SCIENCE

FIRST QUARTER
8
Module 6

Heat and Temperature

Most Essential Learning Competency: Differentiate

between heat and temperature at the molecular level.

(S8FE -Ig – 29)

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 To the Learners

This module is all about basic concepts of heat and temperature appropriate for
the Grade 8 learners. As early as now, you need to realize that heat energy is the
reason why some things are moving, changing, and functioning.
This learning tool presented terminologies that are simple so it can be easily
understood, and definitions are consciously provided for ease of understanding. You are
expected to use this module in such a way that:
Your inferences will be drawn by doing different activities.
Your appreciation will be shown about heat and temperature by applying your
gained knowledge in everyday life.
You are to follow the step-by-step procedure in each activity and problem set to
come up with the correct answer.

Expectations
Hello, our dear students! As you work on this module, you are expected to:
a. define heat;
b. define temperature;
c. differentiate between heat and temperature at the molecular level;
d. explain the effects of heat on a body;
e. relate heat to mass and temperature through the concept of specific heat
capacity; and
f. calculate the heat absorbed or released to raise or decrease the temperature of a
substance.

Pretest
Directions: Read the questions carefully. Write the letter of the correct answer on your
answer sheet.
1. What is temperature?
a. It is the substance’s kinetic energy
b. It is the substance’s potential energy.
c. It is the substance’s thermal energy.
d. All of the above
2. What is heat?
a. It is the temperature.
b. It is the internal energy.
c. It is the radiant energy.
d. It is the internal energy that flows from hot to cold.
3. Which of the following will happen to the molecules of the cup when you pour hot

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water on it?
a. It will contract. c. It will remain the same.
b. It will expand. d. It will increase its number.
4 Mrs. Marquez likes to collect pebbles. While in Boracay, one of the most beautiful
beaches here in the Philippines. She picked up a pebble and hold it in her hand. If the
pebble is 10 degrees Celsius and Mrs. Marquez is 35 degrees Celsius, which of the
following best describes the transfer of energy?
a. Thermal energy will flow from the air to Mrs. Marquez.
b. Thermal energy will flow into the air and to the pebble.
c. Thermal energy will flow from Mrs. Marquez to the pebble.
d. Thermal energy will flow from pebble to Mrs. Marquez.
5. How much energy is required to heat 5g of water from 10 0C to 60 0C? The specific
heat capacity of water is 4.184 J.
a. 10.46 J b. 79.18 J c. 1,046 J d. 7,918 J

Looking Back

The understanding of this lesson requires knowledge and skills in demonstrating

concepts related to light energy. It is assumed that students can determine the
hierarchy of colors and their relationship to the energy of visible light, associate it with
wavelength, frequency and velocity of colors to the energy that it carries.

Let’s try this.

Arrange the visible light colors in increasing wavelength. Write your answer on
your answer sheet.

Photo retrieved from https://www.chem.fsu.edu/chemlab/chm1045/estructure.html

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 Brief Introduction
Heat is a type of energy that we are all familiar with. To keep our bodies warm,
we rely on the heat generated by the chemical reaction of food during digestion. Heat is
required to move air and form weather patterns in the Earth's atmosphere. These are
just two examples of how much heat affects our life.
Energy is transferred between substances as heat. From a macroscopic point of
view, the energy transferred as heat tends to move from an object at a higher
temperature to an object at a lower temperature. Energy will flow freely from an item at
a higher temperature to one at a lower temperature, much as a pencil will drop from
your desk to the floor but not bounce from the floor to your desk (Serway &
Faughn,2012). The word heat refers to the process by which energy is transferred
between objects because of a difference in their temperatures.
Matter (solid, liquid, and gas) is made up of continuously moving atoms or
molecules. Due to this random motion, the atoms and molecules in a matter have
kinetic energy. The average kinetic energy of the individual particles produces an effect
we can sense—warmth (Hewitt,2014).
Temperature is dependent on the average kinetic energy. When you touch a hot
object, you feel a sensation of pain. What causes it? It’s because the pain is related to
the speed of the particles in the hot object. It is observed that particles in a hot object
move faster than those in a cold object. This leads to the definition of temperature which
is proportional to the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance. In short, heat is
energy and temperature are a measurement of that energy.
A thermometer is a device that uses the expansion and contraction of a liquid,
usually mercury or colored alcohol, in a glass tube with a scale to measure temperature.
Celsius, also referred to as centigrade is the unit of measurement for temperature.
Different substances have different capacities of storing internal energy. It is
referred to as heat capacity. If we heat a pot of water on a stove, it might take 15
minutes to raise from room temperature to its boiling temperature, However, if we put
the same amount of oil it may take us a shorter time to boil it. It is because oil has less
specific heat capacity compared to water therefore it raises its temperature faster than
the water. On the other hand, the specific heat capacity is the amount of heat required
to raise the temperature by one degree and different substances have different heat
capacities. Like for water, it is a constant value of 4.184J.
Water has a relatively high specific heat to get water to increase its temperature,
the molecules must be able to move faster and to accomplish this hydrogen bonding
between them must be broken first. Heat absorbed by water must break the forces
between these molecules before the water temperature can increase.

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 Heat sensors are used in digital thermometers to determine body temperature.
They can be used to measure the temperature of the mouth, rectum, or armpit. Keep in
mind that armpit (axillary) temperature is typically 12 to 1°F (0.6°C) colder than mouth
temperature when evaluating digital thermometer readings. Oral thermometers are 12 to
1°F (0.6°C) warmer than rectal thermometers
Metals have low specific heat capacity. Metals are dense, with lots of particles
packed into a small volume. This enables them to absorb and conduct (transfer) heat
throughout their structure (atom to atom) readily (McGraw-Hill, 2006). They cannot store
heat well but conduct it (transfer it) very well

Activity 1: SPOT THE DIFFERENCE

Caution: Be careful in handling hot water.

Objective:
Differentiate between heat and temperature at the molecular level.
Materials:
spoon hot water cup
Procedure:
1. Fill the cup with hot water.
2. Feel the temperature of the spoon.
3. Put the spoon in the cup with hot water.
4. After 5 minutes remove the spoon from the cup and feel it again.
Guide Questions:
Direction: Answer the following questions based on your activity. Write your answer on
your answer sheet.
1. How do you feel when you touch the spoon before putting it in the cup filled with hot
water?
2. How do you feel when you touch the spoon after putting it in the cup filled with hot
water?
3. What is heat?
4. What is temperature?
5. Describe how the heat flow in the setup? You can illustrate it by using arrows to show
the flow of energy.

Illustrated by Aira A. Estur

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6.When do you think the heat will stop transferring in the setup?

Activity 2: STUCK ON YOU

Caution: Be careful in handling hot water.

Objective:
Explain the effects of heat on a body
Materials:
2 identical glasses hot water
cracked or tube ice tap water (from faucet)
1 tbsp. salt basin
Procedure:
Procedure:
Set Up A
1.Put one glass over the other until it gets stuck together refer to Figure 1. Try to
separate the glasses.
Set Up B
2.Fill the glass on top with ice, tap water and tbsp. of salt.
3. Then fill the basin with hot water and submerge the bottom glass for about 5 minutes,
then try to separate the glasses again
Guide Questions:
Direction: Answer the following questions based on your activity. Write it on your answer
sheet.
1. As you do procedure 1, were you able to separate the glasses easily?
2. After putting ice on top of the glass and submerging the glass at the bottom in hot
water, were you able to easily separate the glasses? What do you think to happen on
the molecules of these glasses?
3.Draw the molecular arrangement of glasses before and after the experiment in the
table below?
Before After
Glass on top

Glass at the
bottom

When objects absorb heat the molecules have the tendency to expand while the
molecules contracts when are cooled or release heat or cool down.

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 Activity 3: Sunbathing
Objective:
Explain how heat energy is related to change in temperature of a substance with
respect to its mass.
Materials:
water cup basin
An area within the vicinity of the house which receives direct heat from the sun
Procedure:
Note: The activity must be done at noontime
1. Prepare a cup and a basin filled with water.
2. Place the cup and basin filled with water outside where it may receive direct heat
from the sun and check the water level of each the set up every hour for 4 hours.

Illustrated by Aira A. Estur

3.Make sure that the water in both containers will not bethrown away by any external
force.
Observe what will happen after 4 hours. Write all your observations in the table below.
AMOUNT OF WATER CONTAINED HEAT
(LESS OR MORE) (LESS OR MORE)

CUP OF WATER
BASIN OF WATER

Guide Questions:
Directions: Answer the following questions based on your activity. Write it on your
answer sheet.
1. Which of the two will likely have more evaporation once exposed with the source of
heat, a glass of water or a cup of water?
2.What could have caused a decrease in the amount of water?
3.What is the effect of heat on the mass/amount of the object?
4.How is the mass of an object relevant to the amount of heat it can absorb?
The activity mainly describes the difference between the capacity of objects to absorb
heat with respect to its mass. The basin of water tends to absorb more heat than the
cup of water due the difference in the amount of water. The higher the mass of an
object, the higher the amount of heat it can absorb on the other hand, the lower the

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mass of an object, the lower the amount of heat it can absorb. Therefore, the quantity
of heat to raise the temperature of an object or substance to 10C is known as heat
capacity. It has a formula: Q= m*Ct1-t2. Specific heat capacity is comparable to certain
heat capacity, except it is specified for a specific amount of mass. It’s the amount of
heat needed to heat 1 gram of a substance to 1oC. It describes the amount of heat a
substance can absorb to raise its temperature. The symbol for specific heat is C. It has
a unit of Joule/goC or calories/goC. Specific heat capacity of every substance is
unique which can be found in various reference books. To determine the specific heat
of an unknown substance, this formula is used: C =q/m(tf-ti)
Sample Problem:
Calculate the energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water from 00C to
100C. The water has 4.184 J / g 0C specific heat capacity.
(Follow the following step in solving the word problem)

Step 1. Find the Step 2. Write the Step 3: Substitute the formula with Step 4. Write
given. equation. the given and appropriate units and your final
perform the operation answer.
needed.
Given: Equation: Solution: Answer:
m=1g Q = m*C*tf-ti Q = (1 g) (4.184 J / g 0C) (10 0C) Q = 41.84 J
C= 4.184 J / g 0C tf=
10 0C
ti= 0 0C Note: In some cases, as in
the sample problem, formulas
Q = unknown are altered to generate the
needed equation to solve for
the relevant variable

Practice Problems:
Direction: Solve the following word problems and write your answer on your answer
sheet.
1.How much heat must be absorbed by 375g of water to raise its temperature at 250C?
Given: Formula: Solution: Answer:
Q = m*C*tf-ti

2. What mass of water can be heated from 250C to 500C by addition of 2825 J of heat?
Given: Formula: Solution: Answer:
m = __Q__
C * tf-ti

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 Remember

• Heat is a form of energy that is transferred from objects with higher

temperatures to objects with lower temperatures.
• Temperature is the measure of the average kinetic energy per molecule in a
substance. It can be measured in degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit or Kelvin (K).
• Energy transfer changes the temperature of a substance.
• The molecules of substances expand when temperature increases and
contracts when temperature decreases.
• Specific heat capacity is a measure of the amount of energy needed to change
a substance’s temperature.

Check your Understanding

MULTIPLE CHOICE: Read each item carefully and write your answer on your answer
sheet.
1. What form of energy is transferred from a higher temperature object to a lower
temperature object?
a. heat b. internal energy c. kinetic energy d. thermal energy
2. Which best describes temperature?
a. It is equal to an object’s specific heat capacity.
b. It is proportional to the total energy in an object.
c. It is equal to the heat difference between the two objects.
d. It is proportional to the average kinetic energy of particles in an object.
3. What must be true about two given objects for energy to be transferred between
them?
a. The objects must be hot.
b. The objects must be large.
c. The objects must have different temperature.
d. The objects must have a large amount of energy.
4 What will happen to the temperature of a substance if its kinetic energy decreases?
a. decreases. b. increases. c. stays the same d. all the above.
5. When the temperature of a strip of iron is increased, what will happen to its length?
a. also increases. b. decreases.
c. may increase and may decrease. d. decreases in width as it gets longer

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6. Hot sand cools off faster at night than the vegetation. What can be inferred about
the specific heat capacity of vegetation and sand?
a. The specific heat capacity of vegetation is lower than the sand.
b. The specific heat capacity of vegetation is higher than the sand.
c. The sand and the vegetation have about the same specific heat capacity
d. The specific heat capacity of the sand and vegetation cannot be determined.

I. PROBLEM SOLVING: Solve the problems below using the step-by-step procedure
that was previously taught in this module. (4 points)
7-10. Calculate the energy required to increase the temperature of 20g of water from
200C to 100 0C.

Given: Formula: Solution: Answer:

Posttest
Directions: Read the questions carefully. Write the letter of the correct answer on your
answer sheet.
1. Ice cubes are placed in a glass of tap water. How will heat flow between the ice
cubes and the water?
a. from the ice cube to the water b. from the water to the ice cubes
c. there will be no flow of energy d. there will be random movement
2. When we measure the temperature of a substance, what we are exactly measuring?
a. The object’s kinetic energy. b. The object’s thermal energy.
c. The object’s potential energy. d. All of the above
3. When you pour cold water in a glass, what is most likely to happen in the molecules
of the glass?
a. It will expand c. It will remain the same.
b. It will contract d. It will increase its number.
4. How much energy is required to heat 10g of water from 15 0C to 65 0C? The specific
heat capacity of water is 4.184 J.
a. 9.0J b. 20.95 J c. 90 J d. 2,092 J
5 What is the measure of energy flow due to temperature difference between objects?
a. energy b. heat c. temperature d. all of these

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 Reflection

1. You might have observed as you walk on the road that there are lines on it. These are
called expansion joints. What is the importance of these expansion joints in concrete or
steel roads?

2. It is common to see cooking utensils made of metal and wood and comparing the
price of the utensils, metal utensils are much cheaper compared to wooden utensils.
Why do you think so?

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 SCIENCE _8__-ANSWER SHEET
Quarter _1__: Week __6__

Name: _____________ ________________ Grade & Section: __________ Teacher: _________________

Learning Competency: _Differentiate between heat and temperature at the molecular level. (S8FE -Ig – 29)

Pretest
__________________________________________________
1. _______ 2. _________ 3. ____________ 4. __________ 5. _________

Looking Back
1.

ACTIVITY 1: SPOT THE DIFFERENCE

Answers for Guide Questions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

6.

ACTIVITY 2: STUCK ON YOU

Answers for Guide Questions
1.
2.
3.
Before After
Glass on top

Glass at the
bottom

ACTIVITY 3: SUNBATHING
PROCEDURE #4
AMOUNT OF WATER CONTAINED HEAT
CUP OF WATER
BASIN OF WATER

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 Answer for Guide Questions
1.
2.
3.
4.

PRACTICE PROBLEMS #1
Given: Formula: Solution: Answer:
Q = m*C*tf-ti

PRACTICE PROBLEMS #2
Given: Formula: Solution: Answer:
m = __Q__
C * tf-ti

Check Your Understanding

MULTIPLE CHOICE:
1. __________ 2. ________ 3. _________ 4. ________ 5. ________ 6. _________

PROBLEM SOLVING #7-10

Given: Formula: Solution: Answer:

Posttest
1. __________ 2. _________ 3. __________ 4. __________ 5. __________

Reflection:
1.

2.

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