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Viscosity of Fluids Lab: Ball Drop Method
Objectives
• Solidify the concept of viscosity through experimentation
• Test viscosities of different samples by measuring the velocity of a sphere falling through a fluid
Introduction
Viscosity is a fluid property that measures the resistance of a fluid to flow and can simply be thought
of as the “thickness” of a fluid. Fluids that have a high viscosity, such as honey or molasses, have a high
resistance to flow while fluids with a low viscosity, such as a gas, flow easily. The resistance to deformation
within a fluid can be expressed as both absolute (or dynamic) viscosity, µ [Ns/m2], and kinematic viscosity,
υ [m2/s].
Absolute viscosity is determined by the ratio of the shear stress to the shear rate of the fluid. The
shear stress is dependent on the fluid’s resistance force to flow over the area of the plate while the shear
rate is the equivalent to the fluid’s gradient.
𝐹
𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝜏
µ= = = 𝐴
𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝑦
These relationships shown in the equation above can be seen pictorially in Figure 1.
Figure 1: Friction between fluid and boundaries causes shear stress at a specific gradient.
While absolute viscosity is able to quantifiably compare various liquids and gases on the same
scale, it does not account for an important characteristic of fluids – the density (ρ). Kinematic viscosity (υ)
is highly dependent on density and is measured by the time required for a specific volume of fluid to flow
through a capillary or restriction.
µ
𝜐=
𝜌
Applications of Viscosity
Viscosity is an important concept that is taken into consideration in a variety of fields ranging from
cooking to oil rigging. Understanding the applications of viscosity can help in both flow characterization
and quality control.
Quality Control
• Since raw materials must be consistent from batch to batch, flow behavior can be used as an indirect
measure of product consistency and quality. As mentioned earlier, similar viscosities is indicative
of similar flows.
• Viscosity has a direct effect on the ability to be processed. When designing pumping and piping
systems, it should be known that a high viscosity liquid requires more power to pump than a low
viscosity one.
• The Viscosity Index of a liquid measures how variations in temperature directly affect the viscosity
of a fluid. Liquids whose viscosity is greatly dependent on temperature have a high viscosity index.
This is an important characteristic of a good lubricant.
Flow Characterization
• Rheology is the study of the flow of matter, primarily in the liquid state. The viscosity of a fluid
helps predict whether the flow will be laminar or turbulent and it can be categorized accordingly.
• Viscosity helps explain the behavior of fluids; thus, once the behaviors are understood, they can be
manipulated according to specific needs.
D FB
a Ut
.
W
The drag force on immersed bodies with simple shapes can be correlated to the speed with which the body
moves through the fluid. This is achieved by specifying the drag coefficient CD defined by
drag D
CD 1
inertial force 2 U 2 S ,
where D is the drag, is the density of the fluid, U is the speed of the fluid approaching the body, and S
is the projected frontal area, i.e., the maximum area perpendicular to the flow direction. The subscript
indicates “freestream” quantities, i.e. quantities that are measured in the undisturbed fluid far upstream of
the body. In general, the overall drag force is composed of a component purely from friction and another
component, called profile drag that results from the finite size and shape of the body. A number of
experiments have been performed to determine CD for several geometries. These experiments show that
the variation of CD depends primarily on a parameter called the Reynolds number Re, defined by
inertial force U L
Re
viscous force ,
where L is some characteristic length (diameter in the case of the sphere) and the other quantities are as
defined earlier. A flow with a relatively large value for Re is dominated by inertial forces, thus appears
nearly inviscid. In the case of a very low-Re flow, called creeping flow or Stokes’ flow, the inertial forces
can be neglected and Newton’s second law of motion reduces to Stokes’ equation for a sphere, valid for Re
< 1,
D 6 Ua .
If the velocity (speed) V in this equation is the terminal velocity Ut of the sphere of radius a, it provides a
means for computing the absolute viscosity by writing the equation for the balance of forces on the sphere,
D FB W .
W FB W FB
6 U t a 3 U t d ,
where d is the sphere diameter. In the following experiment, use this relation to compute and compare the
viscosities of a few common liquids.
1 d 2 • S F • g
VT •
18
Where
d = diameter of sphere
S = density of sphere = m/V = (mass of sphere/volume of sphere)
F = density of fluid = 1367g/m3
g = acceleration of gravity = 9.81 m/s2
VT = Terminal Velocity = D/t = (distance sphere falls)/(time of it takes to fall)
Materials
• Thermometer
• Caliper
• Graduated Cylinders / Beaker
• Airsoft BB balls
• Stopwatch
• Test Liquids (e.g. liquid soap, corn syrup, vegetable oil, motor oil, etc)
Procedure
1. Measure the diameter and weight of a BB ball and compute the volume and density in Table 1..
Value Units
Diameter (d)
Mass (m)
Volume (V)
Density (S)
Cylinder # 1 2 3 4 5
Liquid Product
Weight of empty cylinder
Weight of cylinder + liquid
Inside volume of cylinder
Density (F)
1. Drop a ball into the center of the cylinder and record time between timing marks. Repeat three
trials for each fluid sample and record data in Table 3.
a. Alternative timing method: Record video of ball drop and import in Logger Pro for video
analysis to determine time.
2. Calculate the velocity for each drop time in Table 3.
Table 3: Time of ball drop in each liquid sample.
Cylinder # 1 2 3 4 5
Liquid Product
Trial 1
Ball Drop Time (sec)
Distance traveled (mm)
Velocity (mm/s)
Trial 2
Ball Drop Time (sec)
Distance traveled (mm)
Velocity (mm/s)
Trial 3
Ball Drop Time (sec)
Distance traveled (mm)
Velocity (mm/s)
1. Plot the quantity in brackets from the absolute viscosity formula versus velocity.
2. Find the slope of the line to find the absolute viscosity of each sample.
3. Compute the kinematic viscosity of each sample.
References
[1] http://www.coleparmer.com/TechLibraryArticle/933
[2] http://enterprise.astm.org/filtrexx40.cgi?+REDLINE_PAGES/D1545.htm
[3] http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/630428/viscosity
Laboratory Experiment No. 1 Viscosity of Fluids Lab: Ball Drop Method
Group Uave (mm/s) Uave (mm/s) Uave (mm/s) Uave (mm/s) Uave (mm/s)
Liquid 1 Liquid 2 Liquid 3 Liquid 4 Liquid 5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Group No.:
Leader :
Member 1:
Member 2:
Member 3:
Member 4:
Member 5:
Member 6:
Member 7: