3.

5 ROAD

3.5.1 INTRODUCTION

The road in Malaysia comprises many types of pavement that has been used. Based
on this project, we proposed the road design by using bituminous which is flexible
pavement. The bituminous pavement is joint-less which provides smooth riding surface.
Also, the pavement itself produce less sound than concrete pavement. The bituminous
pavement experience gradual failure whereas the concrete pavement could be sudden
failure.

The flexible pavement is a machine-placed which there is no need for time

consuming formwork and steel reinforcement to be set up. After placement, the traffic can
use the pavement almost immediately that no delay is required to allow it to cure. In term
of repairing roads, an asphalt surface is quicker and easier to complete because there is
little down-time waiting for patch to cure.

The bituminous asphalt also has the ability to be completely recycled. The aggregate
not only can be reused but also can retain its adhesive properties and be usable in a new
hot mix asphalt mix. Those pavements are recycled in a conventional HMA plant with
minimal modification. Moreover, the asphalt roads provide better traction and skid
resistance for vehicles due to the roughness factor. The rough surface texture of asphalt
mixture is higher than the asphalt concrete which will increase the skid resistance of vehicle.
The skid resistance is the force developed in a tire that is prevented it from rotating slides
along the pavement surface.

The main purpose of this report is to design the flexible pavements for the proposed
site Cadangan Merekabentuk, Membina Dan Menyiapkan 5 Tingkat Bangunan Pameran
Kereta & Pejabat, Di Sepang. Selangor. The total area covered for flexible pavement is
5320.06 m2. It comprises of details for the thickness design, material specification used and
the design requirements. This design is suitable to be used in designing the major roads in
example where the traffic volume is medium or heavy.
 Figure 1 Proposed layout plan for flexible pavement area

3.5.2 PAVEMENT STRUCTURE

Requirement of pavements

 An ideal pavement should meet the following requirements:

 Long design life with low maintenance cost
 Produce least noise from moving vehicles
 Sufficient thickness to distribute the wheel load stresses to a safe value on the
sub-grade soil
 smooth surface to provide comfort to road users even at high speed
 impervious surface so that sub-grade is well protected
 dust proof surface so that traffic safety is not impaired by reducing visibility
 Good adhesive property that have sufficient binding capacity with the binders.
This requirement is essential of road aggregate used in the bituminous roads.
The road aggregate should have adequate binding capacity with the binders
like bitumen, asphalt, coal, tar to ensure stability of the road surface.
 Toughness- a good road aggregate should be quite tough. it should offer
maximum possible resistance to the hammering effect of wheel loads
 Cementation: - a good road aggregate should have sufficient cementation
property i.e. it should have sufficient binding property within itself.
This requirement is essential for road aggregate used in the water bound
macadam road surfaces. In such roads, the road aggregate should form its own
binding material under the load of road roller and bind itself so that the road
pavements may remain serviceable for a longer period.
3.5.3 DEFINITION AND ROAD LAYER

Figure 1: Cross section of flexible pavement

Surface course

All the bound layers within the pavement which are the wearing course,
intermediate course and binder course are embodied under this general
terminology. The layer forms an impermeable and flexible lining of high elastic
modulus. This function requirement of this layer are:

 It provides characteristics such friction, smoothness, drainage. Also, it will

prevent of water to penetrate into the underlying base, sub-base and sub-grade
 It must be tough to resist the distortion under traffic and provide smooth riding
surface
 It also need to be waterproof in order to protect the entire base and sub-base
that can reduce the strength of the structure due to the present of water

Wearing course

This is the layer which directly in contact with the traffic loads and generally
contains superior quality material.

Binder course

The bound layer overlying the base course. Apart from supporting and
dispersing the traffic load, it also resists shear

Base course
The layer of specified material built up to the required designed thickness
immediately overlying the subgrade. It also serve as an aid to disperse the
load from the base course before transmitting it to the subgrade (This layer
may be absent in some design). The primary function are to provide
structural support, improve drainage and reduce the intrusion of fines from
the sub-grade in the pavement structure. If the base course is open grade,
then the sub-base course with more fines can serve as a filler between sub-
grade and the base course. A sub-base course is not always needed or used.
For example, a pavement constructed over high quality, stiff sub-grade may
not need the additional features offered by a sub-base course. In such
situation, sub-base course may not be provided.

Subgrade

The uppermost part of the soil layer whether naturally or being imported. It
function as to support the load that are transmitted from the overlying
layers.