Chemistry 12 Self Test Sec 2.1 2.

3
Solutions Sec 2.1 2.2 Characteristics of Dynamic Equilibrium
1. Given the reaction: NO
2!"
# CO
!"
NO
!"
# CO
2!"

a" $f one mole of NO
2
an% one mole of CO are mi&e% in a 1.' litre container( the rate of
the for)ar% reaction )ill initially be fast * slo)" +++++++fast+++++++++++++++++
b" $mme%iately after mi&in!( the rate of the reverse reaction )ill be ++zero+++++++++++
c" ,hile the for)ar% rate - the reverse rate( the .NO/ an% the .CO
2
/ )ill be
increasin! * %ecreasin!" ++++++increasing++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
%" 0fter the initial mi&in!( the rate of the forward reaction )ill be +++++decreasing.
1he rate of the reverse reaction )ill )e ++++++++++++++++++++++++++increasing.
e" Once equilibrium is establishe%( )hat can be sai% about the rates of the for)ar% an%
reverse reaction2 ++++++the rates will be equal+++++++++++++++++++++++++
f" Once equilibrium is establishe%( )hat is ha33enin! to the .NO/2 ++stays constant
!" Once equilibrium is establishe%( )hat is ha33enin! to the .CO
2
/2 +++ stays constant +++
h" Once equilibrium is establishe%( )hat is ha33enin! to the .NO
2
/2 ++ stays constant ++
i" Once equilibrium is establishe%( )hat is ha33enin! to the .CO/2 ++ stays constant
4" NO
2
is a %ar5 bro)n colour. 0ll of the other !ases are colourless. Describe )hat )ill
ha33en to the colour of the !as mi&ture from )hen the NO
2
an% the CO are mi&e%
until equilibrium is establishe%.
It will be dark at first ( high [NO
2
]), then the colour will gradually get lighter
until equilibriu is reached! "he final color will be a lighter brown
5" One mole of NO an% one mole of CO
2
are mi&e%. $f left alone at a constant tem3erature
+++++++++equilibriu+++++++++++++++++++ )ill be establishe%. Once this
equilibrium is reache%( )ill the colour be %ifferent than the equilibrium in
1
Chemistry 12 Self Test Sec 2.1 2.3
question 646 2
NO, it will be the sae colour, equilibriu can be a##roached fro both sides of the reaction!
2. Given the reaction: CO
!"
# Cl
2!"
COCl
2!"
One mole of CO an% one mole of Cl
2
are mi&e% at a certain tem3erature. On the a&es
belo)( %ra) !ra3hs )hich sho) ho) the rates of the forward reaction an% the reverse
reaction vary )ith time.

Time
Reaction Rate
7. Give four characteristics of a system at equilibrium.
1. 1he rate of the forward reaction 8 1he rate of the reverse reaction
2. Microscopic 3rocesses the for)ar% an% reverse reaction" continue in a balance
)hich yiel%s no macroscopic changes. so nothin! appears to be ha33enin!."
7. 1he system is closed an% the temperature is constant an% uniform throu!hout.
9. 1he equilibrium can be a33roache% from the left startin! )ith reactants" or from the
right startin! )ith products".
2
Chemistry 12 Self Test Sec 2.1 2.3
0ns)ers to Self 1est Sec 2.7 Enthal3y an% Entro3y
1. ,hat is meant by enthalpy? ++heat content or cheical #otential energy $$$$$$+
2. ,hat is meant by entropy? +++++++++++++++++++++disorder+++++++++++++++
7. $n an endothermic reaction( the ++++reactants+++++++++++++++++++++++++ have
minimum enthalpy.
9. $n an exothermic reaction( the +++++++++#roducts+++++++++++++++++++++ have
minimum enthalpy.
:. 0rran!e the follo)in! in or%er from least entropy to greatest entropy:
a" liqui%s b" !ases c" aqueous solutions %" soli%s
++solids++ ; +++liquids+++ ; ++aqueous solutions+++ ; ++gases$$$++
<. 1here is a natural ten%ency to)ar% +++++++++iniu$$$$$$$$$$+++++enthalpy
an% +++++++++a%iu+++++++++ entropy.
=. 0 3rocess in )hich entropy increases an% enthalpy decreases )ill

!o to com3letion* reach a state of equilibrium*not occur at all" +++go to co#letion$$$$$$$$++
>. 0 3rocess in )hich entropy increases an% enthalpy increases )ill

!o to com3letion* reach a state of equilibrium*not occur at all" +++reach a state of equilibriu++++
?. 0 3rocess in )hich entropy decreases an% enthalpy decreases )ill

!o to com3letion* reach a state of equilibrium*not occur at all" +++reach a state of equilibriu+++
1'. 0 3rocess in )hich entropy decreases an% enthalpy increases )ill

!o to com3letion* reach a state of equilibrium*not occur at all" +++not occur at all$$$$$$$$$+++
11. 0 3rocess in )hich both the enthalpy and entropy trends favour reactants )ill

3
Chemistry 12 Self Test Sec 2.1 2.3
!o to com3letion* reach a state of equilibrium*not occur at all" +++++++not occur at all$$$$$+++
12. 0 3rocess in )hich both the enthalpy and entropy trends favour products )ill

!o to com3letion* reach a state of equilibrium*not occur at all" ++++++++go to co#letion$$$++
17. 0 3rocess in )hich the enthalpy and entropy trends oppose each other )ill

!o to com3letion* reach a state of equilibrium*not occur at all" ++reach a state of equilibriu ++
19. $n each of the follo)in!( state )hich has the maximum entropy( reactants or 3ro%ucts"
a" C
s"
@ O
2!"


CO
2!"
+++++++++++++++#roduct++++++++
b" 20ls" # <ACl
aq"


7A
2!"
# 20lCl
7aq" +++++++++++++++++
#roducts
++++
c" 2SO
7!"
2SO
2!"
# O
2!"
+++++++++++++#roducts++++++++++++++
%" ACl
!"


A
#
aq"
# Cl
B
aq"
+++++++++++++++++reactant+++++++++++
e" COA
s"


C
#
aq"
# OA
B
aq"
++++++++++++++++#roduct++++++++++++
1:. Dor each of the follo)in! reactions %eci%e )hich has minimum enthalpy reactants or
3ro%ucts"(
)hich has maximum entropy reactants or 3ro%ucts"( an% if the reactants are mi&e%( )hat )ill
ha33en2 !o to com3letion* reach a state of equilibrium*not occur at all". 0ssume there is sufficient
activation ener!y to initiate any s3ontaneous reaction.
a" ECl
:!"


ECl
7!"
# Cl
2!"
F A 8 #?2.: 5G
1he ++++++reactant++++++++++++++ has*have minimum enthal3y.
1he ++++++++++#roducts+++++++++ has*have ma&imum entro3y.
$f ECl
:
is 3ut in a flas5 )hat shoul% ha33en2!o to com3letion* reach a state of
equilibrium*not occur at all"
++++++++++++++++++reach a state of equilibriu $$$$$$+++++++++++++
b" 2NO
!"
# O
2!"


2NO
2!"
# ener!y
4
Chemistry 12 Self Test Sec 2.1 2.3
1he +++++++++#roducts+++++++ has*have minimum enthal3y.
1he +++++++++reactants+++++++++ has*have ma&imum entro3y.
$f NO

an% O
2
)ere 3ut in a flas5( )hat shoul% ha33en2!o to com3letion* reach a
state of equilibrium*not occur at all"
++++++++++++++++++reach a state of equilibriu $$$++++++++++++++
c" Na
2
CO
7s"
# 2ACl
aq"


2NaCl
aq"
# CO
2!"
# A
2
O
l"
# 2=.= 5G
1he ++++++#roducts+++++++ has*have minimum enthal3y.
1he +++++++++#roducts+++++ has*have ma&imum entro3y.
$f Na
2
CO
7s"
# 2ACl
aq"
)ere 3ut in a flas5( )hat shoul% ha33en2!o to
com3letion* reach a state of equilibrium*not occur at all"
++++++go to co#letion++++++++++++++++++
%" 2EbNO
7
"
2s"
# :?= 5G

2EbO
s"
# 9NO
2!"
# O
2!"
F
1he ++++++reactant++++++ has*have minimum enthal3y.
1he ++++++++++#roducts++++++ has*have ma&imum entro3y.
$f EbNO
7
"
2
)as 3ut in a flas5( )hat shoul% ha33en2!o to com3letion* reach a state of
equilibrium*not occur at all"
+++++++++++++++++++++++++reach a state of equilibriu$$$$$$$++++++++
1<. Heactions )hich result in a*an +++++decrease++ in enthal3y an% a*an
++increase+++ in entro3y )ill always be s#ontaneous.
1=. Heactions )hich result in a*an ++++increase++++ in enthal3y an% a*an
++decrease+++ in entro3y )ill always be non&s#ontaneous.
5
Chemistry 12 Self Test Sec 2.1 2.3
Solutions Solutions Intro to Sec 2.4 Factors Affecting Equilibrium
1. ,hen a chemical system is at equilibrium( )hen the tem3erature is increase%( the
++++++++endothermic reaction s3ee%s u3 the most.
2. $n the reaction: 0 # I C # 97.7 5G
a" ,hen the tem3erature is increase% the for)ar%*reverse" ++++++++re'erse+++++++
reaction s3ee%s u3 more.
b" Durin! this time( the .0/ an% .I/ )ill +++++crease an% the .C/ )ill ++++++decrease.
c" Iecause .0/ an% .I/ are +++++++increasin!( the rate of the ++++++++forward++++
reaction )ill increase.
%" Sooner or later( the for)ar% rate an% the reverse rate )ill a!ain become +++equal++.
0t this 3oint a ne) ++++++++++equilibriu+++++++++ is establishe%.
e" $n the ne) equilibrium( .0/ an% .I/ )ill be ++++++++++higher than they )ere
before the tem3erature is increase%.
$n the ne) equilibrium( .C/ )ill be ++++++++++++++++lower than it )as before.
f" $n this e&am3le( )e say that the equilibrium has shifte% to the ++++++++left++++++
7. Given the reaction: 0 # I C # 97.7 5G
a" ,hen the tem3erature is %ecrease% the for)ar%*reverse" +++++++++++forward+++
reaction )ill be the faster one.. the endotheric re'erse reaction slows down"
b" Durin! this time( the .0/ an% .I/ )ill ++++decrease an% the .C/ )ill ++++increase.
c" Iecause .C/ is +++++++++increasin!( the rate of the ++++++++++++re'erse+++++
reaction )ill increase.
%" Sooner or later( the for)ar% rate an% the reverse rate )ill a!ain become ++equal+++.
0t this 3oint a ne) +++++++++++equilibriu++++++ is establishe%.
6
Chemistry 12 Self Test Sec 2.1 2.3
e" $n the ne) equilibrium( .0/ an% .I/ )ill be ++++++++++++lower than they )ere
before the tem3erature is increase%.
$n the ne) equilibrium( .C/ )ill be ++++++++++++++++higher than it )as before.
f" $n this e&am3le( )e say that the equilibrium has shifte% to the ++++++right++++++
9. $n the reaction: 0 # I # 729 5G C
a" ,hen the tem3erature is increase% the for)ar%*reverse" ++++++++++forward++++++
reaction s3ee%s u3 more.
b" Durin! this time( the .0/ an% .I/ )ill ++++decrease an% the .C/ )ill +++++increase.
c" Iecause .C/ is +increasin!( the rate of the +++++++++++++re'erse+++++
reaction )ill increase.
%" Sooner or later( the for)ar% rate an% the reverse rate )ill a!ain become ++equal++.
0t this 3oint a ne) ++++++++++equilibriu++++++++++ is establishe%.
e" $n the ne) equilibrium( .0/ an% .I/ )ill be +++++++++++++lower than they )ere
before the tem3erature is increase%.
$n the ne) equilibrium( .C/ )ill be ++++++++++++++++higher than it )as before.
f" $n this e&am3le( )e say that the equilibrium has shifte% to the ++++++++right+++++
:. Given the equilibrium: I
!"
# C
!"
D
!"
# E
!"
# heat
a" Some I is a%%e% to the mi&ture at equilibrium. 1he rate of the
++++++++forward+++++
reaction )ill increase %ue to the increase in the .I/.
b" ,hile this is ha33enin!( the .D/ an% .E/ )ill !ra%ually ++++++increase.
c" 1he ++++increase in the .D/ an% .E/ )ill cause the rate of the++++++re'erse+++++
reaction to increase.
%" ,hen the rates of the for)ar% an% reverse reactions are equal( )e have a ne)
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++equilibriu++++++++++++++++++++++++
7
Chemistry 12 Self Test Sec 2.1 2.3
e" Due to the a%%ition of I( the equilibrium )ill shift to the ++++++++++++right++++
.I/ an% .C/ )ill ++++++decrease an% .D/ an% .E/ )ill +++++++++++++++++increase
<. Given the equilibrium: I
!"
# C
!"
D
!"
# E
!"
# heat
a" Some D is a%%e% to the mi&ture at equilibrium. 1he rate of the
++++++++re'erse++++++ reaction )ill increase %ue to the increase in the .D/.
b" ,hile this is ha33enin!( the .I/ an% .C/ )ill !ra%ually ++++++increase.
c" 1he +increase in the .I/ an% .C/ )ill cause the rate of the ++++forward++ reaction
to increase.
%" ,hen the rates of the for)ar% an% reverse reactions are equal( )e have a ne)
+++++++++++++++++++++++++equilibriu+++++++++++++++++++++++
e" Due to the a%%ition of D( the equilibrium )ill shift to the +++++++left+++++++
.I/ an% .C/ )ill ++++increase an% .D/ an% .E/ )ill ++++++++++++decrease.
=. Given the equilibrium: 20
!"
# I
!"
2C
!"
a" $f the total 3ressure on the system is increase%( the +++++++++++forward++++++++
reaction )ill s3ee% u3 the most. to co#ensate for the increased #ressure!
b" ,hile this is ha33enin!( the .C/ )ill +++++++increase.
c" 1his +++++increase in .C/ )ill cause the +++++re'erse+++++ reaction to s3ee% u3.
%" ,hen the ne) equilibrium is reache%( the .0/ an% .I/ )ill be +++++++++++lower
than before an% the .C/ )ill be ++++++++++++higher+++++++++ than before.
e" ,e say that the increase in total 3ressure has cause% the equilibrium to shift to the
+right (the side with the least oles of gas!)+++++++++++++++++++++.
>. Given the equilibrium: 20
!"
# I
!"
2C
!"
8
Chemistry 12 Self Test Sec 2.1 2.3
a" $f the total 3ressure on the system is %ecrease%( the +++++++++++++re'erse+++++
reaction )ill be the faster one.
b" ,hile this is ha33enin!( the .0/ an% the .I/ )ill ++++++++increase.
c" 1his +++++increase in .0/ an% the .I/ )ill cause the ++++++forward++++reaction
to s3ee% u3.
%" ,hen the ne) equilibrium is reache%( the .0/ an% .I/ )ill be +++++++++higher
than before an% the .C/ )ill be +++++++lower+++++++++ than before.
e" ,e say that the %ecrease in total 3ressure has cause% the equilibrium to shift to the
+++++++++++++++left++++++++++++.
?. Given the equilibrium : NO
!"
# CO
2!"
NO
2!"
# CO
!"
a" ,ill an increase in total 3ressure have an affect on the equilibrium2 +++++no+++++
b" E&3lain your ans)er to question a" ++the sae nuber of oles on both sides!
It could not co#ensate for the increased #ressure by shifting either way!++
1'. Given the equilibrium: 20
!"
# I
!"
2C
!"
a" $f the total volume of the system is %ecrease%( the +++++#ressure++++++++++
)ill increase( an% the +++++forward$++++++ reaction )ill be the faster one.
b" ,hile this is ha33enin!( the .C/ )ill +++++++++increase.
c" 1his +++increase in .C/ )ill cause the ++++re'erse++ reaction to s3ee% u3.
%" ,hen the ne) equilibrium is reache%( the .0/ an% .I/ )ill be ++++++++lower
than before an% the .C/ )ill be +++++++higher+++++ than before.
e" ,e say that the %ecrease in total volume has cause% the equilibrium to shift to the
++++++++++++right+++++++++++++++.
11. Given the equilibrium: 20
!"
# I
!"
2C
!"
# heat
9
Chemistry 12 Self Test Sec 2.1 2.3
a" Ao) )ill this equilibrium be affecte% if a catalyst is a%%e% to the mi&ture2 it won(t
b" E&3lain your ans)er to 6a6 in terms of for)ar% an% reverse reaction rates
a catalyst s#eeds u# the forward rate and the re'erse rate by the sae aount,
so the rates are still equal and the equilibriu is not affected!
) catalyst will cause a reaction which is not at equilibriu to reach
equilibriu faster!
10