Secondary control surfaces[edit]

KLM Fokker
70, showing
position of flap
and liftdupers
flight controls!
"he
liftdupers are
the lifted crea#coloured panels on the wing upper surface $in this picture there are
fi%e on the right wing&! "he flaps are the large drooped surfaces on the trailing edge of
the wing!
Spoilers[edit]
Main articles' Spoiler $aeronautics& and Spoileron
(n low drag aircraft such as sailplanes, spoilers are used to disrupt airflow o%er the
wing and greatly reduce lift! "his allows a glider pilot to lose altitude without gaining
e)cessi%e airspeed! Spoilers are soeties called *lift dupers*! Spoilers that can +e
used asyetrically are called spoilerons and can affect an aircraft,s roll!
Flaps[edit]
Main article' Flap $aircraft&
Flaps are ounted on the trailing edge on the in+oard section of each wing $near the
wing roots&! "hey are deflected down to increase the effecti%e cur%ature of the wing!
Flaps raise the Ma)iu Lift -oefficient of the aircraft and therefore reduce its stalling
speed![.] "hey are used during low speed, high angle of attack flight including take#off
and descent for landing! Soe aircraft are e/uipped with *flapperons*, which are ore
coonly called *in+oard ailerons*[citation needed]! "hese de%ices function priarily as
ailerons, +ut on soe aircraft, will *droop* when the flaps are deployed, thus acting as
+oth a flap and a roll#control in+oard aileron!
Slats[edit]
Main article' Leading edge slats
Slats, also known as leading edge de%ices, are e)tensions to the front of a wing for lift
augentation, and are intended to reduce the stalling speed +y altering the airflow o%er
the wing! Slats ay +e fi)ed or retracta+le # fi)ed slats $e!g! as on the Fieseler Fi 012
Storch& gi%e e)cellent slow speed and S"(L capa+ilities, +ut coproise higher speed
perforance! 3etracta+le slats, as seen on ost airliners, pro%ide reduced stalling speed
for take#off and landing, +ut are retracted for cruising!
4ir +rakes[edit]

4ir +rakes on the

rear fuselage of
a5urowings 64e
072#.00
Main article' 4ir
+rake $aircraft&
4ir +rakes are used to increase drag! Spoilers ight act as air +rakes, +ut are not pure air
+rakes as they also function as lift#dupers or in soe cases as roll control surfaces! 4ir
+rakes are usually surfaces that deflect outwards fro the fuselage $in ost cases
syetrically on opposing sides& into the airstrea in order to increase for#drag! 4s
they are in ost cases located elsewhere on the aircraft, they do not directly affect the lift
generated +y the wing! "heir purpose is to slow down the aircraft! "hey are particularly
useful when a high rate of descent is re/uired or the aircraft needs to +e retarded! "hey
are coon on high perforance ilitary aircraft as well as ci%ilian aircraft, especially
those lacking re%erse thrust capa+ility!
-ontrol triing surfaces[edit]
Main article' "ri ta+
"riing controls allow a pilot to +alance the lift and drag +eing produced +y the wings
and control surfaces o%er a wide range of load and airspeed! "his reduces the effort
re/uired to ad8ust or aintain a desired flight attitude!
5le%ator tri[edit]
5le%ator tri +alances the control force necessary to aintain the correct aerodynaic
force on the tail to +alance the aircraft! 9hilst carrying out certain flight e)ercises, a lot
of tri could +e re/uired to aintain the desired angle of attack! "his ainly applies to
slow flight, where a nose#up attitude is re/uired, in turn re/uiring a lot of tri causing
the tailplane to e)ert a strong downforce! 5le%ator tri is correlated with the speed of the
airflow o%er the tail, thus airspeed changes to the aircraft re/uire re#triing! 4n
iportant design paraeter for aircraft is the sta+ility of the aircraft when tried for
le%el flight! 4ny distur+ances such as gusts or tur+ulence will +e daped o%er a short
period of tie and the aircraft will return to its le%el flight tried airspeed!
"riing tail plane[edit]
5)cept for %ery light aircraft, tri ta+s on the ele%ators are una+le to pro%ide the force
and range of otion desired! "o pro%ide the appropriate tri force the entire hori:ontal
tail plane is ade ad8usta+le in pitch! "his allows the pilot to select e)actly the right
aount of positi%e or negati%e lift fro the tail plane while reducing drag fro the
ele%ators!
-ontrol horn[edit]
4 control horn is a section of control surface which pro8ects ahead of the pi%ot point! ;t
generates a force which tends to increase the surface,s deflection thus reducing the
control pressure e)perienced +y the pilot! -ontrol horns ay also incorporate a
counterweightwhich helps to +alance the control and pre%ent it fro *fluttering* in the
airstrea! Soe designs feature separate anti#flutter weights!
$;n radio controlled odel aircraft, the ter *control horn* has a different eaning!&[7]
and the other end of the rod connects to another control horn rigidly attached to the
control surface![1]
Spring tri[edit]
;n the siplest arrangeent triing is done +y a echanical spring $or +ungee&
which adds appropriate force to augent the pilot,s control input! "he spring is usually
connected to an ele%ator tri le%er to allow the pilot to set the spring force applied!
3udder and aileron tri[edit]
"ri often does not only apply to the ele%ator, as there is also tri for the rudder and
ailerons in larger aircraft! "he use of this is to counter the effects of slip strea, or to
counter the effects of the centre of gra%ity +eing to one side! "his can +e caused +y a
larger weight on one side of the aircraft copared to the other, such as when one fuel
tank has a lot ore fuel in it than the other!