Getting the water out In order to make the stable base for the road, the surface under the road should be compacted enough so it should not make problems in future or during the road construction. But if the soil is extremely cohesive and wet it could not be compacted by the rollers. In that case the existing soil needs to be stabilised to increase its bearing capacity and prepare it as a suitable base for the upper pavement structure. Stabilisation is a method of soil improvement, its goal being to permanently bind the water in the soil. In the project under consideration the soil present at the site will be tested and if there is any requirement for stabilisation this will be carried out according to the requirement so the proper compacted soil base ensure the strong base for the road structure. Stability through Lime and cement

This goal will be achieved by mixing binding agents in particular lime or cement into the soil in the project under consideration. Preferably cement stabilisation is suitable for making subsoils permanently resistant to traffic loads, ingressing water and frost. Soils that require stabilising are often very muddy, so that the stabilising operation will be carried out by powerful, all-wheel driven machinery. Wirtgen soil stabilisers are therefore equipped with large, deep-treaded tyres, offer excellent traction, and feature a powerful travel drive system. Their mixing rotors will be capable of mixing pre-spread binding agents into the soil at depths of 50 cm in one single working pass. Soil stabilisation will reduce the water content, turning the soil into a crumbly, stabilised mixture that will be ideally suited for compaction by single-drum compactors.

Road Layers
3. Stone and Rock cutting The bases where the mountainous terrain is present, the rock cutting will be done to get the exact levels; the use of the blasting will be avoided as it will be destructive for the environment. Therefore cutting through the rock with surface miners will be used. This environmentally friendly method is capable of cutting rock without causing any damaging vibrations and is therefore gentle both on the mountains and on their inhabitants Reusing the cut material

The cut material will be of uniform size and can therefore be reused as backfill without requiring additional treatment. Surface miners produce a clean and precisely levelled surface which is ideally suited as a base for the road to be built. Base Layers The base layer of a road lays the foundation for the upper pavement structure. The lowest layer in the upper road structure will be built from granular recycled aggregate (Class 6F2). This will reduce the loads induced by traffic to such an extent that the underlying sub-grade is protected from deformation. The required bearing capacity is achieved by using a mixture of gravel, chippings and crushed sand that will be compacted to the required density. As this is the recycled material it will help in reducing the cost and it is also an environmental friendly material.

A gravel layer to protect against frost

As due to the climatic conditions of the area of the construction road will be exposed to particularly high stresses as when the water contained in the pavement structure begins to freeze by causing frost damage. This will be prevented by a so-called frost blanket which will consists of a mixture of gravel and sand, supplemented by crushed mineral aggregate. When compacted, these layers of frost-resistant materials conduct water away from the upper pavement layers, reducing tensions very effectively at the same time. xxiv Bitumen Macadam Road Base-Course xxii Bitumen Macadam as described in EN13108-1, is a dense mixture of aggregate, filler and bitumen. It will have a thickness of 60mmi. This mixture, a type of asphalt-concrete, is very resistant to weathering and also durable material. It will act as a road base course and help in making a string a base for the hot rolled asphalt. This is a load-bearing, strengthening layer of the road. xx The binder course materials will be laid and levelled with the careful precision of about ( 10mm) and before proceeding to the wearing course it is compacted completely. Machine will be used specifically designed to lay bitumen macadam course. This will be more accurately levelled surface than the hand lying. xxv

Road Layers
Sealing Grit The course of the surface will be laid immediately to get the naturally bond between the base layer and surface layer. However if the delay (more than 1 week) cannot be avoided due to the weather or the other issues, a sealing grit will be used to seal the base course designed for this purpose. Sealing grit is actually made up of bitumen coated grits which are approximately of size 3mm that are spread over the compacted surface of the base course and brushed in to fill any voids which will prevent them being filled with mud or other unacceptable contaminants.

Figure 1 - Cross-section of road surface

xxi

Asphalt Paving for Wearing Course The road will not be experiencing any heavy traffic so it will be very economical to use the recycled asphalt (Class 6F3) which will be environment friendly. Asphalt paving will be carried out with an exceptionally high degree of meticulous logistical planning and management. Care will be taken that sufficient quantities of mix are available on site all the time and the compaction will be done before the mix will not cool down to enable precise levelling. Optimum final compaction

Road Layers
Compaction effected by the different impacts like high-density screed enables the rollers which follow behind the paver to achieve the overall final density similarly all other lacks in the final compaction will be removed. The goal of asphalt compaction will be achieved to create a pavement that offers maximum evenness and stability, while simultaneously increasing both traffic safety and riding comfort. Aim of this Compaction is to produce a road surface of maximum regularity and skid resistance, and at creating a permanent bond between the various asphalt layers. And also it will be help full in reducing the spray effect during the rainy weather.

Figure 2 - Diagram of road surface including drainage

http://www.canadianconsultingengineer.com/issues/story.aspx?aid=1000193728

Road Layers
For a temporary road putting over the sub-grade an improved layer is enough. However, for the road to become permanent we need to design more layers in order to provide long term characteristics to the road. These layers are described below and illustrated with a typical road cross-section detail. (Drawing reference) Surface Course The surface course is the top layer of the road pavement which is in contact with the traffic loads and therefore it is the layer which contains the highest quality materials. It has to provide very important characteristics such as friction, smoothness and drainage. It also has a role of preventing the water to enter the lower layers of the road. This layer is subdivided into two layers : Wearing course and Intermediate course. Wearing course is the thin layer Base Course