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Running Head: THE IMPORTANCE OF MUSIC

Importance of Music Hannah K. Pulliam University of North Carolina at Charlotte

Spring 2014

!"#$%&'()*+,-#$(.$/012-$ 4$ Hannah Pulliam English 1102 Ashlyn Williams

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Background/Introduction I, like many others in this world, listen to music on a day-to-day basis. It is what gets me through those stressful times of school and work. But have you ever wondered what other roles it plays in society? In this paper, I explore the significance that music has on other peoples lives. I look into music therapy and its implications for various disease treatment and symptom reduction, and I pay specific attention to actual case studies in which music is being used (some of these include working with autistic children, effects with the elderly, mood changes, etc.) As a music minor, I incorporate music into my work of study everyday, whether it be through applied lessons, sight singing, music theory, etc. I have used music in different ways all my life for about thirteen years, and I am very interested in how it can be important to society in the future. I have learned already that music can affect people in a variety of ways whether they are young or old, musicians or not, etc. In this paper, we will see how music can affect mood and arousal and how it may be a way to teach kids how to read. We will also lean towards the music therapy topic to see how music might be able to cure or at least reduce symptoms of illness or disorder.

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!"#$%&'()*+,-#$(.$/012-$ ?$ Literature Review Over the past sixty or so years, researchers have found that music is a great way of reducing symptoms of illness or disorder. This form of therapy, called music therapy, would soon become one of the most used therapies around the world. -Music Therapy: This form of therapy is used as an intervention for patients suffering with an illness or disorder (i.e. depression, autism, etc.). It does not necessarily cure an illness or disorder, but it does decrease the symptoms of it. Coping with Stress: The Effectiveness of Different Types of Music Elise Labbe examines students before, during, and after taking a test. Given a wide range of classical music to listen to, one group shows great results of reduced stress, while another group, forced to sit in silence or listen to heavy metal has increased symptoms of stress. Although stress is not a form of illness or disorder, it can lead to illness, such as depression, and can be reduced with music. "Parents' Perceptions of Family-based Group Music Therapy for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders In Nicole Allgoods study, parents of autistic children are examined over a 7week period as they participate in music therapy with their kids. The children engage in a wide variety of musical activities that will, in the end, increase their social skills so they can better interact with their peers and even their parents. "Music therapy for depression Not only is music therapy used to cure/reduce symptoms of disorders, it is also used with sicknesses like depression. Anna Maratos studied five groups of people, each dealing with depression. All groups are asked to participate in a standard therapy of their

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!"#$%&'()*+,-#$(.$/012-$ A$ choice and then a music therapy. In the end, results were more positive when music therapy was used instead of a standard therapy, and the moods of the participants changed dramatically. "Effects of individualized versus classical "relaxation" music on the frequency of agitation in elderly persons with Alzheimer's disease and related disorders" Alzheimers Disease is a condition that occurs mostly in elders and results in impaired cognition. Linda Gerdner wanted to test how different types of music affected the brain of elders with Alzheimers disease. Asking the participants to listen to two styles of music: 1. Individualized 2. Classical in different orders, results came out positive when listening to individualized music (their own preferred style of music) over classical music. "The meaning of music in the lives of older people: a qualitative study" Although the participants in this experiment did not have any cases of disorder or disease, this is still considered music therapy. A group of elders were asked to listen to music to see how it affected their well-being. Results showed that when listening to their own style of music, it reduced agitation and also helped increase social skills. When interviewing some of the elders after the experiment, many said that listening to music, not only improved their communication with others, but it also made them feel less lonely. -Spatial Abilities: The ability to think about and visualize something in order to understand its meaning or concept. Effects of Musical Tempo and Mode on Arousal, Mood, and Spatial Abilities.

!"#$%&'()*+,-#$(.$/012-$ B$ Gabriela Husain wanted to see how music affected students mood, arousal, and spatial abilities, so she recorded a Mozart piece and manipulated it four different times. When asked to listen to the original score, one group of students showed positive results with spatial abilities compared to a group that was asked to sit in silence. The procedure then changed. Now, one group of students would be listening to a slower Mozart, while another would be listening to a sped up version of the piece. Spatial abilities appeared higher when listening to the faster version, compared to the slowed down version. -Musical Mode: This tells whether a piece of music will be major or minor. A major key will sound more lively and happy, while a minor key can sound more emotional, sad, or even scary. Effects of Musical Tempo and Mode on Arousal, Mood, and Spatial Abilities. As we already know, a Mozart piece was recorded and manipulated four times. When examining the students participating in this test, Gabriela Husain found that the mode of the piece could greatly affect the mood and spatial abilities of the students. When the piece was played in a major key, students appeared happier and awake, compared to when it was played in a minor key and students were more sensitive and emotional. Also, spatial skills in students were higher when the mode of the piece was played in major, rather than in minor. -Musical Tempo: This is the beat of the music. The piece can be very slow or very fast. Effects of Musical Tempo and Mode on Arousal, Mood, and Spatial Abilities. In this study, Gabriela Husain also found that the tempo of a piece could affect a persons spatial abilities and arousal. As we already learned, when the tempo of the Mozart was sped up, students had higher spatial abilities than when it was slowed down.

!"#$%&'()*+,-#$(.$/012-$ C$ Results also showed that when the speed of the piece changed, it affected students arousal. Arousal was higher when the tempo became faster compared to when it was slower. "The influence of music tempo and musical preference on restaurant patrons' behavior Clare Caldwell decided to examine a sit down restaurant to see how musical preference (persons preferred style of music) and tempo affected the customers behaviors. More specifically, she wanted to test how different types of music affected how long a customer stayed in the restaurant, how much money or tip was paid after eating, and finally, the overall outcome of what the customer thought of the restaurant. Results showed that tempo really had nothing to do with how it affected customers. Instead, it was musical preference that determined the length of time a customer stayed in the restaurant, how much they tipped, and their overall outcome of the restaurant. -Literacy: The ability to read and comprehend words. !"#$%&'()*%+,%-(,.%/0%1,#*2%3,#.)$45. Ron Butzlaff argues over why he thinks music can be a way to improve reading skills in the future. He gives multiple reasons as to why he believes musical could come in handy. 1. Music and reading are similar because just like reading a book, you have to read from left to right when reading notes off of a staff for music. 2. For a singer, you have to read the lyrics to learn them or memorize them. 3. When joining a music group, you have to have a lot of responsibility when trying to learn your part. If you are not prepared, then the whole group suffers. (Butzlaff) The author says that maybe by

!"#$%&'()*+,-#$(.$/012-$ D$ joining some time of music group, you can learn how to be responsible, which can then lead to better academic performance. -Brain Processing: How your brain comprehends certain things !67,*/8)*%98#)$%3,(:0$(,(%3,;,#7%<,$.,8%=)>>,8,$*,(%)$%&'()*%?80*,(()$4@% $ %,$*"21$1*098:$E*#.+,$F(#=1-"$#G+&2,#1$"(7$*"#$>)+2,$')(-#11#1$92..#)#,*=8$$2,$

5#,9#)1$7"2=#$=21*#,2,5$*($&012-H$$Males have greater left hemisphere than females do usually. (Koelsch). 62 right-handed non- musicians were asked to participate in this experiment. Researchers then played a variety of musical phrases, each consisting of five chords. They would examine the brain function of the people listening to the music. In the end, the females in the group processed music on both sides of the brain (or bilaterally), while the males were more likely to respond negatively on the right hemisphere of the brain. -Cardiovascular System: Heart -Cerebrovascular System: Brain -Respiratory System: Breathing, exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide "Cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and respiratory changes induced by different types of music in musicians and non-musicians: the importance of silence In this experiment, twelve musicians and twelve non-musicians are being examined on how their cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and respiratory systems change while listening to music. They are each asked to listen to 6 different styles of music. During each song, there is a two-minute examination period where researchers test the blood pressure, heart rate, breathing, etc. At the pause between each song, heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing went down. When it came to examining mid-cerebral artery
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!"#$%&'()*+,-#$(.$/012-$ Q$ flow velocity and baroreflex, a faster tempo made them increase. The mid-cerebral artery flow velocity seemed to reduce when exposed to different styles of music. Overall, musicians had higher respiratory sensitivity to tempo than the non-musicians. (Bernardi) Entering the Conversation After observing my figured world, I have come up with an experiment of my own that I would like to test out. I want to know if music can help cure sleep deprivation. Being a college student, you dont get much sleep due to work inside and outside of school. Also, a lot of college students like to procrastinate until nighttime to do their work, resulting in lack of sleep and a messed up sleep schedule. In my experiment I would gather 24 college students and divide them up into three equal groups. Over a weeklong period and 8 hours of sleep each night, I would examine the three groups sleep schedules. The first group would be asked to listen to their preferred style of music before and during their sleep time. The second group would be given a classical soundtrack that they would go to sleep to. And the third group would be asked to sleep in silence with no music to listen to. Before conducting the experiment, I would think that the music would work better with trying to get the students to sleep faster. You tend to think a lot at night, and trying to sleep in silence is just going to make you think even more. I dont believe sleeping in silence will work as well as listening to music. I also do not think the preferred style of music will work as well as listening to the classical music, because if you are trying to sleep while listening to a song that you really like and know all the words to, then it will just keep you up even longer.
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!"#$%&'()*+,-#$(.$/012-$ R$ I think this is a great experiment to try and perform, especially on college students since we do not get much sleep. If music can help cope with stress, I thought it could at least help reduce drowsiness in the mornings when waking up for class. So What? Music is something that is used all of over the world for enjoyment, but its role is far greater than that. It can be significant in ways that you may have not even known. Did you know it could help cope with stress? Now you know to use it when studying for a big exam. Did you know that it could help reduce symptoms of depression? You can use it in that time of sadness. There is a variety of ways you can use music to help you. Researchers havent stopped experimenting with it. Who knows how music will impact society in the future? Now you know, music can be beautiful in more ways than one.

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References Husain, Gabriela, William F. Thompson, and E. G. Schellenberg. "JSTOR: An Error Occurred Setting Your User Cookie." JSTOR: An Error Occurred Setting Your User Cookie. Accessed February 20, 2014. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/mp.2002.20.2.151. Caldwell, Clare, and Sally A. Hibbert. "The influence of music tempo and musical preference on restaurant patrons' behavior - Caldwell - 2002 - Psychology & Marketing." Wiley Online Library. Accessed February 20, 2014. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mar.10043/abstract. Koelsch, Stefan. "Wolters Kluwer Health." LWW Journals - Beginning with A. Accessed February 20, 2014. http://journals.lww.com/neuroreport/Abstract/2003/04150/Electric_brain_respons es_reveal_gender_differences.10.aspx. Labbe, Elise, Nicholas Schmidt, Jonathan Babin, and Martha Pharr. "Coping with Stress: The Effectiveness of Different Types of Music - Springer." Home Springer. Accessed February 20, 2014. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10484-007-9043-9#page-1. Hays, Terrence, and Victor Minichiello. "The meaning of music in the lives of older people: a qualitative study." Psychology of Music. Accessed February 20, 2014. http://pom.sagepub.com/content/33/4/437.short. Allgood, Nicole. "Parents' Perceptions of Family-based Group Music Therapy for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders." Oxford Journals | Humanities &
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!"#$%&'()*+,-#$(.$/012-$ 33$ Medicine | Music Therapy Perspectives. Accessed February 20, 2014. http://mtp.oxfordjournals.org/content/23/2/92.short. Butzlaff, Ron. "JSTOR: V+,$/012-$>#$I1#9$*($!#+-"$L#+92,5W. Accessed February 20, 2014. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3333642. Bernardi, L., C. Porta, and P. Sleight. "Cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and respiratory changes induced by different types of music in musicians and nonmusicians: the importance of silence -- Bernardi et al. 92 (4): 445 -- Heart." Heart - BMJ Journals. Accessed February 20, 2014. http://heart.bmj.com/content/92/4/445.short. Maratos, Anna. "Music therapy for depression - The Cochrane Library Maratos." Wiley Online Library. Last modified November 6, 2007. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004517.pub2/abstract. Gerdner, Linda A. "Effects of individualized versus classical "relaxation" music on the frequency of agitation in elderly persons with Alzheimer's disease and related disorders." Accessed February 20, 2014. psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/200008235-003. Assignment One Observations

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