PHD Confirmation - 20130522 NOanimationRev (Compatibility Mode)

Natural Fibre Composites:
Manufacture and Characterisation

of Micro Cellulose Fibre Composites
PhD Confirmation of Candidature
22.05.2013 n!elica "e!ras
1
2012 CRC-ACS Commercial-In-Confidence
#utline
2
Background
Natural Fibre for
Com!oite
"# $ CRC-ACS
collaboration
Sco!e of %ork
Alternati&e milling !rocee'
im!act on fibre !ro!ertie
(igital image !roceing for
fibre c)aracteriation
(eign of *+!eriment to
o!timie e+truion !roce
Com!ound c)aracteriation
and benc)marking
Firt reult
,
(icuion
Im!act of milling on kenaf
fibre !ro!ertie
Fibre c)aracteriation %it)
automated image anal-i
*+truion of bat fibre
baed t)ermo!latic
com!ound
.utlook .utlook
/)ei !lan
/ime c)edule
Natural Fibres
Cellulose based fibres: multiple ori!ins$ multiple properties
Fibre !ro!ertie 0a recei&ed1 2 f3origin4 cro! condition4 !roceing5
6
Background Sco!e of %ork Firt reult , (icuion .utlook
7lant fibre
Celluloe fibre
Bat
Fla+
8ute
9em!
:enaf
Ramie
;
<eaf Seed$ fruit =ra >ood
Abaca
Banana
9ene?uen
7inea!!le
Sial
;
Coconut
Cotton
Coir
:a!ok
;
Bamboo
Barle-
Corn
.at
Rice
;
9ard%ood
Soft%ood
@ Seed tock
@ Aariet-
@ =eogra!)-
@ Climate
@ C)emical in!ut
@ 9ar&et
@ Retting
@ (ecortication
@ 7re-treatment
Figure 1' Aariou origin of celluloe fibre
Natural Fibres
Ph%sical structure of bast fibres: 3D la%er composite
*lementar- fibre 2 multi!le la-er of cr-talline microfibril 3baed on celluloe5 embedded in
amor!)ou lignin$)emicelluloe matri+ BB com!oite tructured
C
Figure 6' Structure of an elementar- fibre
Figure 2 ':enaf tem cro ection
3A5 7)otogra!) under %)ite lig)t %it) a diecting microco!e
3B5 7)otogra!) "A e!ifluorecence
3C5 Sc)eme of !)loem fibre bundle
20 Dm 20 Dm
20 Dm
Natural Fibres
Chemical composition' &ariable !ro!ortion of cellulose$ hemi&cellulose$ li!nin4 !ectin4 %a+e
and %ater oluble com!onentE
Cellulose
- Cr-talline linear !ol-mer of (-an)-drogluco-!ranoe unit linked b- F-14C-gl-coidic bond
- *ac) t-!e of celluloe )a a !ro!er cell geometr- 3a-b-c4 F5 2B define fibre mec)anical
!ro!ertie
G
Figure C' Holecular tructure of
celluloe
n-2
Figure G' .rientation of molecular
c)ain 3cr-talline region5
Natural Fibres
'emi cellulose
- Branc)ed grou! of !ol-acc)aride
- N./ celluloe'
@ contain &ariou ugar unit 3contituent &ar- from !lant to !lant5
@ branc)ed !ol-mer
@ (7 )emicelluloe I (7 celluloe 3100+5
"i!nin: com!le+ )-drocarbon !ol-mer made of ali!)atic and aromatic contituent
Pectin: )etero!ol-acc)arideE Soluble in %ater after c)emical treatment 3egE Alkali treatment5
(a)es: made of &ariou alco)olE Can be e+tracted %it) organic olutionE Not oluble in
%ater neit)er acid
J
Figure J' 9emicelluloe
Natural Fibre Composites *NFCs+
Potential as reinforcement fibres : alternati,e to !lass fibre composites *-FCs+
d,anta!es NFs ,s. -Fs
@ Cot-efficient
@ <o% carbon foot!rint 3biodegradable$ rene%able5
@ Fe% rik for )ealt)
@ Fe% abrai&e 3!roceing4 rec-cling5
@ =ood acoutic !ro!ertie
@ =ood !ecific !ro!ertie'
K
/able 1 L1M'
Potential as fillers: alternati,e to .ood fibre composites *(FCs+
d,anta!es NFs ,s. (Fs
@ Similar or )ig)er -ield 3!er area$!er annum5
@ /-!icall- better !erformance
N
/able 2 (A/A >..($ (A/A Bat
fibre R*F'
Figure K' Stem -ield of annual !lant and cro! &E !o!ular %ood
Main issues
@ Batc)-to-batc) )eterogeneit-4 fibre ?ualit- &ariable
/ Control NF properties to et u! !roceing !arameter4 to !redict mec)anical !ro!ertie
@ Com!le+ fibre$matri+ interfacial interaction 3in)erent incom!atibilit- NF )-dro!)ilic %it)
)-dro!)obic /7 matri+5
B chie,e full potential as reinforcement fibre
@<o% t)ermal tabilit- retricti&e for com!ounding
/ 0nable to .iden NF1 2P$ NF12hermosets composites
@ 9ig) moiture eniti&it-
/ 0nsure compound stabilit%
O
341 C5C&C6 collaboration
Agronom-
Seed tock
=ro%ing !lant
9ar&et
(ecortication$ Retting
Ra% material
Fibre e+traction
Fibre c)aracteriation
7roceing of %ate
!roduct
Intermediate
Fibre treatment
Fabric
Com!ounding to !ellet
*tabli) material
!erformance databae
7roduct
(eign building !roduct
Hanufacture !roduct
10
:enaf
:enaf
9em!
Noil )em!$ 77
P1.1 (P2 0nhanced 6hort Fibre 7iocomposites
341 C5C&C6 collaboration
11
P1.1 (P2 0nhanced 6hort Fibre 7iocomposites
Supplier
Kenaf bast fibres Ecofibre Industries Operations Pty.
Ltd. [24]
CACM Uni Auckland
Hemp bast fibres Ecofibre Industries Operations Pty.
Ltd.
Hemp hurd Ecofibre Industries Operations Pty.
Ltd.

Supplier
Commodity
thermoplastics
Polypropylene (TBD)
Bio resin Bio sourced/ Biodegradable (TBD)

Fibre Hatri+
8ssue : 8mpact of fibre processin!
12
Processing Level Industry involved
0 Crop (field) AGRONOMY
Harvest
1 Stems TEXTILE/ PULP & PAPER
Retting
Biological
Chemical
2 Retted stalks (fragmented) TEXTILE/ PULP & PAPER
Decortication
Automatic
Manual
3 Bast fibres & woody parts TEXTILE/ PULP & PAPER
2012 CRC-ACS Commercial-In-Confidence 16
Processing Level Industry involved
0 Crop (field) AGRONOMY
1 Stems TEXTILE/ PULP & PAPER
2 Retted stalks (fragmented) TEXTILE/ PULP & PAPER
3 Bast fibres & woody parts TEXTILE/ PULP & PAPER
Chemical
treatment
Physical
treatment
Traditional scenarios Alternative scenarios
Milling
Chemically treated fibres
Physically treated fibres
Processed fibres for
reinforcement/ filler
application
NATURAL FIBRE COMPOSITES 4
8ssue : 8mpact of fibre processin!
$$
Impact fibre properties??
Eco-friendly?
2012 CRC-ACS Commercial-In-Confidence 1C
8ssue : Mechanical beha,iour
7rief re,ie. : Mechanical beha,iour in short fibre composites
Single fibre in matri+ under tenile load 3elatic be)a&iour4 full tranfer5'
lc 9 :Critical len!th;
lengt) abo&e %)ic) t)e fibre undergoe
tenile failure and under %)ic) )ear
failure occur at t)e interface
Figure N' Strain ditribution in a -tem 3)ort ingle fibre4 matri+5 under load
looJ in ibrc Jircction
l
sbcor strcss ot tbc intcrocc

tcnsilc strcss in ibrc
lc2
ibrc
2012 CRC-ACS Commercial-In-Confidence 1G
8ssue : Mechanical beha,iour
7rief re,ie. : Mechanical beha,iour in short fibre composites
Matrix Fibre |
c
(mm) |
c
D
Epoxy Carbon 0.2 35
Polycarbonate Carbon 0.7 105
Polyester Glass 0.5 40
Polypropylene Glass 1.8 140
Alumina SiC 0.005 10

Critical A!ect Ratio Critical lengt)
/able 2 L2M'
2012 CRC-ACS Commercial-In-Confidence 1J
8ssue : 0)trusion of NFCs
Compoundin! of NFCs
Hanufacturing' e+truion P ancillar- e?ui!ment to !roduce !ellet'
- /ec)ni?ue %ell etabli)ed for =FC but fe% reearc) for NFC
- Influence of !roceing !arameterQ
BB Scre% !eed4 cre% configuration4 barrel tem!erature4 feeding Rone;E
Figure O' Com!ounding !roce b- e+truion and !elletiRing
2012 CRC-ACS Commercial-In-Confidence 1K
#b<ecti,es of 5esearch
Fibre extraction techniques
Select alternative milling techniques (mechanical processing)
Analyse the effect of milling on fibre properties (fibre separation, fibre length, surface
damage, defects)
Fibre characterisation
Develop a novel technique to characterise the fibres by automated image analysis
(criteria: setup quick and easy, large sampling, acceptable error on the data)
Optimisation of extrusion process
Design a series of experiments using the Taguchi approach (fractional factorial)
Analyse the influence of defined factors on the compound properties using ANOVA
Characterisation of natural fibre biocomposites
Define a characterisation plan according to P1.1 teamwork general directions
Select suitable characterisation techniques
Benchmarking: compare the biocomposites properties with wood fibre and glass fibre
composites properties
2012 CRC-ACS Commercial-In-Confidence 1N
lternati,e millin! processes
im: Compare ,arious millin! techni=ues > in,esti!ate impact on the fibre structure
Hilling tec)ni?ue'
Principle/ Interest Location Funding
High speed cyclone
(Aximill [25])
Separation by air flow
i.e. no agglomeration /
large volume capacity/
easy to process
Aximill, Victoria CRC-ACS
Hammer mill Dry mill/ easy to process Sustainable Minerals
Institute, UQ
/
High Energy Ball
Mill (HEBM)
Dry or wet mill: batch/
temperature and milling
time variable
Chemical Engineering
School, UQ
/

9ammer Hill
9*BH
A+imill
2012 CRC-ACS Commercial-In-Confidence 1O
lternati,e millin! processes
im: Compare ,arious millin! techni=ues > in,esti!ate impact on the fibre structure
Strateg-'
Reult to be com!ared %it) c)emical treated fibre 37)( Student 71E15
Effect studied Criterion Equipment
Fibre separation Fibre diameter Automated image analysis technique
Mechanism(s) involved OM, SEM
Impact on fibre
length
Fibre length distribution Automated image analysis technique
Fracture mechanism(s) OM, SEM
Impact on fibre
surface
Surface topography SEM, EDX
Surface composition XPS/ FTIR
Fibre damage Defect distribution along the fibres (kinks, nodes etc.) X-polarised
light OM/ confocal microscopy, SEM

im: De,elop a lo.&cost and fast fibre characterisation techni=ue
Criteria'
- >ide lengt) range' macro to micro fibre
- <arge amount' more t)an 1000 element
- Set u! ?uick , ea-
Het)od'
- Ste! 1' Image ac?uiition %it) a )ig) reolution flatbed canner 3OJ00d!i5
- Ste! 2' (igital image !roceing &ia algorit)m !rogrammed in Hatlab
Benc)marking'
- Commercial tec)ni?ue 3>F4 !ul! , !a!er5
- 7otential laborator- a!!lication
5 9 "en!th1 Diameter
Desi!n of 0)periment for e)trusion
im: 6tud% influence of processin! parameters to optimise e)trusion process for NFCs
(eign of *+!eriment 3(.*5 uing t)e /aguc)i a!!roac) '
- Stud- t)e influence of t)e main factor onl-
- Standard for defined factor , le&el ' ort)ogonal arra-
- Full factorial anal-i$ fractional factorial anal-i

Experiments
Column
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
3 1 2 2 1 1 2 2
4 1 2 2 2 2 1 1
5 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
6 2 1 2 2 1 2 1
7 2 2 1 1 2 2 1
8 2 2 1 2 1 1 2

/able 6 L6M' <N 32K5 ort)ogonal arra-
Desi!n of 0)periment for e)trusion
im: 6tud% influence of processin! parameters to optimise e)trusion process for NFCs
Strateg-'
Task Approach Equipment/ Resources Location
DOE Definition of the
factors and levels
Taguchi fractional
factorial
ANOVA
Team experience (University of
Auckland, USQ), literature review
Handbook Extrusion : The
Definitive Processing Guide and
Handbook [14]
Handbook Design of experiments
using the Taguchi approach [21]
Undergraduate Student (Thesis)
UQ
Extrusion
trials
According to
DOE
Twin screw extruder
Side feeder(s)
Raw material (fibres/coupling
agent/ matrix)

Griffith University
Chemical
Engineering/
AIBN,UQ

Compound characterisation
im: -ain understandin! re!ardin! fibre beha,iour in an e)trusion process
Scientific ?uetion to be an%ered'
- Can e+truion !rinci!le ued in t)e e+truion of =FC be a!!lied Q
- 9o% do fibre %it) uc) a com!le+ urface be)a&e in an e+truion !roceQ
- 9o% doe t)e fibre !)-iolog- affect final !ro!ertieQ
Strateg-'
Fibre behaviour Criterion Equipment
Fibre distribution in the
matrix
Fibre volume fraction TBD (Micro-CT scan or Nano-CT
scan)
Fibre aspect ratio Automated image analysis
Fibre orientation Flow patterns TBD (Micro-CT scan or Nano-CT scan)
Fibre/matrix interfacial
properties
Fracture surface OM/ SEM

Fibre properties Surface composition XPS/ FTIR
Crystallinity XRD
Thermal degradation TGA- DTA
Defects X-polarised light OM/ confocal microscopy, SEM

Comparison of millin! techni=ues
0)perimental details
Input Parameters Trials
High speed
cyclone (AxiMill)
- Fibre length:
chopped fibres ca. 5
to 10 cm
- Processing level:
raw fibres
- Large mill/small mill
(chamber 1 m/0.25 m)
- Rotor speed
(30 Hz to 60 Hz)
- Selection output drum bag
(coarse/fine/extra fine)
- Kenaf, hemp,
hemp hurd
- ca. 30 different
batches
Hammer mill - Fibre length:
chopped fibres
ca.0.5 cm
- Processing level:
raw fibres
- Rotor Speed
(potentiometer)
- Mesh grid
( 0.5mm/1mm/2mm)
- Kenaf, hemp,
hemp hurd
- 1 batch for each
type of fibre
High Energy
Ball Mill
(HEBM)
- Fibre length:
chopped fibres ca. 2
cm
- Processing level:
fibres soaked
overnight in distilled
water
- 400mL batch
- Milling time
- ZrO
2
balls
( 0.4mm, 1mm)
- Temperature
(24C to 50C)
- Rotor speed
(1000 rpm to 3500 rpm)
- Kenaf in distilled
water
- Fibre content:
20 gr/L, 8 gr/L
(2 batches)
- Miling time:
10 min, 1hour

Comparison untreated fibres: 60M anal%sis
2G
?enaf ra.*0cofibre+ ?enaf ra.*CCM+
- Roug) urface but fe% a!!arent defect
- No fibrillation
- Bundle of tec)nical fibre 3S caE K0-100 Dm5
- Surface eem ?uite moot)
- Some defect 3kink4 node5
- Some fibrillation
- bundle of tec)nical fibre 3S caE G0-N0 Dm5
-eneral obser,ation: fibre cross section not circular$ rather he)a!onal.
6urface$ shape: Fibres 0cofibre @ fibres CCM // to be considered for future interpretation of e)perimental data
Comparison of milled fibres: 60M anal%sis
2J
?enaf )imill ?enaf 'ammer mill ?enaf '07M
- Regular !attern on t)e urface
- S caE K0-100 Dm ' no ob&iou
e!aration
- Fibrillation
- Regular !attern on t)e urface
- S caE K0-100 Dm ' no ob&iou
e!aration
- Fe% fibrillation
- Surface degradation
- 9eterogeneit-' bundle4 tec)nical
fibre
Comparison of milled fibres: 60M anal%sis
2K
?enaf )imill ?enaf 'ammer mill ?enaf '07M
- Fracture not al%a- com!lete
- Fracture b- )ear4 bending4 t%it
- A!!arent defect 3kink;5
- Fracture motl- com!lete4 )ar!
fracture
- Fe% a!!arent defect
- Fracture not ob&iou
- Initiation fracture b- bending
- Fibre !eeled a%a-
- Aicoelatic$!latic deformation of
t)e matri+ binding t)e fibre
2012 CRC-ACS Commercial-In-Confidence 2N
"o.&cost characterisation techni=ue
Di!ital ima!e processin! ,ia al!orithms in Matlab
6tep 1: 6election of fibres accordin! to criteria *siAe$ shape+
65mm
120mm
:enaf 3*cofibre5
2012 CRC-ACS Commercial-In-Confidence 2O
Di!ital ima!e processin! ,ia al!orithms in Matlab
6tep 2: 0stimation of len!th > diameter ,ia ellipse fittin!
:enaf 3*cofibre5
<engt) 3Dm5
(iameter 3Dm5
N
o
E

f
i
b
r
e
N
o
E

f
i
b
r
e
0HaTorA+i<engt)1
0HinorA+i<engt)1
*lli!e fitting
#32P32: spect 5atio *5+ distribution
*:O :enaf *cofibre
NoE fibre
AR
61
Comparison .ith other techni=ues:
spects to be impro,ed:
Com!le+ configuration not taken into account'
*lli!e fitting' lengt) underetimated , diameter o&eretimated
Chemical treated
fibres (KFTHA)
Scanner +
Matlab
algorithm
FiberScan

FiberLab OM +
ImageTool
software
Number of
elements
1788 +6000 +6000 50
Mean length (m) 1170 794 280 1750 2312 627
Mean diameter
(m)
324 334 / 17.3 13 3
Aspect ratio 5 4 / 102 178

kinked
fibre
loop
0)trusion of NFCs
0)trusion trials:
- :enaf$77' 3C0'J05 %tU ratio
- :enaf$HA7*$9(7*' 3C0'6'GK5 %tU ratio
- Side feeding of kenaf fibre bt% t)e mi+ing Rone
1
st
mixing zone 2
nd
mixing zone
Fibre side feeding Current configuration for extrusion with the PRISM
Eurolab16 TSE (25:1)
Feeder 1:
Resin
Feeder 2: Fibres
39 cm
0)trusion of NFCs
0)trusion trials:
& Calibration of t)e feeder %it) !ellet4 !o%der rein and fibre
- *+truion of tri! )o% !romiing reult
Strip die: 25x2mm
Kenaf/ MAPE/ HDPE (40:57:3)
1
0

c
m
Kenaf/ PP (20:80)
#utlooB
Fibre extraction techniques
i. Select alternative milling techniques (mechanical processing)
ii. Analyse the effect of milling on fibre properties (fibre separation, fibre length,
surface damage, defects)
100%
40%
i. Develop a novel technique to characterise the fibres by automated image analysis
(criteria: setup quick and easy, large sampling, acceptable error on the data)
60%
Publication opportunity:
- Comparison of the effect of alternative milling techniques on bast fibre properties
- Development of a novel technique based on automated image analysis to characterise short fibre
aspect ratio
- Characterisation of short bast fibres with automated image analysis
2012 CRC-ACS Commercial-In-Confidence 6G
#utlooB
Optimisation of extrusion process
i. Design a series of experiments using the Taguchi approach (fractional factorial)
ii. Analyse the influence of defined factors on the compound properties using ANOVA
0%
0%
- Optimisation of the extrusion process for natural fibres compounding using Taguchi approach
Characterisation of natural fibre biocomposites
i. Define a characterisation plan according to P1.1 teamwork general directions
ii. Select suitable characterisation techniques
iii. Benchmarking: compare the biocomposites properties with wood fibre and glass fibre
composites properties
0%
0%
0%
2hanBs for %our attention
6J
5eferences 2ables
L1M' Summercale4 8E4 NE 7E 8E (iana-ake4 AE SE Airk , >E 9all 320105 A re&ie% of bat fibre and t)eir com!oiteE 7art 1 V
Fibre a reinforcementE Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, C14 162O-166GE
L2M' FE<E Hatt)e%4 RE(E Ra%ling4 Com!oite material' engineering and cience4 CRC 7re4 Cambridge4 *ngland4 1OOOE
L6M' RE:E Ro-4 (eign of e+!eriment uing t)e /aguc)i a!!roac)' 1J te! to !roduct and !roce im!ro&ement4 >ile-4 Ne%
Work4 2001E
6K
5eferences Fi!ures
Figure 1' >allenberg FE /E4 >eton NE4 3200C5 Natural fibre4 !latic and com!oiteE Kluwer Academic PublishersE
Figure 2' A-re4 BE =E SE4 :e&inX C)a!man4 :ent (EX >ebber III4 C)arle <EX (agnon4 :offi <EX (YSouRa4 Nandika AE 3200O5
Aicoelatic 7ro!ertie of :enaf Bat Fiber in Relation to StemAgeE Textile Research ournal, KO4 OK6-ON0E
Figure 6' Alcock HE et alE4 7lant Fibre Biocom!oite V State of t)e Art Re!ortE /R 110604 CRC ACSE
Figure C' )tt!'$$%%%Eu?EeduEau$ZSc)oolZScienceZ<eon$1JE6E1EKac)E=IF
Figure G' BledRki4 AE :E , 8E =aan 31OOO5 Com!oite reinforced %it) celluloe baed fibreE Progress in Pol!mer Science, 2C4
221-2KCE
Figure J' 9emicelluloe molecule' )tt!'$$%%%EbioEmiamiEedu$dana$22J$22JF0KZ6!rintE)tml
Figure K' AE9E =rigoriou4 =EAE Ntalo4 /)e !otential ue of Ricinu communi <E 3Cator5 talk a a lignocelluloic reource for
!articleboard4 Indutrial Cro! and 7roduct4 16 320015 20O-21NE
Figure N' FE<E Hatt)e%4 RE(E Ra%ling4 Com!oite material' engineering and cience4 CRC 7re4 Cambridge4 *ngland4 1OOOE
Figure O' 9EFE =ile 8r4 *EHE Hount Iii4 8E8ERE >agner4 *+truion ' /)e (efiniti&e 7roceing =uide and 9andbook' /)e (efiniti&e
7roceing =uide and 9andbook4 >illiam Andre%4 Burlington4 200CE
7icture kenaf tem4 lide 10 ' )tt!'$$ecofibreEcomEau$ot)er-bat-cro!$
7icture )oue4 lide 10' )tt!'$$%%%Et)eautralianEcomEau$ne%$tilt-t)e-one-in-?ueenland$tor--eJfrgdtJ-111111CCOOKKG
<ogo BCA4 lide 10' )tt!'$$%%%EabcbEgo&Eau$
7icture 9*BH4 lide 1N' )tt!'$$%%%EnetRc)-grindingEcom$
7icture A+imill4 lide 1N' )tt!'$$a+imillEcom$
7icture field4 lide 6J' )tt!'$$%%%EmateroflinenEcom$fre$tec)ni?ue$1J-te+tile
6N
5eferences
L1M 8E Summercale4 NE7E8E (iana-ake4 AESE Airk4 >E 9all4 A re&ie% of bat fibre and t)eir com!oiteE 7art 1 V Fibre a
reinforcement4 Com!oite 7art A' A!!lied Science and Hanufacturing4 C1 320105 162O-166GE
L2M AE:E Ho)ant-4 HE Hira4 <E/E (rRal4 Surface modification of natural fiber and !erformance of t)e reulting biocom!oite' An
o&er&ie%4 Com!oite Interface4 N 320015 616-6C6E
L6M AE9E =rigoriou4 =EAE Ntalo4 /)e !otential ue of Ricinu communi <E 3Cator5 talk a a lignocelluloic reource for
!articleboard4 Indutrial Cro! and 7roduct4 16 320015 20O-21NE
LCM =E C)inga-Carraco4 .E Sol)eim4 HE <ene4 AE <aren4 A met)od for etimating t)e fibre lengt) in fibre-7<A com!oite4 8ournal
of microco!-4 2G0 320165 1G-20E
LGM AE Hedia&illa4 HE <eu!in4 AE :eller4 Influence of t)e gro%t) tage of indutrial )em! on t)e -ield formation in relation to
certain fibre ?ualit- trait4 Indutrial Cro! and 7roduct4 16 320015 CO-GJE
LJM BE=ESE A-re4 :e&inX C)a!man4 :ent (EX >ebber III4 C)arle <EX (agnon4 :offi <EX (YSouRa4 Nandika AE4 Aicoelatic 7ro!ertie of
:enaf Bat Fiber in Relation to Stem Age4 /e+tile Reearc) 8ournal4 KO 3200O5 OK6-ON0E
LKM RE>E :eler4 "E Becker4 RE :o)ler4 BE =ot)4 Steam e+!loion of fla+ [a u!erior tec)ni?ue for u!grading fibre &alue4 Bioma
and Bioenerg-4 1C 31OON5 26K-2COE
LNM CE =arcia4 8aldon4 (E (u!e-re4 HERE Aignon4 Fibre from emi-retted )em! bundle b- team e+!loion treatment4 Bioma and
Bioenerg-4 1C 31OON5 2G1-2J0E
LOM AE:E Ho)ant-4 HE Hira4 <E/E (rRal4 Natural fiber4 bio!ol-mer4 and biocom!oite4 CRC 7re4 Boca Raton4 F<4 200GE
L10M /E 9\nninen4 AE /)-geen4 SE He)mood4 BE Haden4 HE 9ug)e4 Hec)anical !roceing of bat fibre' /)e occurrence of
damage and it effect on fibre tructure4 Indutrial Cro! and 7roduct4 6O 320125 K-11E
6O
5eferences
L11M FE<E Hatt)e%4 RE(E Ra%ling4 Com!oite material' engineering and cience4 CRC 7re4 Cambridge4 *ngland4 1OOOE
L12M AE le (uigou4 AE Bourmaud4 *E Balnoi4 7E (a&ie4 CE Bale-4 Im!ro&ing t)e interfacial !ro!ertie bet%een fla+ fibre and 7<<A
b- a %ater fibre treatment and dr-ing c-cle4 Indutrial Cro! and 7roduct4 6O 320125 61-6OE
L16M AESE Airk4 >E 9all4 8E Summercale4 Failure train a t)e ke- deign criterion for fracture of natural fibre com!oite4
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L1GM =E>E Beckermann4 :E<E 7ickering4 *ngineering and e&aluation of )em! fibre reinforced !ol-!ro!-lene com!oite' Fibre
treatment and matri+ modification4 Com!oite 7art A' A!!lied Science and Hanufacturing4 6O 3200N5 OKO-ONNE
L1JM (E 7uglia4 AE /erenRi4 SE*E Barboa4 8EHE :enn-4 7ol-!ro!-lene-natural fibre com!oiteE Anal-i of fibre tructure
modification during com!ounding and it influence on t)e final !ro!ertie4 Com!oite Interface4 1G 3200N5 111-12OE
L1KM HE Bengton4 HE<E Baillif4 :E .kman4 *+truion and mec)anical !ro!ertie of )ig)l- filled celluloe fibreV!ol-!ro!-lene
com!oite4 Com!oite 7art A' A!!lied Science and Hanufacturing4 6N 3200K5 1O22-1O61E
L1NM SECE Aenkata4 AE"E C)ad4 *ffect of e+truion cre% !eed on biocom!oite t)ermo-mec)anical !ro!ertie4 International
8ournal of Sutainable *ngineering4 G 320125 6NE
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5eferences
L20M 8E Beaugrand4 FE BerRin4 <ignocelluloic fiber reinforced com!oite' Influence of com!ounding condition on defibriRation
and mec)anical !ro!ertie4 8ournal of A!!lied 7ol-mer Science4 12N 320165 122K-126NE
L21M RE:E Ro-4 (eign of e+!eriment uing t)e /aguc)i a!!roac)' 1J te! to !roduct and !roce im!ro&ement4 >ile-4 Ne%
Work4 2001E
L22M ]E<E Wan4 .!timiRation of Fabrication 7roce of 9em! Fibre Reinforced 7ol-!ro!-lene Com!oite4 in' Nt) Aian-Autralaian
Conference on Com!oite Haterial 3ACCH-N54 :uala <um!ur4 Hala-ia4 2012E
L26M SE NE4 Reearc) 7ro!oal for 7)E(E' Hec)anical 7ro!ertie of :enaf-Baed Core and Sand%ic) Structure4 in4 2012E
L2CM *EIE .!eration4 )tt!'$$ecofibreEcomEau$4 in4 2010E
L2GM A+imill4 )tt!'$$a+imillEcom$4 in4 2016E
L2JM AE A)ori4 8E 9arun4 >E Ra&ert-4 HENEHE Wuoff4 C)emical and mor!)ological c)aracteritic of Hala-ian culti&ated kenaf
39ibicu cannabinu5 fiber4 in' 7ol-mer - 7latic /ec)nolog- and *ngineering4 200J4 !!E 161-16CE
L2KM 9EHE Akil4 HEFE .mar4 AEAEHE HaRuki4 SE Safiee4 ]EAEHE I)ak4 AE Abu Bakar4 :enaf fiber reinforced com!oite' A re&ie%4
Haterial , (eign4 62 320115 C10K-C121E
L2NM NE Soatt)i-an4 7otgraduate 7rogre Re!ort4 in4 2012E
L2OM AESE (ickon4 (E4 Hicroco!- and lengt) anal-i of )em! and kenaf fibre4 in4 Harc) 2016
L60M 9E >ang4 Fibre !ro!ert- c)aracteriation b- image !roceing4 in' *lectrical engineering4 /e+a /ec) "ni&erit-4 =raduate
Facult- of /e+a /ec) "ni&erit-4 200KE
C1

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