Shock Capturing Using Articial Viscosity and Multi-scale Methods

N.C. Nguyen, D. Moro & J. Peraire Department of Aeronautics, MIT

SIAM Conference on Computational Science and Engineering 27th February 2013

Motivation (I/II)
Discontinuous Galerkin
Unstructured High order General Geometries Multi-scale phenomena (e.g. vortical ows) Error estimates Adaptation Variational formulation

Still not widely adopted - Cost - Robustness

Shocks RANS Mesh generation ...

Here we will focus on shocks: Euler equations (and some N-S)

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Motivation (II/II)
2 Basic approaches to Shock capturing for High Order
Articial viscosity
Modify the equation adding viscous terms Original Idea: Von Neumann & Richtmeyer, JAP 50 Resolution based Smoothness indicator: Persson & Peraire, AIAA 06 PDE based viscosity: Barter & Darmofal, JCP 10 Dilation based Cook & Cabot, JCP 10 Bhagatwala & Lele, JCP 09 Premasuthan & Jameson, AIAA 10 Nguyen & Peraire, AIAA 11

Shock stabilized schemes

Modify the scheme when a Riemann solver is not enough Adaptive Stencils: ENO/WENO: Harten et al. JCP 87, Limiting strategies: RKDG; Cockburn & Shu, JCP98 Modied test/trial spaces: DPG: Demkowicz, Gopalakrishnan et al., 09-present Moro, Nguyen & Peraire, IJNME 12 Blended Shape functions: Casoni et al., 12
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Shu et al. JCP 96

A brief outline
1. Articial Viscosity 2. Hybridized DG 3. Hybridized Multi-scale DG 4. Numerical Experiments 5. Conclusions and future work
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Dilation based shock sensor

Starting point: Articial Viscosity proposed by Nguyen et al. AIAA 11 for the EULER equations

u + (F(u) + G(u, u)) = 0, t , G = u = (, vi , H )T , u l v = 0 f , c l = min(h0 , 10dw )

y

1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 1.5

y = f (x) y = x 0.5

f (x) = log 1 + exp

Several concerns

0.5

Speed of sound changes across the shock Viscosity is turned o at the walls

Two mesh dependent constants; a length-scale and a unitary viscosity

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Scaling of the indicator

10 8 c based indicator pre-shock c based indicator post-shock c based indicator

v 1n v 2n

v 1t = v 2t
v n v h/p

6 4 2 0

4 M1

10

(h/p) v v 1n v 2n 1 k 1 M1 n c1 c1 v 1n (h/p) v v 1n c 1 v 2n 1 k2 c2 c1 c2 v 1n

Non symmetric

Use invariant scale for the speed, (h/p) v v 1n c 1 e.g. Critical speed of sound c c1 c

v 2n 1 v 1n

Applied viscosity
Use stability result for the linear problem to scale viscosity:
P e|cell (h/p) (c + |v|) = 2

The applied viscosity then reads:

(h/p) (c + |v|) = f P e|cell

(h/p) v c

f ()
hi

(h/p) v c

asymptotes to a constant

the same entropic regularization function

Requires an approximation to the eld h(x), continuous if possible (Barter 10)

hi N
1. Average the element size to the vertices 2. Reconstruct linearly
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Viscous terms anisotropy

Euler equations DO NOT admit viscous heat transfer on the boundaries
T =I

We propose to use a tensor to add directionality to the viscous terms Generated using a similar procedure: Average of the normal vector at the vertices Propagate linearly into the domain Correct for high order geometry (if available)

T = I nnT

u T = (, vi , H ) u ) = 0 + ( F + T u t (h/p) (c + |v|) (h/p) v = f P e|cell c

Adiabatic BC satised by construction!

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A brief outline
1. Articial Viscosity 2. Hybridized DG 3. Hybridized Multi-scale DG 4. Numerical Experiments 5. Conclusions and future work
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HDG for Conservation Laws (I/II)

Given a nite element triangulation Th of And the set of all faces Eh

Dene the usual discontinuous spaces

2 m m Uk = { a [ L ( T )] : a | [ P ( K )] , K T h }, h K k h 2 md md Qk = { A [ L ( T )] : A | [ P ( K )] , K Th }, h K k h 2 m m Mk = { [ L ( E )] : | [ P ( F )] , F Eh }. h F k h

And inner products

( w , v ) Th =

K Th

w v,

w , v Th =

K Th

( W , V ) Th =
K

K Th

W :V,
K

w v.

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HDG for Conservation Laws (II/II)

u + F (u, Q) s(u, Q) = 0, t Q u = 0,
k Uh

in (0, T ], in (0, T ]
k Qh k Mh

Integration by parts + extra equation to enforce continuity across faces

Find

uh ,w t

h ) ( uh , Q h , u

Th

s. t .

Th

h , v n Th = 0, (Qh , v )Th + (uh , v )Th u f + bh , = 0, h,

T h \

( F ( uh , Q h ) , w ) T h + f h, w

= ( s, w ) T h ,

w U k h,

w Qk h, w M k h

h , Qh ) n + S ( u h )(uh u h ) Numerical ux f h = F (u
Boundary conditions

bh

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A brief outline
1. Articial Viscosity 2. Hybridized DG 3. Hybridized Multi-scale DG 4. Numerical Experiments 5. Conclusions and future work
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Hybridized Multi-scale DG (I/II)

A multi-resolution approach to shock capturing is also possible that DOES NOT require Viscous stabilization
Main idea: subdivide each troubled element into a set of low order subelements keep a high order transfer of information at the interfaces unchanged

Formally: S ( K ) K Let n denote a subdivision of into n elements and let En (K ) denote the associated set of faces And dene the spaces
k U n ( K ) k Qn ( K ) k Y n ( K ) 2 m

= {a [L (K )]
2 2

: a|S [P (S )]m , S Sn (K )}, : A|S [P (S )]md , Sn (K )},

m k

= {A [L (K )]

m d

= { [L (En (K ))]

: |E [P (E )]m , E En (K )}.

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Hybridized Multi-scale DG (II/II)

The Hybridized Multi-Scale DG scheme then reads
uh ,w t
Sn ( K )

h , v n Sn (K ) = 0, (Qh , v )Sn (K ) + (uh , v )Sn (K ) u h h , y K = 0, f + u h, y

( F , w ) Sn ( K ) + f h, w

Sn ( K )

+ (s, w)Sn (K ) = 0,

k U n ( K ) , k Q n ( K ) , k Y n ( K ) ,

First 3 Eq. (Local problem) equivalent to solving HDG on the subelement mesh with u = Last Eq. (Global problem) forces conservation and boundary conditions Same global problem

Sn ( K ) \ K

f h (h ),

T h \

+ bh (h ),

= 0,

M k h.

Same Matrix structure Stability

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Dierent local problems and local solution spaces

A brief outline
1. Articial Viscosity 2. Hybridized DG 3. Hybridized Multi-scale DG 4. Numerical Experiments 5. Conclusions and future work
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Solution procedure

Time relaxation with BDF1 Pseudo-transient continuation for t NO continuation in the polynomial order For Articial Viscosity:

preprocess the mesh to get

h( x )

and

x viscosity in the rst step so we can accommodate BC No special treatment of boundary conditions thanks to anisotropy

T ( x)

For HMDG:

ag elements for adaptation based on the shock sensor at each iteration conservative agging can be used
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Forward Facing Step at M = 3

~2.5%
Woodward & Collela 84

Articial viscosity

Mach Number, Articial Viscosity

k=6 P e|cell = 1
HMDG

k=6 n = 64, k = 0
Mach Number, HMDG
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Forward Facing Step at M = 3

Both schemes agree as the mesh is rened

Mach Number, Articial Viscosity,

k=6

Mach Number, HMDG,

k = 6, n = 64, k = 0

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Scramjet engine at M = 3.6

Articial Viscosity is based on
normal shock relations

Study oblique shocks at high M Geometry from Kumar et al. 82

Mach Number, Articial Viscosity,

k=6
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Scramjet engine at M = 3.6

Results on rened meshes

Mach Number, Articial Viscosity,

k=6

Mach Number, HMDG,

k = 6, n = 64, k = 0

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Comparison so far
HMDG

Very Robust Local problem is computationally intensive, however, it is fully parallelizable Flagging of the neighborhood is required, which limits time step More dissipative than Articial Viscosity with the current setting, but alternatives are available

Articial Viscosity

Very Robust and ecient for M 4 Parameter-free Achieves sub-cell resolution and produces clean, crisp shocks Requires gradients (not a concern in HDG)

To exercise the limits of the solver, we tried some hypersonics... ...and the articial viscosity did not work
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Hypersonic Inviscid ow M = 20
M P/u2

Solution using HMDG only

k = 4, n = 256, k = 0

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Endney Type IV ow (In progress)

P/u2 T /T M

Solution using HMDG only

k = 4, n = 64, k = 0
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Navier-Stokes, Re = 1329, M = 10 Twall /T = 5.71 Geometry and parameters from Moss et al. 99

Endney Type IV ow (In progress)

Heating rate 0.12 0.1 0.08
q u3

Pressure 4 3.5 3 2.5

P u2

Undisturbed Shock shock interaction

Undisturbed Shock shock interaction

0.06 0.04 0.02 0 2 1 0 ( rad ) 1 2

2 1.5 1 0.5 0 2 1 0 ( rad ) 1 2

Peak in heating rate and pressure Right place Wrong strength Further renement is required
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Conclusions and future work

We have presented two dierent approaches to shock capturing using High Order Discontinuous Galerkin schemes with very distinct properties

HMDG Articial Viscosity

and tested them on a variety of cases In the future, we are interested in improving some of their weaknesses

Use more advances Riemann Solvers for HMDG and balance the resolution at the local problem level Modify the Articial Viscosity for Hypersonic ow ...

And ultimately combine both on the same framework unstructured meshes anisotropic renement

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Thank you! Any questions? dmoro@mit.edu