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Science
Quarter 4 – Module 6:
How Heat Transfer and
Energy Transformation
makes Heat Engine Work
Science – Grade 9
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 4 – Module 6: How Heat Transfer and Energy Transformation Make Heat Engines
Work
Second Edition, 2021

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 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the nature of heat, work and energy. The scope of this module permits it to be
used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence
of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond
with the textbook you are now using.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Demonstrate how heat transfer increase internal energy.
2. Explain how heat pumps work as exemplified by air condition unit and
refrigerator.
3. Solve problems relating to thermal efficiency of machines.

What I Know
Choose the letter that corresponds to the best answer.
1. Which is observed when one object rubs against another object?
a. Conduction
b. Friction

c. Solar energy

d. Thermal energy

2. Which refers to the energy of moving particles in matter?

a. Conduction
b. Friction
a. Solar energy
b. Thermal energy

3. When a rubber band is stretched by five times, it is observed that it is warmer.

Did the rubber band gain heat?
a. No, it is not evident.
b. Yes, the rubber band felts warm that indicates heat loss
c. No, the temperature is not related to a gain or loss of heat
d. Yes, the rubber band felts warm which means it gained heat

4. Why does the liquid of a thermometer rise on a hot day and drop down on a
cold day?
a. On a hot day, the particles in the liquid move slow and take up less
space. On a cold day the particles in the liquid move fast and take up
more space.
b. On a hot day, the particles in the liquid move fast and take up more
space. On a cold day the particles in the liquid move slowly and take up
less space.

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 c. On a hot day, the particles in the liquid move slow and take up less
space. On a cold day the particles in the liquid don’t move and take no
space.
5. Which is commonly used as refrigerant for most of the refrigerators?
a. Gas that is hard to liquefy
b. Liquid that is easy to solidify
c. Liquid that is hard to solidify
d. Easily converted from gas to liquid

Lesson Physics: How heat transfer and energy

1 transformation make heat engine

work?

Heat transfer is referred simply as heat movement of thermal energy from one

object to another object of different temperature. How is it done? When you heat a
beaker of tap water on a hot burner, it is observed that the water temperature
increases. The heat flows from the hot burner to the beaker with tap water. Until
temperature of water and burner is equal. The direction of flow of heat transfer is
always from the object with higher temperature to an object with lower temperature.

Why is it essential for the energy to be transformed? Energy must be converted

to another form to make the heat engine work. Take for example the light bulb,
electrical energy has to flow into the bulb to produce light. Hence, electrical energy
has been transformed into light energy and heat energy.

What’s In
In the previous module you learn about changes in the forms of energy
specifically mechanical energy and on how the mechanical energy is conserved during
the transfers and transformations. Before we proceed to the lessons, let us take time
to review or put stress on the following major concepts on work, energy, and power.
What energy transformation takes place to the different situations?
1.

----
Chemical to ______________________
2.

---

Light to _____________________

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3.

-----
Electrical to __________________ and ______________________

https://www.google.com/search?
rlz=1C1CHZN_enPH930PH930&source=univ&tbm=isch&q=images+of+energy+transfor
mation+takes+place+in+the+different+situations&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj62PH2y7LyAh
XQE4gKHbGRDCwQjJkEegQIAhAC&biw=1280&bih=609&dpr=1.5#imgrc=l652jTZkk3
dFMM&imgdii=jdgXBBgLkyAQ9M

What’s New

The module explains how heat and work is related to each other. How is heat
converter into work and how is doing work releases heat. It also discusses the flow of
heat from higher to lower temperature objects (Spontaneous process) or flows of heat
from lower to higher temperature (Non-spontaneous process).

Activity 1.1 Heat and Internal Energy

Objective: Demonstrate how heat causes the increase of internal energy in water.

Materials: metal can (ex. sardines can), Styrofoam/paper cup, hot water, cold water
and thermometer.

Procedure:

1. Place the metal can inside the Styrofoam

cup/paper cup.
2. Put 100 mL of hot water inside the metal
can.
3. Fill the Styrofoam cup with cold water (same
level with the hot water) .
4. Measure the initial temperature of cold and
hot water. Figure 2. Spontaneous heat transfer
5. Measure the temperature until the two containers will have equal temperature.
Get the temperature reading.

Table 2. Temperature Reading

Final Temperature/
Container Initial Temperature (OC)
Equal Temp. (OC)
1. Can with hot water 70 40
2. Styrofoam (cold water) 25 40

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Guide Questions:

Based on the table given above for the temperature reading answer the
following questions:

1. Compare the initial and final temperature reading.

2. What is happening at the particle level when energy is being transferred
between two objects?
3. Why is thermal equilibrium always established when two objects transfer heat?
4. What does the change in temperature indicate?

What is It

Heat is transferred from an object with high temperature to an object where

temperature is lower. The process is said to be a spontaneous until the temperature of
the two objects is in equilibrium or equal. To find out how much work is done to
transfer heat energy, how much heat is dissipated out of the system, and how much
energy is needed to increase the internal energy of the system we use the equation:
Internal energy equals heat minus work (∆U = Q – W).
Now that we know that internal energy can increase due to heat transfer, let us
now study the equations and sample problem below.
The first law of thermodynamics stated that energy is not created nor destroyed.
This is based on change in internal energy(∆U) is equal to the energy transferred as
heat (Q) minus the work done on or by the system. It can be expressed as
∆U = Q-W All of these quantities are measured in Joules/J
Where U = internal energy
Q = heat
W = work
Q is positive when the system gains heat and negative when it loses heat. W is positive
when work is done by the system and negative when work is done on the system.
In this equation, we have the following conventions: Formula: ∆U = Q – W
1. Q is positive if the heat added to the system
2. W is positive if work is done by the system
3. Q is negative if heat leaves the system
4. W is negative if work is done on the system
Sample Problem: 120 J of work is done on the system. The internal energy increases
by 80 J. How much energy is transferred as heat?
Solution: Q = ∆U + W
Given: Q = unknown;
Q = 80 J + (-120 J)
∆U = 80 J; W = -120J
Q = - 40 J

The Second Law of Thermodynamics can be stated as heat will never by itself flow
from a system of lower temperature to a system of higher temperature. The second law

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is not restricted to heat engines. It distinguishes the direction of energy
transformations in natural processes. For example, molecules of gas all moving in
harmony constitute an orderly energy state. But if you remove the cover of the bottle
containing some gas, the gas molecules escape into the room and make up a more
disorderly state. You would not expect the reverse to happen meaning, you would not
expect the gas molecules to return into the bottle and back to their orderly state.

Activity 1.2
Try solving this: Analyze each problem, identify the given, formula to use and provide
the solution.
1. A sample of gas does 130 J of work against its surroundings and loses 70 J of
internal energy in the process. Does the gas gain or lose heat, and how much?

2. A 140 J of work is done on a system, in which the internal energy is increased

by 85 J. How much energy is transferred as heat?

1. First law of thermodynamics stated that energy is not created nor destroyed
into something else. This is based on the process that the change or to increase
the internal energy is equal to the amount of heat flowing the system minus the
net work done by the system.
2. Internal energy is the sum of the mechanical potential and kinetic energies of
the particles in the system.
3. Adiabatic process- when the heat transfer of the system is equal to zero or no
heat transfer at all since energy is used exclusively for work .

What’s More

A heat pump is an instrument used to reverse the natural flow of heat or

spontaneous process of heat transfer into a non-spontaneous process by
absorbing heat from a cold space and releasing it to a warmer one. This process
requires mechanical energy input to take place. This supports the Second Law of
Thermodynamics which states that heat will never flow from a cold temperature to a
hot temperature object. Heat transfer in a refrigerator and air condition unit shows a
spontaneous process that required a mechanical external energy. Since heat flows
from lower temperature to higher temperature. That is why a heat pump is needed.
Just like a refrigerator and air condition unit.

Activity 1.3
Objective:

 Explain how heat pumps work as exemplified by an air-condition unit and a

refrigerator.

Materials:
Diagram of refrigerator

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 l
Figure 3. Refrigeration cooling cycle process

NOTE: Use the link to answer the guide questions below.

1. https://www.achrnews.com/articles/143790-a-simple-guide-to-the-refrigeration-
cycle-and-how-air-conditioners-work
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uv3GfEQhtPE

Procedure:
Study the diagram above and its part. Answer the following questions.
Guide Questions:
Q 1. Explain how a refrigerator work.
Q 2. How does an evaporator work?
Q 3. What happen to the vapor in the compressor?
Q 4. What is the function of the condenser?

What I Have Learned

Direction: Read the paragraph carefully and supply the missing word(s) needed to
complete it. Get your answers in the box provided.

(1) __________ energy equals heat minus work. (2) __________ when the
heat transfer of the system is equal to zero or no heat transfer at all since
energy is used exclusively for work. (3) ___________ stated that energy is not
created nor destroyed into something else. Internal energy is the sum of the
(4 ) ___________ (5) ___________ (6)____________ energies of the particles in the
system. (7) ___________ an instrument used to reverse the natural flow of heat.
The flow of heat from higher to lower temperature objects is (8) ____________.
Flows of heat from lower to higher temperature is (9) _______________. The
amount of work output for a given amount of heat gives a system its (10) ____

Internal First law of thermodynamics mechanical potential kinetic

Adiabatic process heat pump spontaneous process thermal efficiency
nonspontaneous process 8
 What I Can Do

Direction: Analyze the pictures below tell whether if it is 1 st Law of thermodynamics

or 2nd Law of Thermodynamics. Write your answer below the pictures.

(c) (d)

(e) (f)

https://www.google.com/search?
q=pictures+examples+and+application+of+3rd+and+second+law+of+thermodynamics&
rlz=1C1CHZN_enPH930PH930&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=XA3B5Jj4o8in2M
%252C8X-zspt7l4hPPM%252C_&vet=1&usg=AI4_-kT1xz6rFjjuL2P1-
GNXBKDnne5fGQ&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjahfj9sLTyAhVNFIgKHSEIBwEQ9QF6BAgKEA
E#imgrc=XxTZ6FMkAq3WdM

https://www.google.com/search?
q=pictures+examples+and+application+of+1st+law+of+thermodynamics&tbm=isch&ve
d=2ahUKEwjI5PGAsbTyAhUKTpQKHSyODCYQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=pictures+examples+and+application+of+1st+law+of+thermodynamics
&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQA1CQ7ydYp5IoYMGkKGgAcAB4AIABggGIAZQMkgEEMTUuM5gBA
KABAaoBC2d3cy13aXotaW1nwAEB&sclient=img&ei=Tr4ZYciFK4qc0QSsnLKwAg&rlz=
1C1CHZN_enPH930PH930

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 Additional Activities
Direction: Complete the table below by writing 2 applications for the 1st law and 2nd
Law of Thermodynamics.
1st Law of Thermodynamics 2nd Law of Thermodynamics

Assessment

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter that corresponds to the best answer.
of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Initially, the internal energy of the system is at 46 J. It does work of 45 J. What
is the final internal energy of the system if it is added with 57 J of energy by
heat into the system?
a. 37 J
b. 45 J
c. 46 J
d. 47 J

2. Work done by a gas is at 300 J on its environment. It is added with 800 J of

heat. What is the internal energy change of the gas?
a. 300 J
b. 400 J
c. 500 J
d. 800 J

3. When the heat transfer is equal to zero and energy has been used exclusively
for work the process is said to be
a. adiabatic
b. Isothermal
c. Isovolumetric
d. Isolated system

4. Mr. Anton a sculpture, is sculpting a human figure from a piece of wood. After a
while, he observed that its becoming hot. Is there an evidence of heat transfer?
a. There is none.
b. No, hotness is not related to temperature change.
c. Yes, hotness is an indicative of temperature change.
d. Yes, hotness means there is a decrease in temperature

5. How does the deep well water move in an upward direction?

a. It is naturally occurring.
b. It is driven by a heat pump.
c. It is a spontaneous process.
d. It flows from warmer to cooler temperature

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