Group 2 elements

Learning Objectives: Describe the reactions of elements with oxygen and water ( write down all the e uations for the above reactions! Describe the behaviour of the oxides with water Describe the thermal decomposition of the nitrates and carbonates ( write e uations! "nterpret and ma#e predictions from$ the trends in physical and chemical properties of the elements and their compounds %xplain the use of magnesium oxide as a refractory lining material and carbonate as a building material %xplain the use of lime in agriculture

&ommon properties of elements in a group

'll elements in a group have: (he number of valence electrons e ual to the number of the group )imilar electron arrangement in the outer shell Due to this $the elements form: ions with the same formulae$ form the same number of covalent bonds in compounds$( example: group * elements! form compounds with similar

(rends down a group

%lements in a group Generally have the same metallic or non metallic nature (his is generally true for Gr +$ Gr 2$ Gr*$ and the noble gases "n the middle of the periodic table, in groups - . /$ the elements change from non metal on top of the group to metal at the bottom of the group$ within the same group0

 Going down a group there is a gradual change in the properties of the elements (his is because going down the group: 'tomic radius increases "onisation energy decreases %lectro negativity decreases 1etallic character increases

&hange in properties down a group

Group 2 %lements
Group 2 consists of elements from beryllium to barium . radium( radioactive! (hey are s2 bloc# elements because their valence electrons occupy the s2 orbitals 3nown as al#aline earth metals 're too reactive to occur in un2combined native state 're obtained by electrolysis of their respective molten chlorides 4irst ionisation energy decreases down the group due to increase in atomic radii )how a fixed oxidation state of 5 2 in their compounds

TRENDS DOWN GROUP 2

E/E&TRON"& &ON0"GURAT"ON
(e Atomic Num2er Short e.c e.c + 2,2 )s2 2s2 $g )2 2,-,2 !*s2 &a 21 2,-,-,2 ! +s2 Sr *2,-,)-,-,2 ! ,s2 (a ,3 2,-,)-,)-,-,2 ! 3s2

As the nuclear charge increases, the electrons go into shells further from the nucleus. The increase istance of the outer shell from the nucleus affects! "onic ra ius $elting %oint

Atomic ra ius "onisation energ# &hemical reacti'it#

45OPTON

TRENDS DOWN GROUP 2

ATO$"& 8 "ON"& RAD"US

(e Atomic ra ius . nm Electronic config. 1.)13 2,2 $g 1.)+1 2,-,2 &a 1.)9+ 2,-,-,2 Sr 1.):) 2,-,)-,-,2 (a 1.):2,-,)-,)-,-,2

ATO$"& RAD"US

"N&REASES o6n the Grou%

7 the greater the atomic num2er the more the num2er of electrons 6hich go into shells increasingl# further from the nucleus

)s2 2s2 2%3 *s2

)s2 2s2 2%3 *s2*%3+s2

45OPTON

TRENDS DOWN GROUP 2

ATO$"& 8 "ON"& RAD"US

(e Atomic ra ius . nm Electronic config. 1.)13 2,2 (e2; "onic ra ius . nm Electronic config. 1.1*1 2 $g 1.)+1 2,-,2 $g2; 1.13+ 2,&a 1.)9+ 2,-,-,2 &a2; 1.1:+ 2,-,Sr 1.):) 2,-,)-,-,2 Sr2; 1.))1 2,-,)-,(a 1.):2,-,)-,)-,-,2 (a2; 1.)*+ 2,-,)-,)-,-

"ON"& RAD"US

"N&REASES o6n the Grou%

7 ions are smaller than atoms < after the loss of 'alence electrons the remaining electrons are in fe6er shells ecreasing the ionic ra ius

)s2 2s2 2%3 *s2

)s2 2s2 2%3

)s2 2s2 2%3 *s2*%3+s2

)s2 2s2 2%3 *s2*%3

TRENDS DOWN GROUP 2

$E/T"NG PO"NT
(e $elting %oint . ?& Electronic config. )2-* 2,2 $g 3,1 2,-,2 &a -,1 2,-,-,2 Sr 991 2,-,)-,-,2 (a 9)1 2,-,)-,)-,-,2

DE&REASES o6n the Grou% 7 each atom contri2utes t6o electrons to the elocalise clou 7 metallic 2on ing gets 6ea=er ue to increase si>e of ion
/arger ions ha'e lo6er charge ensit# 6hich ecreases the strength of metallic 2on

7 Grou% " metals ha'e lo6er melting %oints than their corres%on ing Grou% "" metals 2ecause each metal contri2utes onl# one electron to the sea of elocalise electrons 45OPTON

 (he reactivity of elements with water increases down the group (his is due to increase in the reducing strength of the metals down the group 7e reacts slowly with steam even at high temperature 1g reacts very slowly with water but reacts rapidly with steam &a reacts slowly with cold water but reacts rapidly with hot water )r and 7a react vigorously with cold water 8rite e uations for the reactions of group 2 metals with water

6eactions of Group 2 elements with water

Reactions of Grou% 2 Elements 6ith Water Reacti'it# increases o6n the Grou% ue to the ease of cation formation REA&T"@"TA W"T5 WATER $g reacts 'er# slo6l# 6ith col 6ater $gBsC ; 252OBlC DE $gBO5C2BaFC ; 52BgC 2ut reacts ra%i l# 6ith steam $gBsC ; 52OBgC DE $gOBsC ; (a

52BgC

reacts 'igorousl# 6ith col 6ater (aBsC ; 252OBlC DE (aBO5C2BaFC ; 52BgC

Reactions of Grou% 2 Elements 6ith OG#gen Reacti'it# increases o6n the Grou% ue to the ease of cation formation REA&T"@"TA W"T5 OHAGEN $g 2urns rea il# 6ith a 2right 6hite flame 1 1 ;2 I2 2$gBsC ; O2BgC DE 2$gOBsC 2urns rea il# 6ith an a%%leIgreen flame 2(aBsC ; O2BgC DE 2(aOBsC

(a

"n 2oth cases! the metal is oGi ise oG#gen is re uce $g O ; OGi ation No. increases from 1 to ;2 OGi ation No. ecreases from 1 to I2 DE 2eJ $g2; DE ; 2eJ O2I

OH"DES O0 GROUP "" (on ing 7 ionic soli sK EH&EPT (eO 6hich has co'alent character 7 (eO &aO (aO Reactions of OGi es (e 6ith 6ater
Reacti'it# 6ith 6ater Solu2ilit# of h# roGi e g.)11cm* of 6ater %5 of solution NONE "nsolu2le I

B2er#llium oGi eC Bcalcium oGi eC B2arium oGi eC

$gO SrO

Bmagnesium oGi eC Bstrontium oGi eC

$g reacts S%aringl# solu2le

&a reacts Slightl# solu2le :I)1

Sr reacts Luite solu2le

(a reacts @er# solu2le

EGce%t (eO, grou% 2 oGi es are 2asic oGi es 8 react 6ith 6ater to %ro uce the h# roGi e e.g. &aOBsC ; 52OBlC DE &aBO5C2BsC

5ADROH"DES O0 GROUP "" Pro%erties 7 7 7 7 7 2asic strength increases o6n grou%

this is 2ecause the solu2ilit# increases the metal ions get larger so charge ensit# ecreases get a 6ea=er attraction 2et6een the O5J ions an larger 2; ions the ions can 2e se%arate from each other more easil# there 6ill 2e a greater concentration of O5J ions in 6ater
(e $g reacts S%aringl# solu2le &a reacts Slightl# solu2le :I)1 /o6er charge ensit# of the larger &a2; ecreases the attraction for O5J ions $ore O5J go into the solution. "t is more solu2le an the solution has a higher %5. Sr reacts Luite solu2le (a reacts @er# solu2le

Reacti'it# 6ith 6ater Solu2ilit# of h# roGi e in 6ater %5 of solution

NONE "nsolu2le I

USES O0 5ADROH"DES 8 OH"DES O0 GROUP "" Uses &aBO5C2 use in agriculture to neutralise aci soils &aBO5C2BsC $gBO5C2 ; 25; BaFC DE &a2;BaFC ; 252OBlC

use in tooth%aste an in igestion ta2lets as an antaci $gBO5C2BsC ; 25; BaFC DE $g2;BaFC ; 252OBlC

(oth of the a2o'e h# roGi es form 6ea=l# al=aline solutions an not as caustic as so ium h# roGi e &aO $gO use in agriculture to neutralise aci soils 6rite an eFuation for the reaction use as a refractor# B heat resistant lining of furnacesC to its high melting %oint ue

&AR(ONATES O0 GROUP "" Pro%erties 7 insolu2le in 6ater

$g&O* Solu2ilit# g.)11cm* of 6ater Decom%osition tem%erature . ?& )., G )1I+ +11 &a&O* ).* G )1I, :-1 Sr&O* 9.+ G )1I3 )2-1 (a&O* :.) G )1I3 )*31

7 un ergo thermal ecom%osition to metal oGi e an car2on ioGi e e.g. $g&O*BsC DE $gOBsC ; &O2BgC 7 the ease of ecom%osition ecreases o6n the grou%

EAS"ER

5ARDER

9itrates of Group ""

)olubility 'll nitrates are soluble in water (hermal stability Group "" nitrates decompose on heating forming their respective metal oxides$ 9O2 (g! and O2 (g! 8rite e uations showing thermal decomposition of group "" nitrates (hermal stability increases down the group &ationic radius increases$ charge density decreases$ polarising power of cation decreases (he anion charge cloud gets less distorted and anion does not undergo decomposition

TRENDS DOWN GROUP 2

SU/P5ATES
$gSO+ Solu2ilit# g.)11cm* of 6ater *.3 G )1I) &aSO+ ).) G )1I* SrSO+ 3.2 G )1I, (aSO+ :.1 G )1I9

SO/U("/"TA DE&REASES o6n the Grou% 7 as the cation gets larger it has a lo6er charge ensit# 7 it 2ecomes less attracte to the %olar 6ater molecules

Greater charge ensit# of $g2; ion means that it gets strongl# attracte to 6ater , more energ# is release so the ionic lattice 2rea=s u% more easil#

/o6er charge ensit# of larger &a2; means that it is less attracte to 6ater so the ionic lattice 2rea=s u% less easil# < "T "S /ESS SO/U(/E

USE

2arium sul%hateMs insolu2ilit# is use as a test for sul%hates 45OPTON