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Aspects of Industrial Flow Prediction Using LES in
STAR-CCM+

A D Gosman
CD-adapco

Japan STAR Conference 2012, Yokohama

INTRODUCTION
1.MotivationforandnatureofLES
2.LESandhybridvariants(inSTAR-CCM+)
3.Qualityassessmentcriteria
4.Bestpractices
5.Validation
6.Industrialapplications

LES AND ITS ADVANTAGES

turbulentflowsunsteadyandhave
widerangetime&lengthscales

RANSmodelseffectsofallscales,and
enablescalculationofmeanmotionat
lowcost,butwithlossofaccuracy

DNScancaptureallscales,butis
veryexpensive

LESmodelsonlysmallscales(<
c
),at
moderatecostandgreateraccuracy.
RANS
LES
ACTUAL
LES/DES DEVELOPMENT IN STAR-CCM+
COLLABORATIONSWITHLEADINGRESEARCHERS

1.UniversityofManchester:ProfDLaurence
2.PennStateUniversity:ProfDHaworth
3.CornellUniversity:Prof.SPope
4.IowaStateU.:ProfPDurbin
5.TUDarmstadt:Prof.Janicka
6.UniversityModena:Prof.SFontanesi

PARTICIPATIONINEUPROJECTS(ATAAC,WALLTURB,ADVANTAGE)

JOINTPROJECTSWITHINDUSTRIALPARTNERS

BASIC EQUATIONS
Navier-StokesEquations
FilteredEquations
Eddyviscositymodellingforsubgridstresses,
LESEquations
SUBGRID MODEL OPTIONS IN STAR-CCM+ - I
1. SMAGORINSKY
Eddyviscosity
,strainratetensor
lengthscale
empiricalcoefficientrecommendedvaluesare:
0.1,forchannelflows(defaultsettinginSTAR-CCM+)
0.18,forfreeshearflows
modelrequiresmodificationforwall-boundedflows

S
ij

1
2
u
i
x
j
+
u
j
x
i










C
s
0.07 0.18;
SUBGRID MODEL OPTIONS IN STAR-CCM+: - II
2.WALE
S
w
givescorrectasymptoticbehaviourofeddyviscositynearwall,i.e

Howevermodificationsmaystillberequiredtopredictnear-wallflow.

Lengthscale
SUBGRID MODEL OPTIONS IN STAR-CCM+: III
3. DYNAMICSMAGORINSKY(cominginV8.02)
applysecondfilter
c2
>
c
:typically
c2
=2
c

assumesmallresolvedscalesandsubgridscalesself-similar
assumeassociatedstresstensorscanberepresentedbysame
Smagorinskyexpression,i.e.:
Requiresevaluationonlargerstencil,difficultonunstructuredmeshes
C
s
non-smooth,averagingandlimitingnecessary
Requiresnomodificationsforwall-boundedflows.
ThusC
s
locallyevaluatedfrom:

subgrid:
resolved:
C
s
=
NEAR-WALL MODELLING: I- REQUIREMENT
Specialrequirementsforwall-boundedflowsbecause:
-boundarylayerscontainsmall-scalevortex
structures
-properresolutionrequiresDNS-type
grids,refinementinalldirections;sovery
expensive.
-alsorequirescorrectnear-wallbehaviourofsubgrid
model:
NEAR-WALL MODELLING II NATURE
Modellingpracticesusedfornear-wallregion,firstnodeinlog-lawlayer

ensuresubgridviscositymodelgives
-somemodelsalreadyhavethisproperty

ensurelengthscaleboundedbyyinlog-lawregion
-afewmodelsalreadyhavethisproperty

obtainwallshearstressandturbulentviscosityatfirstmeshpointfrom
log-lawbasedwallfunctions

producewall-normalmeshdistributionasforRANS,ideallywithaspect
ratiolimitsasforLES

Additionalrequirementsforfirstnodeinbufferlayerorlaminarsublayer
(notadvisedadditionalmeshingandmodellingrequirements)

NEAR-WALL MODELLING III

IMPLEMENTATIONS
1.SMAGORINGSKY
introducenear-walllengthscalelimiteranddampingfactor
y=wall-normaldistance
evaluatewallshearstress
w
anddynamicviscosity
t
fromReichartlaw
2.WALE
nomodificationsrequired,providedfirstnodeinlog-layer
3. DYNAMICSMAGORINSKY
evaluatewallshearstress
w
anddynamicviscosity
t
fromReichartlaw

length-scalelimiter
HYBRID DES MODELLING I INTRODUCTION
Hybridnon-zonalmodel:
-tendstoLESinresolvedflow
-tendstoURANSinunresolved
Automaticselectionoflengthscale
accordingtogrid:turbulencelengthscale
ratio
PreferabletolimitURANStonear-wall
region
Severalvariants:
-DES,DDES,IDDES
TwoURANSvariants:
k-SST
Spalart-Almaras

HYBRID DES MODELLING II EXAMPLE
SPALART-ALMARASDESMODEL
one-equationmodel:bothhigh-Reandlow-Reversions
tendstoSmagorinsky-typeLESmodelwhenC
DES
/d<1
d=wallnormaldistance,1athighRe

t
f
1
dissipationratedependsoncontrollingturbulentlengthscale


d
GENERAL NUMERICAL ASPECTS
Secondorderimplicittimedifferencing
BothCDandBoundedCD
Non-reflectingboundaryconditions
SyntheticturbulenceforinflowBC

STAR-CCM+solverhasspecificfeaturesforLES/DESsimulations
secondorderimplicittimedifferencing
blendedcenteredspatialdifferencing(BCD-alternativetoCDforlow-quality
meshes)forLESmomentum
blendedsecondorder/BCDdifferencingforDES
non-reflectingboundaryconditions
syntheticturbulenceinflowcondition
layeredprismaticnear-wallmesh
QUALITY ASSESSMENT CRITERIA FOR LES
1. A-prioriratiointegralscale/meshsize=l
int
/

l
int
C

0.75
k
3/ 2
/ useRANSestimate
wantratio<0.5
accuracydependsonRANSsolution
2. Fractionresolvedkineticenergyk
res
/k
tot

wantratio>0.8

k
res

1
2
u'
1
2
u'
2
2
u'
3
2

; u
i
'
u
i
u
i
; k
tot
k
res
k
sgs
3. RatioLESpredictedturbulencescale/meshsize
obtainlengthscalefromenergyspectrum

4. Ratioturbulent:laminarviscosity
ideallyclosetounity,minimizesmodellingerrorcontribution

5.Other,e.g.IndexofResolutionQuality
LES BEST PRACTICES
1. GenerateRANSsolutionfirstanduse:
-integrallengthscaledistributionasguidetoconstructLESmesh.
-asinitialconditionsforLES
-foraeroacoustics,canalsoestimatefrequencyresolutiondistribution
2. Discretisationpractices:
-2
nd
ordertime,
-CDorBCDmomentum
-secondorderscalars
3.Ensureproperboundaryconditions,particularlyat
-inflow:realisticturbulentsimulationusingSEM
-freeboundariesandoutflow:non-reflecting
4. SettimesteptomaintainCourantnumberCo=udt/dx0.1-0.5
5. Runsimulationforsufficienttimeto:
-eliminateinitialconditioneffects,
-getstatisticallyrepresentativeresults(e.g.truetime/ensembleaverage)
Additionalmorestringentrequirementsforaeroacoustics
VALIDATION: I HOMOGENEOUS TURBULENCE
DECAY
ComparisonwithDNSpredictionsofWray
Wray,A.1998Decayingisotropicturbulence.InAGARDAdvisoryRep.345
VALIDATION: II BACKWARDS-FACING STEP
Comparisonwithmeasurements
ofKasagiandMatsunaga
Kasagi,N.,andMatsunaga,A.,"Three-DimensionalParticle-TrackingVelocimetryMeasurementofTurbulence
StatisticsandEnergyBudgetinaBackward-FacingStepFlow,"Int.J.Heat&FluidFlow,Vol.16,No.6,(1995).
VALIDATION: III - T JUNCTION
S.T. Jayaraju, E.M.J. Komen: Nuclear Research and Consultancy Group (NRG), Petten, The Netherlands
LESofmixingofstreamsofdifferent
temperatureatTjunction
Comparisonwithvelocityandtemperature
measurements
T JUNCTION (contd)
Mean, RMS velocities
at 2.6D
Mean, RMS velocities at 1.6D
Wall temperatures
INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION: RANGE
Aerospace
wingtransition,highliftdevices
landinggearaeroacoustics
jetnoise
Automobile/truck
fullvehicleaerodynamics
aeroacousticsmirror/window,sunroof
HVACfan,ducts,nozzles
turbocharger
Combustion
gasturbine
reciprocatingengine
firesbuilding,tunnel,pool
Nuclear
steamline/SRVs,T-junctions
rods,spacers,turbulators,vibration
Other
windturbine,smoke/hazardrelease

AIRFOIL TURBULENT TRANSITION AND

AEROACOUSTICS
Wall-resolvedLESofflowover
airfoilat6
o
angleofattack
Comparisonwithsurfacepressureand
noisemeasurements
Relevanttowings,fans,turbines.
Surfacepressure
SPLspectrum
AEROACOUSTICS: AIRCRAFT LANDING GEAR
DESofaircraftforwardlandinggear
Comparisonwithfluctuatingsurface
pressuremeasurements
SPL
VEHICLE EXTERNAL AERODYNAMICS: DES
SIMULATIONS OF TRUCK AND SUV
Effectofyawangleondragcoefficientof
truck
Effectofunderbodymodifications
ondragcoefficientofSUV

VEHICLE AEROACOUSTICS AUTOMOBILE

WING MIRROR
STAR
Meas
DESofwingmirrorflow
Comparisonwithfluctuating
pressureatdownstreampoints
Deviationfrommeasurementatestimatedcut-offfrequency
COMBUSTION: SANDIA FLAME D VALIDATION
LESofSandiaDturbulentdiffusionflame
Smagorinsky,PPDFcombustionmodel
4.1Mcellmesh
SANDIA FLAME D (CONTD)
Meanaxialvelocity
RMSaxialvelocity

Meanmixturefraction RMSmixturefraction

SUMMARY
1. STAR-CCM+hasanextensivecapabilityforperformingLESandDES

2. Themethodologyhasbeenvalidatedforarangeofindustrially-relevant
cases

3. Numerousindustrialapplicationshavebeenmadeindiverseareas
includingaerodynamics,thermalanalysis,aeroacousticsandcombustion.

4. Themethodologyisbeingimprovedandextended,withthehelpof
collaborationswithleadingresearchinstitutes.