RSTPro

Water saturation,
lithology, and porosity
through casing
Applications
I Evaluate and monitor reservoir
saturation at any salinity
I Locate bypassed hydrocarbons,
depleted reservoirs, and
gas zones
I Evaluate formations behind
casing
I Determine production fluid pro-
files in horizontal, deviated, and
vertical wells
I Detect water entry and flow
behind casing
I Determine gravel-pack quality
Benefits
I Reduced costs and downtime,
with no need to pull tubing or
kill the well
I Ability to log flowing wells,
avoiding reinvasion
I Accuracy of reserve estimates
comparable to that from core
analysis
I Option of performing full forma-
tion evaluation after completion
I Reliable production logging
answers regardless of borehole
flow regime
I Increased wellsite efficiency
through fully combinable
hardware
I Time savings of one-trip
measurement availability
Designed for reservoir complexity
Within the last decade, nearly every aspect
of reservoir management has grown in
complexity. What once was the exception
is now routine: multiple-tubing and gravel-
pack completions, secondary and tertiary
recovery, highly deviated wellbores, and
three-phase production environments.
The RSTPro* Reservoir Saturation Tool
helps you manage complexity by deliver-
ing reliable, accurate answers in today’s
challenging production environment. Run
on the PS Platform string, with its suite of
cased hole reservoir evaluation and produc-
tion logging services, the RSTPro tool uses
pulsed neutron techniques to determine
reservoir saturation, lithology, porosity, and
borehole fluid profiles. This information is
used to identify bypassed hydrocarbons,
evaluate and monitor reserves in mixed-
salinity and gas environments, perform
formation evaluation behind casing, and
diagnose three-phase flow independently
of well deviation.
Pulsed neutron technology
An electronic generator in the RSTPro tool
emits high-energy (14-MeV) neutrons in
precisely controlled bursts. A neutron
interacts with surrounding nuclei, losing
Rigging up the RSTPro tool before running a survey.
energy until it is captured. In many of these
interactions, the nucleus emits one or more
gamma rays of characteristic energy, which
are detected in the tool by two high-efficiency
GSO scintillators. High-speed digital signal
electronics process and record both the
gamma ray energy and its time of arrival
relative to the start of the neutron burst.
Exclusive spectral analysis algorithms
transform the gamma ray energy and time
data into concentrations of elements
(relative elemental yields).
Hardware configurations
The RSTPro tool is available in two
configurations:
• The 111⁄16-in-diameter tool passes through
23⁄8-in tubing, eliminating the need to pull
tubing or kill the well.
• The 21⁄2-in-diameter tool runs through
tubing as small as 31⁄2 in for operations
in larger casing sizes below. Focused
shielding enhances far-detector sensitivity
to the formation and near-detector
sensitivity to the borehole.
The neutron generator, gamma ray
detectors, and associated electronics
are identical for the two tools. A flask
for the slim tool extends operation
above 300 degF and to 20,000 psi.

Features
I Neutron generator delivers high
output and precise burst control.
I Near and far detectors use
exclusive gadolinium oxy-
orthosilicate (GSO) scintillators
to acquire high-quality gamma
ray spectra.
I Full spectral analysis and cali-
bration methods reduce environ-
mental bias.
I Extensive laboratory and model-
ing characterization ensures
accuracy in a wide range of
environments.
I Dewar flask extends operation
above 300 degF [150 degC].
I Hardware combines fully with
the PS Platform* production
services platform and SCMT*
Slim Cement Mapping Tool.
 Gamma ray detectors
The exclusive RSTPro GSO
detectors are more efficient
than detectors that use
sodium iodide (NaI) crystals
to detect gamma rays, and
they produce a spectroscopy-
quality spectrum at much
higher count rates than
detectors that use bismuth
germanate (BGO). Unlike
BGO, which can degrade
substantially above 120 degF
[50 degC], GSO can withstand
temperatures to 300 degF
without the protection of
a flask.
Job planning and log quality control
RSTPro services form a powerful
framework for evaluating, monitoring,
and diagnosing reservoir performance.
To achieve maximum benefits, the
RSTPro job planner is used to develop
a detailed job design. Convenient displays
summarizing hardware performance and
measurement quality are defined for each
tool mode and monitored during the job.
The RSTPro quicklook application is
available at the wellsite to monitor
measurement quality and repeatability.
Formation sigma, porosity, and
borehole salinity
In sigma mode, the RSTPro tool measures
formation sigma, porosity, and borehole
salinity using an optimized Dual-Burst*
thermal decay time sequence.
The two principal applications of this
measurement are saturation evaluation,
which relies on measurement accuracy,
and time-lapse monitoring, where sensi-
tivity is determined by measurement
repeatability.
A new degree of accuracy in the forma-
tion sigma measurement is achieved by
combining high-fidelity environmental
Focused tool
Shielding in the 21⁄2-in-diameter
tool enhances far-detector sen-
sitivity to the formation and
near-detector sensitivity to the
borehole, enabling carbon/
oxygen ratio (C/O) logging in
flowing wells.
correction with an extensive laboratory
characterization database. The accuracy
of RSTPro formation sigma is 0.22 cu for
characterized environments and has been
verified in the Callisto and American
Petroleum Institute industry-standard
formations. Formation porosity and bore-
hole salinity are either computed in the
same pass or input by the user.
Exceptional measurement repeatability
makes the RSTPro tool more sensitive to
minute changes in reservoir saturation
during time-lapse monitoring. The gains
in repeatability and tool stability are the
result of higher neutron output and sensor
regulation loops. At the typical logging
speed of 900 ft/h [275 m/h] for time-lapse
monitoring, RSTPro repeatability is 0.21 cu.
Inelastic C/O ratio
The inelastic C/O ratio is derived from
the net inelastic spectrum acquired in the
tool’s inelastic/capture (IC) mode. The
primary application of inelastic C/O ratio
analysis is saturation evaluation and
monitoring in environments with fresh
water or unknown salinity.
Energy windows used in conventional
C/O analysis contain too little information
Flasked tool
A Dewar flask enables the
slim tool to operate at higher
temperatures and pressures.
to reliably resolve the C and O signals
from the overlapping lithology and
completion background. The RSTPro tool
uses elemental standards, which repre-
sent the tool’s spectral response to indi-
vidual elements, to decompose the net
inelastic spectrum into a sum of inelastic
yields. Full spectral analysis takes advan-
tage of the unique energy signature of
each standard and is a more accurate
method for determining a C/O ratio free
of environmental bias. New RSTPro
elemental standards extend C/O meas-
urement sensitivity in the presence of gas
and in formations with lower porosity.
A straightforward model partitions the
C and O yields into contributions from
pore fluids, formation rock, and borehole.
Endpoints defining minimum and maxi-
mum expected values of the near- and
far-detector C/O ratios are determined
through characterization measurements
in the laboratory. The model is inverted
to solve for the oil volume: the saturation
is multiplied by the porosity.
The spectral C/O advantage
In IC mode, RSTPro electronics bin the
gamma ray energy into a spectrum of
256 channels. Details of the spectrum
shape carry valuable information about
the tool and its environment. By analyzing
the full energy spectrum, the RSTPro
tool achieves a more accurate and robust
calculation of environmental effects, tem-
perature corrections, and tool calibration.
Spectral analysis takes advantage of the
unique energy signature of each elemental
standard to accurately decompose the
acquired gamma ray energy spectrum
into elemental yields.
• Environmental effects: Conventional
energy windows are insufficient to
reliably solve for C and O amid changing
lithology and completion contributions.
As shown on the figure to the right,
only a relatively small fraction of C
gamma rays is in the C energy window
(yellow). The spectral C contribution
is easier to resolve because it relies on
the shape of the C elemental standard
across the full energy spectrum.
• Temperature corrections: In all common
scintillators, energy resolution degrades
with temperature. RSTPro spectral
analysis corrects both the spectral-
and the windows-derived C/O ratios for
the effects of temperature degradation.
Obtaining the most accurate C/O answer—
faster than ever
The oil volume computed from a spectral
C/O ratio is more accurate, while the oil
volume computed from a windows C/O
ratio has better statistical precision. In
practical terms, better accuracy means
being closer to the correct answer. Better
precision translates into improved
Elemental yields from spectral analysis.
Tool
background
Counts
The RSTPro electronics bin the gamma ray energy into a spectrum of 256 channels.
Carbon Oxygen
100,000
Tool
background
80,000 Iron
Calcium
Silicon
60,000 Oxygen
Carbon
Counts
40,000
20,000
0
0 50 100 150 200 250
Spectral channel
measurement repeatability and faster technique, with an accuracy of reserves
logging speeds. estimates comparable to that from
RSTPro alpha processing combines core analysis.
the spectral- and windows-derived oil
volumes to benefit from both methods, Reservoir saturation
resulting in a saturation answer that is Formation sigma and the inelastic C/O
both highly accurate and can be acquired ratio are the two measurements most
at faster speeds. Even further gains in frequently used in reservoir evaluation
logging speed are achieved in monitoring and saturation monitoring through casing.
projects with the patented recycled alpha Because oil and fresh water have nearly
the same neutron capture cross section
(sigma), formation water salinity must
be sufficiently high and of known value
to compute saturation from sigma. If the
formation water is fresh or the salinity is
unknown, saturation is derived from the
salinity-independent C/O ratio measure-
ment. Where both measurements can be
used, sigma is preferred primarily
because it can be measured at faster
Oxygen logging speeds. In some cases, such
as a waterflood with a different connate
Silicon water salinity, sigma and C/O ratio meas-
urements can be combined to identify
injection water breakthrough.

Calcium Gas identification

Iron The weighted inelastic ratio (WINR) is
a shaly gas indicator formulated from
a combination of inelastic and capture
Carbon
data acquired in the tool’s sigma mode.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Changes in porosity and lithology cause
Energy, MeV changes in the capture count rate similar
to those that occur in gas. The inelastic
count rate at the far detector is sensitive
to gas but relatively insensitive to lithology
and liquid-filled porosity. WINR curve
movement from the shale baseline
indicates that formation gas is present.
Borehole gas shifts the overall baseline.
The WINR curve gives the production
engineer a fast method to evaluate small
or marginal shale-laminated gas zones
that may otherwise be overlooked.
Formation evaluation behind casing
In many complex lithologies and clays,
a better understanding of the matrix is
necessary to produce a credible fluid
analysis. RSTPro below- and behind-tubing
measurements of capture elemental yields
can be input to SpectroLith* lithology
processing of spectra from neutron-
induced gamma ray spectroscopy tools
to produce a quantitative, mineral-based
lithology interpretation derived from
single-tool elemental yields. A modified
geochemical oxides closure model trans-
forms the capture yields into elemental
concentrations. An exclusive core data-
base was used to develop the lithology
interpretation that converts concentrations
to fractions of clay, carbonate, and
framework quartz.
Production diagnosis
Complex flow regimes occur in the multi-
phase production of horizontal and highly
deviated wells. Slotted liners, uncemented
completions, and gravel packs partition
flow in ways that traditional production
logging sensors alone cannot address.
RSTPro pulsed neutron techniques supply
measurements of three-phase holdup and
water velocity to determine production
rates in wells where conventional meth-
ods do not work. The axially symmetric
111⁄16-in-diameter tool is ideal for these
applications. Centering the tool in the
borehole optimizes sensitivity in hetero-
geneous flow regimes such as segregated
or bubbly flow.
Three-phase holdup
The RSTPro TPHL* three-phase fluid
holdup log from pulsed neutron measure-
ments is a continuous measurement of
holdups for oil, water, and gas. The near-
and far-detector C/O ratios acquired in IC
mode are used to solve for the borehole
oil fraction, and the near- to far-detector
net inelastic count rate ratio (NICR)
determines the borehole gas fraction.
Because of its favorable borehole sensi-
tivity, TPHL logging has speeds signifi-
cantly faster than for the accompanying
centered-tool saturation answer.
Endpoints defining minimum and maximum expected values of the near- and far-detector C/O ratios are
characterized for the RSTPro tool in a wide range of completions, from conventional open hole and single
casing to multiple tubing, gravel pack, and blast joints.
C/O Ratio Crossplot Overlay Across Internal Gravel Pack
Endpoints: 33-pu sandstone, 12 1/4-in borehole, 9 5/8-in casing, 51/2-in internal gravel pack
0.7
0.6
0.5
Far-detector C/O ratio
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
–0.1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Near-detector C/O ratio
Water velocity phase within a deviated well with
segregated flow. An oil- or water-soluble
The RSTPro WFL* Water Flow Log meas-
ures water velocity by using the principle marker is released to the wellbore from
an ejector tool located below the RSTPro
of oxygen activation. Neutron bursts as
short as 0.067 s enable the RSTPro tool tool to mix with either the oil or water
phase. The marker contains an element
to measure water velocities from 3 to
500 ft/min. Additional gamma ray tools with a large neutron-capture cross section.
The neutron generator pulses and each
are used for higher velocities or for
simultaneous measurements of up and detector records a time-decay spectrum
down velocity. Exceptional control of the that provides a sigma measurement. The
pulse and detect sequence is repeated
neutron generator makes possible the
ultrashort bursts required to detect fast to give multiple sigma measurements
that are plotted against time. When the
velocities. Gamma ray energy discrimina-
tion and tool shielding reduce the back- oil or water that contains the marker is
flowing across the detector, the detector
ground from stationary activation,
improving sensitivity in low-signal envi- records a high borehole sigma. The
velocity of the oil or water phase is
ronments such as flow behind casing.
calculated from the distance between the
ejector and detector and the elapsed time
Water or oil velocity in deviated flow
between ejection and detection of the
The RSTPro PVL* Phase Velocity Log
sigma peak.
measures the velocity of the oil or water
The Schlumberger Environmental Effects Calibration Facility (EECF) in Houston, Texas, comprises the largest
collection of natural and artificial formations and borehole environments in the industry. For environments that
fall outside of this collection, customized response characterization campaigns can be designed to achieve
desired accuracy.
Neutron generator In IC mode, the RSTPro tool measures the burst-on spectrum (A) and the early (B) and late (C) burst-off
The RSTPro advanced neutron generator capture spectra. Relative inelastic yields for C, O, Si, Ca, and Fe are computed from the net inelastic spectrum
(A – kB). Relative capture yields for H, Cl, Si, Ca, S, Fe, Ti, and Gd are computed from the late capture spectrum
produces up to 3 × 10 8 neutrons per second. (C). Capture yields from rock elements such as Si, Ca, and Fe are input to SpectroLith interpretation for the
Increased output improves measurement determination of lithology volumes.
repeatability and enables faster logging
speeds. The neutron burst profile exhibits
exceptionally sharp rise and fall times.
The resulting “square” burst is the key
to thoroughly removing capture gamma γ
γ γ
ray contamination and its associated
salinity dependence from the inelastic n
gamma ray spectrum used to compute
the C/O ratio.
t
Tool calibration
A B C Energy
Tool-to-tool variability is minimized
through full spectral calibration, which 20 us 20 us 60 us
transforms acquired spectra to match the
response of the primary calibration tool.

Characterized for accuracy

For RSTPro measurements such as In sigma mode, the RSTPro tool runs an optimized Dual-Burst timing sequence and measures the time decay
formation sigma, porosity, and saturation of the population of capture gamma rays after each burst. The time decay of late capture (long burst) gamma
based on the C/O ratio, accurate parame- rays is dominated by the macroscopic sigma of the formation and is used to deduce water saturation if the
water salinity is known and sufficiently high. The time decay of early capture (short burst) gamma rays is pri-
terization of environmental effects marily sensitive to borehole salinity. The ratio of near-to-far detector capture count rates (TRAT) is used to
requires tool response characterization compute the thermal neutron formation porosity. The ratio of far-to-near detector burst-on count rates (IRAT)
in known wellbore environments. provides a gas indicator that is independent of thermal neutron absorbers.
The Schlumberger Environmental
Effects Calibration Facility in Houston,
Texas, comprises the largest collection
of natural and artificial formations and
borehole environments in the industry.
For environments that fall outside this
γ
collection, customized response charac- n
terization campaigns can be designed
to achieve the required accuracy. t
RSTPro environmental corrections t
for formation sigma and porosity are ~1,500 us
computed dynamically using a weighted
multiple linear regression technique.
Tool response is characterized in more
than 1,700 laboratory measurements,
including openhole and air-borehole
configurations. In WFL mode, neutron burst-on and -off times can be selected to optimize sensitivity to the expected velocity
Endpoints defining minimum and and flow rate. Burst-on times are adjustable from 0.067 s for very fast flow to 34.1 s for very slow flow. Burst-
off times can be set from 1.067 s to 135.5 s. During the burst-off period, the RSTPro tool measures the time dis-
maximum expected values of the near- tribution of the activation gamma rays. After the background due to activation of stationary elements in the
and far-detector C/O ratios are character- wellbore is removed, the remaining time distribution signal is analyzed for the presence of a peak. If it is
ized for the RSTPro tool in a wide range detected, its position is used to estimate the average water velocity. The area under the time distribution with
the background subtracted is proportional to the amount of water flowing by the tool and can be used for flow
of completions, from openhole and con- detection behind casing.
ventional single-casing configurations to
multiple tubing, gravel-pack, and blast
joint completions.

γ
n

t
t
~30 s to 100 s
POCKET
Specifications
111⁄16-in Slim Tool 2 1⁄2-in Focused Tool 2 1⁄8-in Flasked Tool
Pressure, psi [kPa] 15,000 [103,420] 15,000 [103,420] 20,000 [137.900]
Temperature, degF [degC] 300 [150] 300 [150] 6 h at 400 [200]†
Diameter, in [cm] 1.710 [4.34] 2.505 [6.36] 2.125 [5.40]
Min. restriction, in [cm] 1.813 [4.605] 2.625 [6.668] 2.250 [5.715]
Tool length, ft [m]‡ 23.1 [7.04] 22.2 [6.77] 33.7 [10.27]
Tool weight, lbm [kg] 100 [45] 208 [94] 243 [110]
†Higher temperatures are possible for shorter holding times. Consult the RSTPro job planner.
‡RSTPro tool components only, excluding common telemetry cartridge.

Arrangement of detectors, photomultiplier tubes, and neutron generators in RSTPro tools.

Electronics

Photomultiplier tube
GSO detector (far)

Electronics
Photomultiplier tube
GSO detector (near)

Shielding

Neutron generator

Far

Near

111/16 -in tool 21/2 -in tool

www.slb.com/oilfield
06-PR-001 July 2006
*Mark of Schlumberger
Copyright © 2006 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
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