Experiment 01

Material Property of Coarse and Fine Aggregate

NITIN PRATAP SINGH 2012CE10373

Aim:

To determine the specific gravity of sand and also aggregates of 10mm and 20mm sizes. To perform the sieve analysis of 10mm and 20mm aggregates and that of sand.
1.)

1. Specific Gravity Determination

Material and apparatus required: and specimen! specimens for 10mm and 20 mm aggregates "eighing machine Thermostatically controlled oven #o$nd %ottomed flas& "ire %as&et s$spended %y a thin 'ire

Theory: 1.( ) condition of aggregates is defined as the state 'hen the s$rface of the aggregate is completely dry and contains no moist$re. *n coarse aggregate! ) condition is characterised %y the state 'hen the s$rface of sat$rated aggregate %eing dried 'ith a cloth +$st losses the shine of the s$rface. *n fine aggregate ,%elo' -../ mm( or sand! ) condition is characterised %y the state 'hen the sat$rated sand dried in open air +$st %eings to flo' freely. An ) cone can %e $sed to chec& this state %y filling the sand in the cone and tamping the sand $sing the self0'eight of the tamping rod. ) state is achieved as soon as the sand! 'hich is %eing openly dried! starts to flo' freely. 2.( pecific gravity of sand is given as1 2sand 3 ,"4 5 "1( 6 ,,"2 5 "1( 5 ,"- 5 "4(( here "1 3 "eight of flas& "2 3 "eight of ,flas& 7 'ater( "4 3 "eight of ,flas& 7 sample(

"- 3 "eight of ,flas& 7 sample 7 'ater( 4.( pecific gravity of aggregate is given as1 2aggregate 3 C 6 ,8 5 A( here A 3 "eight of aggregate in 'ater 8 3 "eight of aggregate in ) condition C 3 "eight of oven dried aggregate -.(
SSD state , Percentage of absorbed water =

( Weig h t of sample SSD condition ) ( Dry we ight of sample ) 100 Dry weig h t of sample

Procedure: For specific gravity determination of sand! a sample of sand is sat$rated in 'ater for almost 2- ho$rs at a temperat$re of 229C to 429C as specified in * 1 24:; ,Part ***(0 1<;4! and then drained caref$lly. The sample is e=posed to gentle c$rrent of 'arm air to evaporate s$rface moist$re and stirred at fre>$ent intervals to ens$re $niform drying $ntil no free s$rface moist$re can %e seen and the material +$st attains a ?free0r$nning@ condition. The ?free0 r$nning condition@ is tested $sing a standard ) cone and standard tamping rod %y filling the cone 'ith sand and tamping it 'ith self 'eight of the rod! and the sand shall flo' freely if it is in ) state! $pon removal of cone. A 4000 /00g sample of ) sand is 'eighed. *t is po$red in a ro$nd0%ottomed flas& and 'ater is filled to a pre0mar&ed level! is caref$lly tilted and rotated a%o$t its side to remove any air %$%%les and then 'eighed. For percentage of a%sor%ed 'ater in ) sand! /00 gm sample of ) sand is 'eighed and &ept in thermostatically controlled oven at 1109C for drying for 2- ho$r. )ried sand is 'eighed then. For specific gravity determination of aggregate! a sample of aggregate is sat$rated in 'ater for 2- A B ho$rs at a temperat$re of 22 to 429C as specified in * 1 24:; ,Part ***(0 1<;4! and then drained caref$lly. The aggregate is placed on a dry cloth and gently s$rface dried 'ith the cloth! transferring it to the second dry cloth 'hen the first removes no more moist$re! $ntil it appears to %e completely s$rface dry. A 2000g sample of ) aggregate is 'eighed. *t is then placed in a 'ire0mesh %as&et and immersed in 'ater. The %as&et is +olted 2/ times $nder'ater to remove any

trapped air and then the sample is 'eighed in 'ater. For percentage of a%sor%ed 'ater in ) aggregate! a%o$t 2000g sample of ) sand is 'eighed and &ept in thermostatically controlled oven at 1109C for drying for 2- ho$rs. )ried aggregate is 'eighed then.

O servations and calculation a. Ta%le for specific gravity calc$lation of sand . Co. 1. 2. 4. -. "1 ,flas&( "2 ,flas& 7 'ater( "4 ,flas& 7 sample( "- ,flas& 7 sample 7 'ater( "eight ,in g( 21<.2 .1<./.0.: <4-./

pecific gravity of sand 3 ,"4 5 "1( 6 ,,"2 5 "1( 5 ,"- 5 "4(( 3 2./: %. "eight of sand sample placed in oven3 /00.0g "eight of sand sample $pon oven drying 3 -.;.2g Percentage of a%sor%ed 'ater 3 ,/00.00-.;.2(D1006-.;.2 3 -.< . Co. 1. 2. "eight ,in g( 1.<<.; 2.24./

A ,sample in 'ater( 8 ,sample in ) condition( 4. C ,sample oven dried( 2-<-./ c. Ta%le for specific gravity of 20mm aggregate

pecific gravity 3 C6 ,8 0 A( 3 2.. Percentage of a%sor%ed 'ater 3 ,8 5 C(D 1006 C 3 /.4 . Co. "eight ,in g(

1. 2.

A ,sample in 'ater( 1..4.4 8 ,sample in ) 2./2.. condition( 4. C ,sample oven dried( 2;--.4 d. Ta%le for specific gravity of 10mm aggregate

pecific gravity 3 C6 ,8 0 A( 32.. Percentage of a%sor%ed 'ater 3 ,8 5 C(D1006 C 3 -.1E

!esults: pecific 2ravity as determined in the e=periment for coarse and fine aggregate are as follo's1 and1 2./: 20mm aggregate..1 2.. 10mm aggregate..1 2.. Percentage of a%sor%ed 'ater in sand1 -.<E 20mm aggregate1 /.4E 10mm aggregate1 -.1E ) condition is determined to %e follo'ing1

Discussion The specific gravity 2./: of sand sample sho's a deviation of less than 2E! 'hich is really close to acc$rate! from the standard val$e of 2.;0. Percentage of a%sor%ed 'ater in ) sand is almost /E! 'hich is >$ite higher than standard e=pected val$e of a%o$t 1E. 8$t it casts no effect on specific gravity. The specific gravity 2.. of aggregate sho's a deviation of a%o$t than .E from the standard val$e of 2.<. This may %e d$e to ins$fficient drying of aggregate s$rface or d$e to e=perimental errors li&e improper 'eighing or even d$e to

compromise in the >$ality of aggregate made availa%le for the test. Sources of error Air may %e trapped in sand sample immersed in 'ater Air may %e trapped in aggregate sample 'eighed 'hile immersed in 'ater. and sample might %e over dried. Aggregate sample might not %e dried 'ell.

". Sieve Analysis Test

Material and apparatus required and specimen! specimens of 10 mm and 20 mm aggregate. Mechanical sieve sha&er For analysis of sand1 ieves of sizes -../mm! 2.4;mm! 1.1:mm! .;mm! 0.4mm! 0.1/mm. For analysis of aggregates1 ieves of sizes 20mm! 12./mm! 10mm! -../mm! 2.4;mm Theory ieve analysis test is $sed primarily to determine the grading of materials proposed for $se as aggregates. "ell graded aggregates can enhance the >$ality of the concrete and mortar in terms of homogeneity! leading to lesser segregation of the coarse aggregates form the cementing paste of the concrete. The grading or size distri%$tion of aggregate is an important characteristic %eca$se it determines the paste re>$irement for 'or&a%le concrete. This paste re>$irement is the factor controlling the cost! since cement is the most e=pensive component. *t is therefore desira%le to minimize the amo$nt of paste consistent 'ith the prod$ction of concrete that can %e handled! compacted! and finished 'hile providing the necessary strength and d$ra%ility. The re>$ired amo$nt of cement paste is dependent $pon the amo$nt of void

space that m$st %e filled and the total s$rface area that m$st %e covered. "hen the particles are of $niform size the spacing is the greatest! %$t 'hen a range of sizes is $sed the void spaces are filled and the paste re>$irement is lo'ered. The more these voids are filled! the less 'or&a%le the concrete %ecomes! therefore! a compromise %et'een 'or&a%ility and economy is necessary. Procedure For analysis of sand! a sample of /00g sand is 'eighed. ieves of sizes -../mm! 4.;mm! 1.1:mm! .;mm! 0.4mm! 0.1/mm! and pan are orderly arranged 'ith -../mm sieve on top and pan at the %ottom. ample sand is po$red on the topmost sieve and the sieve sha&er is allo'ed to sha&e for 2 min$tes. After 2 min$tes! the sand material retained %y each of the sieves and the pan is 'eighed and noted do'n. For analysis of 20mm aggregate! a sample of /000g aggregate is 'eighed. ieves of sizes 20mm! 12./mm! 10mm! -../mm! 2.4;mm! and pan are orderly arranged 'ith 20mm sieve on top and pan at the %ottom. ample aggregate is po$red on the topmost sieve and the sieves are allo'ed to sha&e for 2 min$tes. After 2 min$tes! the aggregate >$antity retained %y each of the sieves and the pan is 'eighed and noted do'n.

O servations# calculations and $raphs: 1. Ta%le for sieve analysis test of sand1 S. %o. Si&e of sieve 'ei$ht of sand retained (in $) 1. -../ mm 40 ". 2.4;mm 1.0 *. 1.1:mm 4;0 +. ;00Fm 2-0 ,. 400Fm ..0 -. 1/0Fm 2-0 .. Pan 1<0

For and G0a=is1 Hogarithmic scale in Fm I0a=is1 1$nit 3 10g

"eight of sand retained ,in g( 1. 20mm 410 2. 12./mm -0-0 4. 10mm -.0 -. -../mm 1.0 /. 2.4;mm 0 ;. Pan 10 2. Ta%le for sieve analysis test of 20mm aggregate1

.Co.

ize of sieve

For and G0a=is1 Hogarithmic scale in mm I0a=is1 1$nit 3 /0g

!esults and discussion: The given sand sample consists of ma+or >$antity of particles in size range of ;00Fm to 400Fm ,'hich may %e ro$ghly regarded as zone0*** sand( and 2.4;mm to 1.1:mm ,'hich may %e regarded as zone0** sand(. This characteristic is also seen in the semi0log graph as signified %y the t'o pea&s. o the given sample consists of a mi= of zone0*** and zone0** sand. * 4:41 J pecifications for Coarse and Fine Aggregates from Cat$ral o$rces for ConcreteK recommends $se of zone0* to zone0*** sand for str$ct$ral concrete 'or&s. Lence! given sand is appropriate to %e $sed in concrete mi=. A large >$antity of aggregate sample is of size aro$nd 12./mm. #est of the aggregate is averagely distri%$ted aro$nd this size. ince the re>$ired amo$nt of cement paste is dependent $pon the amo$nt of void space that m$st %e filled and the total s$rface area that m$st %e covered! 'hen the particles are of $niform size the spacing is the greatest! %$t 'hen a range of sizes is $sed the void spaces are filled and the paste re>$irement is lo'ered. The more these voids are filled! the less 'or&a%le the concrete %ecomes. Lence! given aggregate sample 'hich is averagely graded! provides a nice compromise %et'een 'or&a%ility and economy! 'hich is necessary.

Precautions The heavy >$antities of aggregates m$st %e handled caref$lly. afety helmet! gloves and shoes m$st %e 'orn in the la% 'hile 'or&ing. The mechanical sieve sha&er m$st %e properly $sed to avoid any accidents.