9

Science
Quarter 4 – Module 6:
How Heat Transfer and
Energy Transformation
makes Heat Engine Work
Science – Grade 9
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 4 – Module 6: How Heat Transfer and Energy Transformation Make Heat Engines
Work
First Edition, 2020

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 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the nature of heat, work and energy. The scope of this module permits it to be
used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence
of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with
the textbook you are now using.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. demonstrate how heat transfer increase internal energy;
2. explain how heat pumps work as exemplified by air condition unit and
refrigerator; and
3. solve problems relating to thermal efficiency of machines.

What I Know
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. Which is observed when one object rubs against another object?
a. friction
b. conduction
c. solar energy
d. thermal energy

2. Which refers to the energy of moving particles in matter?

a. friction
a. conduction
a. solar energy
b. thermal energy

3. When a rubber band is stretched by five times, it is observed that it felts warm.
Did the rubber band gain heat?
a. No, it is not evident.
b. Yes, the rubber band felts warm that indicates heat loss
c. Yes, the rubber band felts warm which means it gained heat
d. No, the temperature is not related to a gain or loss of heat

4. Why does the liquid of a thermometer rise on a hot day and drop down on a
cold day?
a. On a hot day, the particles in the liquid move slow and take up less
space. On a cold day the particles in the liquid move fast and take up
more space.
b. On a hot day, the particles in the liquid move fast and take up more
space. On a cold day the particles in the liquid move slowly and take up
less space.

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 c. On a hot day, the particles in the liquid move slow and take up less
space. On a cold day the particles in the liquid don’t move and take no
space.
d. On a hot day, the particles in the liquid move fast and take up more
space. On a cold day the particles in the liquid move slowly and take up
no space.

5. Which is commonly used as refrigerant for most of the refrigerators?

a. Gas that is hard to liquefy
b. Liquid that is easy to solidify
c. Liquid that is hard to solidify
d. Easily converted from gas to liquid

Lesson Physics: How heat transfer and energy

1transformation make heat engine

work?

Heat transfer is referred simply as heat movement of thermal energy from one
object to another object of different temperature. How is it done? When you heat a
beaker of tap water on a hot burner, it is observed that the water temperature increases.
The heat flows from hot burner to the cold water. Until temperature of water and burner
is equal. The direction of flow of heat transfer is always from the object with higher
temperature to an object with low temperature.

Why is it essential for the energy to be transformed? Well, energy has to be

converted to another form to make the heat engine work. Take for example the light
bulb, electrical energy has to flow into the bulb to produce light. Hence, electrical
energy has been transformed into light energy and heat energy.

What’s In

In the previous module you learn about changes in the forms of energy specifically
mechanical energy and on how the mechanical energy is conserved during the
transfers and transformations. Before we proceed to the lessons, let us take time to
review or put stress on the following major concepts on work, energy, and power.

• Energy makes everything to exist or cease to exist. It is stored in different forms

and can transfer or transform. It can be transformed without being transferred.
Or it can also be transformed during transfer.
• Potential energy is in various forms: gravitational, chemical, elastic, electrical and
nuclear.
• Kinetic energy is energy in moving matter and wave. Some forms of kinetic energy
are motion, radiant, sound, thermal and wave.

What’s New

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 The module explains how heat and work is related to each other. How is heat
converter into work and how is doing work releases heat. It also discusses the flow of
heat from higher to lower temperature objects (Spontaneous process) or flows of heat
from lower to higher temperature (Non-spontaneous process).

Heat and Internal Energy

Objective: Demonstrate how heat causes the increase of internal energy in water.

Materials: metal can (ex. sardines can), Styrofoam/paper cup, hot water, cold water
and thermometer.

Procedure:

1. Place the metal can inside the Styrofoam

cup/paper cup.
2. Put 100 mL of hot water inside the metal
can.
3. Fill the Styrofoam cup with cold water (same
level with the hot water).
4. Measure the initial temperature of cold and
hot water. Figure 2. Spontaneous heat transfer
5. Measure the temperature until the two containers will have equal temperature.
Get the temperature reading.

Table 2. Temperature Reading

Container
1. can with hot water
2. styrofoam (cold water)
Final Temperature/
Initial Temperature (OC)
Equal Temp. (OC)

Guide Questions:

1. Compare the initial and final temperature reading.

2. What is happening at the particle level when energy is being transferred
between two objects?
3. Why is thermal equilibrium always established when two objects transfer heat?
4. What does the change in temperature indicate?

Now that we know that internal energy can increase due to heat transfer, let us now
study the equations and sample problem below.

The first law of thermodynamics stated that energy is not created nor destroyed. This
is based on change in internal energy(∆U) is equal to the energy transferred as heat (Q)
minus the work done on or by the system. It can be expressed as

∆U = Q-W All of these quantities are measured in Joules/J

Where U = internal energy

Q = heat

W = work
Q is positive when the system gains heat and negative when it loses heat. W is positive
when work is done by the system and negative when Formula: ∆U = Q – W
work is done on the system.

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Sample Problem: 120 J of work is done on the system. The internal energy increases
by 80 J. How much energy is transferred as heat?

Given: Solution: Q = ∆U + W

Q = unknown; ∆U = 80 J; W = -120J Q = 80 J + (-120 J)

Problem Solving 1: Q = - 40 J
Try solving this: Analyze each problem, identify the given, formula to use and provide
the solution.
1. A sample of gas does 130 J of work against its surroundings and loses 70 J of
internal energy in the process. Does the gas gain or lose heat, and how much?

2. A 140 J of work is done on a system, in which the internal energy is increased by

85 J. How much energy is transferred as heat?

What is It

Heat is transferred from an object with high temperature to an object where

temperature is lower. The process is said to be a spontaneous until the temperature of
the two objects is in equilibrium or equal. To find out how much work is done to transfer
heat energy, how much heat is dissipated out of the system, and how much energy is
needed to increase the internal energy of the system we use the equation: Internal
energy equals heat minus work (∆U = Q – W).

1. First law of thermodynamics stated that energy is not created nor destroyed
into something else. This is based on the process that the change or to increase
the internal energy is equal to the amount of heat flowing the system minus the
net work done by the system.
2. Internal energy is the sum of the mechanical potential and kinetic energies of
the particles in the system.
3. Adiabatic process- when the heat transfer of the system is equal to zero or no
heat transfer at all since energy is used exclusively for work .

What’s More

Normally, heat transfer takes place from high temperature to low temperature or
from hot to cold, which does not require mechanical energy to occur. How about the
transfer of heat from low to high temperature? Would this be possible? Yes, it is through
the use of a heat pump, an instrument used to reverse the natural flow of heat or
spontaneous process of heat transfer into a non-spontaneous process by
absorbing heat from a cold space and releasing it to a warmer one. This process requires
mechanical energy input to take place. This supports the Second Law of
Thermodynamics which states that heat will never flow from a cold temperature to a hot
temperature object.

Objective:

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 • Explain how heat pumps work as exemplified by an air-condition unit and a
refrigerator.

Materials:

Diagrams of refrigerator and air condition cycle

A. Refrigeration cooling cycle process

Figure 3. Refrigeration cooling cycle process

Procedure:

Study the diagram above and its part. Answer the following questions (you may
use any search engine).

Guide Questions:
Q 5. Explain how a refrigerator work.
Q 6. How does an evaporator work?
Q 7. What happen to the vapor in the compressor?
Q 8. What is the function of the condenser?
Q 9. What happens to the pressure and heat in the evaporator?

Guide questions:
Q 10. How does an air conditioning unit function?
Q 11. Why does an air conditioning unit need mechanical input of energy to function?
Q 12. How will you increase the efficiency rate of an air conditioning unit?
Q 13. Why is it necessary for a heat pump like refrigerator and air condition unit to
have an inverter?
Heat transfer in a refrigerator and air condition unit shows a spontaneous
process that required a mechanical external energy. Since heat flows from lower
temperature to higher temperature. This conforms to the second law of thermodynamics
which states that heat will never flow from cold temperature to a hot temperature object.
That is why a heat pump is needed. A heat pump is an instrument that reverse the
direction of the heat flow. Just like a refrigerator and air condition unit.

What I Have Learned

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Direction: Read the paragraph carefully and supply the missing word(s) needed to
complete it. Get your answers in the box provided.

The (1) __________ energy is the total (2) __________ and (3) __________ energy of
all its particles of the body. The internal energy of a body increases when (4) __________
increases and it changes from (5) __________ to (6) __________ or from liquid to (7)
__________. Heat refers to the (8) __________ transferred from one body to another as a
result of temperature (9) __________. The process in which heat is transferred is called
(10) __________. By doing (11) __________ or (12) __________, internal energy can be (13)
__________. The unit of expressing the internal energy of an object is (14) __________. A

work heating increased Joule heat engine

potential kinetic temperature lower internal energy

solid liquid energy aquatic thermal efficiency

difference solid weather heating thermal pollution

device that changes thermal energy into mechanical work is referred as (15) __________.
When (16) __________ of a heat machine is a lot (17) __________, it becomes contributory
to (18) __________, which affects (19) __________ condition and becomes harmful to (20)
__________ animals.

What I Can Do

Thermal Efficiency of Machines

The amount of work output for a given amount of heat gives a system its thermal
efficiency. Heat engines often operate at around 30% to 50% efficiency, due to practical
limitations because heat may be lost in the system due to the friction between the
moving parts. Hence, it is impossible for heat engines to achieve 100% thermal
efficiency. What is the important measure of a heat engine and how is it calculated? You
will know the answer by doing this activity.

Objective:

• Solve problems relating to thermal efficiency of machine

Materials:

• Paper, pen and calculator

Procedure:
1. Study the equation below and the sample problem to solve for machine
efficiency.

Efficiency = Work done = W

Input heat QH

Work is an input heat minus the exhaust heat, so

Efficiency = _QH – QC = 1 - QC
QH QH
Where:
QC = energy removed by heat/energy in cold reservoir
QH = energy removed by heat/ energy in hot reservoir
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TC = absolute temperature in cold reservoir
TH = absolute temperature in hot reservoir
Sample problem
What is the efficiency of a gasoline engine that receives 190.80 J of energy from
combustion and lose 120.40 J by heat to exhaust during one cycle?

Given: Solution:

QC = 120.40 J Efficiency = 1 – QC X 100%

QH
QH = 190.80 J
= 1 – 120.40 J X 100%
Find: Efficiency 190.80 J

Efficiency = 36.89 or 36.90%

A. Problem solving 2:

1. A certain fan is capable of using 480 J of electrical energy each minute, converting
400 J of it into kinetic energy of the fan. What is the efficiency of this fan?
2. If 200 J of thermal energy as heat is used, and the engine does 80 J of work,
what is the efficiency of the engine?

Additional Activities

Provide answer to column 3 in the table below by computing the thermal

efficiency of the machine. And its relationship to temperature/energy in hot and
cold container.
Temperature/ energy in Temperature/ energy in Thermal efficiency
cold container hot container
225 K 475 1. 53 %
220 K 680 K 2.
275.6K 525 K 3.
630 J 1025 J 4.
257 J 675 J 5.
29.8 OC 87 OC 6.
57 CO 93 C
O 7.
48 OC 58 OC 8.
75 OC 90 OC 9.

Assessment

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.

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 1. Initially, the internal energy of the system is at 46 J. It does work of 45 J. What
is the final internal energy of the system if it is added with 57 J of energy by heat
into the system?
a. 47 J
b. 46 J
c. 37 J
d. 45 J

2. Work done by a gas is at 300 J on its environment. It is added with 800 J of heat.
What is the internal energy change of the gas?
a. 800 J
b. 300 J
c. 500 J
d. 400 J
3. A gas is added with 600 calories of heat and it expands after it does work to its
environment using up 600 J. What is the gas’ internal energy change?
(1 calorie = 4.184 J)
a. 1900 J
b. 1915 J
c. 1575 J
d. 1910 J
Use the data below to answer numbers 4 and 5.
A beaker contains 500 g of water has done work of 1300 J by stirring and is
added with 250 calories of heat from a hot plate. (1 calorie = 4.184 J)
4. What is the internal energy change of water in Joules?
a. 2346 J
b. 2336 J
c. 2340 J
d. 2342 J
5. Find the internal energy change of water in calories.
a. 450 cal
b. 456 cal
c. 459 cal
d. 400 cal
6. An insulated glass of water is stirred thoroughly by a stirring rod, would there be
a temperature change?
a. No, stirring will not affect the temperature.
b. No, insulation will not allow temperature change of water.
c. Yes, stirring increases its internal energy causing the increase of
temperature.
d. Yes, stirring decreases its internal energy causing the decrease of
temperature.
7. When the heat transfer is equal to zero and energy has been used exclusively for
work the process, what is it said to be?
a. adiabatic
b. Isothermal
c. Isovolumetric
d. Isolated system
8. Mr. Anton a sculpture, is sculpting a human figure from a piece of wood. After a
while, he observed that it is becoming hot. Is there an evidence of heat transfer?
a. There is none.
b. No, hotness is not related to temperature change.
c. Yes, hotness is an indicative of temperature change.
d. Yes, hotness means there is a decrease in temperature
9. How does the deep well water move in an upward direction?
a. It is naturally occurring.
b. It is driven by a heat pump.
c. It is a spontaneous process.
d. It flows from warmer to cooler temperature.

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10. Why is it necessary for a machine to be an inverter type?
a. Ultra-long life and cost efficient
b. Noise and vibration level is much lower
c. Inverter motor means greater energy efficient
d. All of the above