HFC-245fa: AN OVERVIEW OF PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS

Cesare Soffientini, Honeywell Fluorine Products Italia, Lainate MI, Italy

Gary J. Zyhowski, Honeywell Secialty Che!icals "uffalo, #$, %S&
Mark '. Sat(, Honeywell Secialty Che!icals "uffalo, #$, %S&
INTRODUCTION
)elace!ents for chloroflurorcar*on +CFC, were de-eloed usin. HCFCs +hydro/chloro/
fluoro/car*ons, and HFCs +hydro/fluoro/car*ons,. In addition to use of ure fluids such as the
HFC 0,0,0,1/tetrafluoroethane +)023a,, nu!erous *lends and a(eotroes *ased on HFCs and
HCFCs were de-eloed. 4oday these refri.erants, a!on. the! )/305&, )/657, )/357C, )/353&,
)/358&, )/351&, )/359& are fa!iliar to !ost e-eryone in the H:&C;) industry.
Identification of relace!ents for so!e o(one/deletin. refri.erants like CFC/002, is a low/
ressure refri.erant tyically used in centrifu.al chillers, has ro-en !ore difficult. CFC/00 is also
used in centrifu.al chillers and has *een successfully relaced with HCFC/012 and HFC/023a.
&s the HCFCs still contain chlorine and ha-e an associated o(one/deletion otential, they will
*e hased out in the <% Co!!unity as a -ir.in roduct fro! the 0
st
of January 1505. So, the
a-aila*ility of HCFCs for e=ui!ent ser-icin. followin. the hase/out !ay not allow for
redicta*le econo!ical use.
&s well, the =uick hase out of HCFC/030* as a *lowin. a.ent in ther!al insulation and
sol-ent ori.inated a si.nificant a!ount of work for the aliance industry and field alications,
like syste!s flushin., in findin. acceta*le solutions.
'ith the co!!erciali(ation of the HFC 0,0,0,2,2/entafluororoane +HFC/136fa> )/136fa as
refri.erant .rade, there is the a-aila*ility of a roduct the ther!ohysical roerties and
en-iron!ental characteristics of which !ake it suita*le for a nu!*er alications such as
centrifu.al chillers for co!fort coolin., ?r.anic )ankine Cycle for ener.y reco-ery and ower
.eneration, sensi*le heat transfer in low/te!erature refri.eration, secondary loo fluids for
co!!ercial refri.eration, Heat Pu! and assi-e coolin. de-ices. &s well, it has a *road ran.e
of uses like foa! *lowin. a.ent, sol-ent and aerosol. 4his aer analy(es so!e of the roerties
and e@lore so!e alications of HFC/136fa as workin. fluid.
PHYSICAL AND THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF R-245fa
4a*le 0 shows !ost of the ertinent roerties of HFC/136fa.
/ 0 /

Chemical Name 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane
Molecular Formula CF3CH2CHF2
Molecular Weight 134
Flammability Limit in !ir " 1atm## $%ol&'( None
Flah )oint # None
Water *olubility in HFC-24+fa 1,-- ppm
!*H.!/ *afety 0roup Claification 11
*Flashpoint by ASTM D 3828-87; ASTM D1310-86
**Flame Limits meas!e" at ambient tempe!at!e an" p!ess!e sin# ASTM $681-8%
&ith ele't!i'ally heate" mat'h i#nition( spa!) i#nition an" *se" &i!e i#nition; ambient ai!+
1oiling )oint 2C " 1&-1 bar 1+&3 1oiling )oint $2F( " 1atm +3&+
Free4ing )oint 2C " 1&-1 bar 5-1-6 Free4ing )oint $2F( 5-1,-
Critical 7emperature## $2C( 1+4&-+ Critical 7emperature## $2F( 3-3&23
Critical )reure## $bar( 3,&4 Critical )reure## $pia( +26&3
Critical 8enity## $m39:g( +16 Critical 8enity## $lb9ft3( 32&2;
<apor 8enity " 1oiling )oint $lb9ft3( +&321 <apor 8enity " 1oiling )oint $lb9ft3( -&3,36
Li=ui> 8enity $:g9m3( 1333 Li=ui> 8enity $lb9ft3( ;3&+;
Li=ui> Heat Capacity $:?9:g @( 1&3, Li=ui> Heat Capacity $1tu9lb 2F( -&33
<apor Heat Capacity " contant preure, 1&-1 bar $:?9:g @( -&;331 <apor Heat Capacity " contant preure, 1atm $1tu9lb 2F( -&21;
Heat of <apori4ation at 1oiling )oint $:?9:g( 13,&6 Heat of <apori4ation at 1oiling )oint $1tu9lb( ;4&,2
Li=ui> 7hermal Con>ucti%ity $W9m @( -&-;1 Li=ui> 7hermal Con>ucti%ity $1tu9hr ft 2F( -&-4,;
<apor 7hermal Con>ucti%ity $W9m @( -&-12+ <apor 7hermal Con>ucti%ity $1tu9hr ft 2F( -&--62
Li=ui> <icoity $m)a ( 4-2&6 Li=ui> <icoity $lb9ft hr( -&3644
<apor <icoity $m)a ( 1-&3 <apor <icoity $lb9ft hr( -&-2+
*,!ope!ties at 77 -F . 2% -/ nless note" othe!&ise
**01ST 2e*p!op 3 7+0
)ropertie of HFC-24+fa
*tan>ar> Anternational Bnit# /nglih Bnit#
Table 1
HFC/136fa shows a hi.h Critical 4e!erature +063 AC,, which !eans a hi.her efficiency of the
refri.eratin. cycle resect, i.e., the one of )/023a +4.C. B 050AC,.
La*oratory tests indicate HFC/136fa to ha-e a hi.h de.ree of ther!al and hydrolytic sta*ility.
&s far as !aterial co!ati*ility is concerned, tests ha-e *een carried out in static and dyna!ic
conditions. 'hile the co!ati*ility of lastics is .ood, the elasto!er one should *e e-aluated at
the condition of use.
ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS AND REGULATORY INFORMATION
4a*le 1 contains ertinent re.ulatory and en-iron!ental infor!ation for HFC/136fa
7able 2 - .egulatory an> /n%ironmental Anformation
C!* Number.. 4,--63-1
C4one 8epletion )otential ...... -
0lobal Warming )otential $1---yr time hori4on( ........................... 3+-
B* <CC tatu ... /Dempt
/Dpoure gui>eline
!C0AH 7L<... None
C*H! )/L ... None
W//L $!AH!( 7W! - ; hr +
0
,. .. 3--ppm
B* 8C7 Ha4ar> Cla ....... Not regulate>
B* .C.! ... Bnue> Material Not .C.! Wate
B* 7*C! An%entory *tatu ...... Lite>
B* *N!) !ppro%al .............. !ppro%e> for ue in neE Centrifugal Chiller
WORKING FLUID APPLICATIONS: CENTRIFUGAL CHILLERS
Currently, !ost centrifu.al chillers intended for co!fort coolin. alications are desi.ned to
oerate with either )/012 or )/023a. Cesite the fact that )/012 has a -ery low o(one deletion
otential +5.50D relati-e to )/00,, it has *een already hased out in new e=ui!ent in <uroe. 4he
issue with the e@clusi-e use of )/023a as relace!ent is that there is a ther!odyna!ic efficiency
enalty associated with this refri.erant relati-e to )/012 and other lower ressure refri.erants.
4here are also chan.es necessary for !anufacturers of lower ressure refri.erant chillers to adat
their roduct lines and !anufacturin. oerations for )/023a.
&nother otion is to use )/136fa. 4his refri.erant would *e considered a lower ressure
refri.erant *ut not as low as )/012. Its nor!al *oilin. oint is 06,2 AC, so e-aoration would take
lace *elow at!osheric ressure like )/012 *ut condensin. ressure would likely e@ceed 0 *ar so
a coded ressure -essel would *e re=uired.
4a*le 2 shows the results of the ther!odyna!ic analysis of *oth sin.le/sta.e and !ulti/
sta.echiller alications. &lthou.h there is sli.htly lower ther!odyna!ic efficiency than )/012
for sin.le/sta.e !achines, this difference decreases with !ultile sta.es. Suerior transort
roerties can also reduce any ther!odyna!ic differences. In addition, this refri.erant can *e used
to increase the caacity of an e@istin. )/012 roduct line.
Fro! the heat transfer stand oint, there are so!e recent e-aluations accordin. to which the
condensin. heat transfer is at least co!ara*le to that of )/012 and of )/023a and there is so!e
indication that it !ay *e suerior to that of )/012 for so!e enhanced surfaces.
4o understand the econo!ic i!acts of the choice *etween )/023a and )/136fa, an e-aluation
of the resent -alue of the oeratin. cost differences was conducted. 4he results are shown in
4a*le 3. 4he analysis was *ased on co!arin. the ther!odyna!ic efficiency at conditions that
would *e seen when runnin. tests to esta*lish the Inte.rated Part Load :alue for efficiency. 4his
analysis does not include the i!act of any work reco-ered *y an e@ander tur*ine. 4he analysis
is done for a 765/ton chiller.
/ 1 /

4he econo!ic analysis was *ased on the erfor!ance of a sin.le/sta.e )/023a !achine and
co!ared a.ainst sin.le and two/sta.e )/136fa !achines +!ulti/sta.in. is only used for low/
ressure chillers,. It assu!es a 06E annual rate/of/return with a 06/year life and a cost of
electricity of D,2 <urocents er k'/hr +a-era.e cost in <uroe in year 1551,. 4he resent -alue of
the oeratin. cost sa-in.s for a sin.le/sta.e )/136fa is in e@cess of 01.755 <uro. 4he sa-in.s
associated with a two/sta.e )/136fa !achine would ha-e a resent -alue in e@cess of 19.555 <uro.
Chiller /conomic !nalyi
Comparion of .-134a an> .-24+fa
.-134a .-24+fa .-24+fa
*ingle-*tage *ingle-*tage 7Eo-*tage
IPLV COP 9.494 9.734 10.060
Chiller Capacity (kW !63" !63" !63"
P#$er C#%&'(pti#% #) Chiller (kW !7" !71 !6!
C##li%* +#'r& (per ,-I .t/ 000109019" 0010 0010 0010
,%%'al P#$er C#%&'(pti#% (kW1hr 139!010 13070"4 1313070
C#&t #) 2lectricity (2'r#&3kW1hr 0.063 0.063 0.063
Operati%* C#&t (2'r#& "74697 "040!" "!4700
.a5i%*& -elati5e t# -1134a .i%*le1.ta*e 1 !4169 4494!
Present Value Analysis:
,%%'al -ate #) -et'r%(6 106
7'(ber #) 8ear& 10
Pre&e%t Val'e #) .a5i%*& (2'r#&9 1!46"4 !"4"96
,&&'(pti#%&9
1. 25ap#rati%* te(perat're #) 4.4
#
C ba&e/ #% a !.!
#
C :T bet$ee% e%teri%* $ater a%/ &at'rati#%
te(perat're
!. C#%/e%&i%* te(perat're /epe%/e%t #% l#a/ a%/ ba&e/ #% a !."
#
C :T bet$ee% lea5i%* $ater
a%/ &at'rati#% te(perat're
3. C#(pre&&#r i&e%tr#pic e))icie%cy #) "06
4. .'perheat a%/ &'bc##li%* #) 1.1
#
C
0. 2%teri%* $ater te(perat're )#r e5ap#rat#r a%/ c#%/e%&er per ,-I .t/ 000109019"
6. C#%/e%&er lea5i%* $ater te(perat're ba&e/ #% $ater )l#$ rate per ab#5e &ta%/ar/.
7able 4
/ 2 /
.-123
)arameter Bnit <alue <alue .el& to .-123 <alue .el& to .-123
*uction )reure :)a 4- ,+ 1,3' 342 ;++'
8icharge )reure :)a 144 234 1,3' 3+; ,,+'
*uction FloE .ate
1-tage m39hr9:W 3&1; +&;3 ,4' 1&4- 1+'
2-tage m39hr9:W ;&23 +&2- ,3' 1&22 1+'
3 -tage m39hr9:W ;&-1 4&33 ,2' 1&16 1+'
/fficiency )arameter
1-tage CC) +&3+ +&;- 36' +&+3 34'
2-tage CC) ,&2+ ,&1; 33' +&3; 3,'
3 -tage CC) ,&34 ,&23 33' ,&11 3,'
.-24+fa .-134a
7H/.MC8FN!MAC CCM)!.A*CN
7able 3
Con>itionG 4&4
o
C /7, 36&;
o
C C7, 1&1
o
C *uperheat9*ubcooling, ;-' Compreor /ff&
In order to deter!ine the en-iron!ental i!act of the choice of refri.erants for this alication,
an analysis of *oth the direct and indirect contri*utions to .lo*al war!in. +resecti-ely fro!
refri.erant e!issions and the indirect contri*utions are due to the *urnin. of fossil fuels to suly
the ower consu!ed *y the e=ui!ent, were conducted. 4o co!ensate for the e!issions and
ener.y associated with the roduction of the refri.erants, the G'P -alues +IPCC, 1550, ha-e *een
increased *y -alues shown as er the &rthur C. Little reort of March, 1551 +
7
, and are shown in
4a*le 6.
4he annual ower consu!tion was taken fro! 4a*le 3. &ssu!tions needed to co!lete this
analysis were taken fro! the &CL reort. 4his included a -alue of 5.D6 k. of C?
1
er k'/hr of
electrical roduction, a 0E annual leaka.e rate and a 25/year life. 4he i!acts were deter!ined *yF
8irect /ffect H .efrigerant Charge $:g( D $!nnual lo rate D Lifetime I /n>-of-life lo( D 0W)
An>irect /ffect H !nnual )oEer Conumption from 7able 3 $:W-hr( D Lifetime D -&,+
%sin. this infor!ation a LCCP analysis was erfor!ed and is shown in Fi.ure 1. It is -ery clear
fro! these results that the indirect contri*utors do!inate any contri*utions fro! refri.erant
e!issions. In addition, all three refri.erants are ha-e si!ilar cli!ate i!act. )/136fa nearly
!atches the -ery fa-ora*le characteristics, esecially when usin. !ultile sta.es.
Figure 1
/ 3 /
-11!3 -1!40)a -1134a
;WP 1!0 900 1300
<a%') 9 1! 13
T#tal 1!9 96! 1313
.efrigerant 0lobal Warming )otential $:g CC
2
(
.efrigerant
7able +
LCC) !nalyi
-
+,---,---
1-,---,---
1+,---,---
2-,---,---
2+,---,---
3-,---,---
.-123 .-24+fa .-134a .-123 .-24+fa
:
g

C
C
2
=irect
I%/irect
*ingle-*tage
7Eo-*tage
WORKING FLUID APPLICATIONS: ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLE
4he ?r.anic )ankine Cycle +?)C, con-erts ther!al ener.y to !echanical shaft ower.
4he *enefit of ?)C syste!s is that they reco-er useful ener.y, often as electrical outut, fro!
low/ener.y sources such as the low/ressure stea! associated with stea!/dri-en tur*ines for
electricity .eneration +Fi.ure 1,. 4he efficiency of an ?)C is tyically *etween 05 and 15E,
deendin. on te!erature le-els and a-aila*ility of a suita*ly !atched fluid. ?)C is an attracti-e
otion for heat reco-ery in the ran.e of 065GC to 155GC, articularly if no other use for the waste
heat is a-aila*le on site. 4he .reater the difference *etween source and sink te!eratures, the
hi.her the cycle efficiency. 'hen source te!eratures dro low enou.h that stea! cycle is no
lon.er ther!odyna!ically efficient, certain or.anic fluids can *e used.
Figure 2& *imple Crganic .an:ine Cycle *ytem 8iagram
Pre-ious use of this technolo.y has *een li!ited. 'ith )/136fa, the !atch *etween the workin.
fluid and the ener.y source *ein. reco-ered, for e@a!le, in the case of low/ressure stea! is
fa-ora*le. 'ithin a ho!olo.ous series, as chain len.th and !olecular wei.ht increase, the !olar
heat caacity and entroy increase. More secifically, with co!ara*le latent heats, as the sloe of
the entroy lines decrease, the cycle efficiency will increase. Gi-en the roortionality *etween
the natural lo. of ressure and the in-erse of te!erature, the sloe of the entroy line will *e
aro@i!ately the chan.e in enthaly with chan.e in te!erature +for s!all chan.es in
te!erature,, that is, the heat caacity. <-en thou.h )/00, )/012 and )/136fa are not in the sa!e
ho!olo.ous series, the lon.er !olecular chain len.th of )/136fa !eans that the -i*rational
co!onent of heat caacity will increase as well the entroy due to the increased de.ree of
freedo! +
8
,. 4he way in which entroy and enthaly, affected *y the increased heat caacity,
translates into i!ro-ed efficiency is illustrated in Fi.ure 2.
%ntil recently, !ost halo.enated workin. fluids ha-e *een *ased on one/ or two/car*on
!olecules. In .eneral, the de!and for ?r.anic )ankine cycle fluids was s!all> !anufacture of
fluids solely for this urose was not racticed. 4he fa-ora*le erfor!ance of )/136fa in the
)ankine cycle ro-ides an oortunity to reali(e .reater electrical ener.y outut fro! ower
.eneration facilities that rely on stea!/dri-en tur*ines. Likewise, lar.e industrial enterrises can
now consider reco-ery of waste heat with the otion to con-ert the ener.y to useful electricity.
/ 6 /
'ith the e!loy!ent of )/136fa for con-ersion of waste heat to useful ener.y in fossil fuel/
fired ower .eneration facilities, the a!ount of a-aila*le electrical ener.y er unit wei.ht of fossil
fuel *urned would increase thus helin. to satisfy de!and without increasin. facility e!issions.
Wor I!
"
!
#
P
r
$
%
%
&
r
$
'
E!()a"*+, H
/ffJy H Wor: Cut 9 Wor: An
8ri%en by K Heat Capacity of .-24+fa
* $.-24+fa( K * $.-11, .-123(
/ntropy Line *lope .- 24+fa 5.-11,.- 123
H $.-24+fa( K H $.-11, .-123(
ln$preure( 197
Heat Capacity LH9 L7
T , S #R---, R--2.'
T, S #R-245fa'
Ra!/!$ C+0"$
I!0r$a%/!1 A2a/"a3"$ Wor O&(
Co4*ara3"$ La($!( H$a(% 5 Co4*ara3"$ Wor I!
Figure 3- Anfluence of Heat Capacity on /fficiency
<
n
t
r
o

y

L
i
n
e
s
4he fa-ora*le erfor!ance of )/136fa in ener.y reco-ery, if adoted *y industrial facilities,
would ease de!and for electricity, conco!itantly decrease the *urnin. of fossil fuels, and increase
the consu!erHs o-erall ener.y efficiency. Solar/dri-en ener.y con-ersion syste!s could also *e
de-eloed around )/136fa. In the sa!e way, this would lead to lower ollution le-els *y cur*in.
fossil fuel *urnin..
In 4a*le D, *oiler ressure, condenser ressure and ther!odyna!ic efficiency are co!ared for
)/00, )/012 and )/136fa. It can *e seen that as !olecular chain len.th increases, so does the
ther!odyna!ic efficiency.
7able ,- Crganic .an:ine Cycle Comparion $
1-
(


>#iler te(perat're 149 ?C 1 C#%/e%&er te(perat're 3" C
+@C1!40)a +C@C11!3 C@C111
b#iler pre&&'re4 kPa 3!13 190" 197!

c#%/e%&er pre&&'re4 (kPa 13!.4 4!.1 61.4
Ther(#/y%a(ic 2))icie%cy (6 09.9 06.6 01."
<#lec'lar Chai% Le%*th 31carb#% !1carb#% 11carb#%
/ D /
WORKING FLUID APPLICATIONS: SENSI6LE HEAT TRANSFER
Sensi*le heat transfer descri*es the heat e@chan.e rocess in which the heat transfer fluid does
not chan.e hase. 4yically, the heat transfer fluid is in the li=uid state for such a heat e@chan.e
rocess. Sensi*le heat transfer alications include a nu!*er of industrial and co!!ercial
alications includin. use as a secondary loo fluid for co!!ercial refri.eration alications, for
e@a!le, in suer!arkets.
In the ast, fluids such as CFC/00, CFC/002 and HCFC/030* would ha-e *een a!on. the
-arious fluorocar*on fluids used in such alications. 4he use of HFC/136fa would ro-ide a non
fla!!a*le, non corrosi-e fluid with fa-ora*le heat transfer and transort roerties +hi.h heat
e@chan.er efficiency and low u! ower re=uire!ents,.
4he ratio of heat transfer coefficient to friction factor si.nifies the heat transfer erfor!ance
efficiency +one wants to !a@i!i(e heat transfer and !ini!i(e fluid friction or u!in. ower,.
Fi.ure 3 *elow illustrates that HFC/136fa has a hi.her heat transfer coefficient to friction factor
ratio than !any other co!!ercially a-aila*le heat transfer fluids.
Pekasol is a re.istered trade!ark of roIJhlsole
Hycool is a re.istered trade!ark of #orsk Hydro
HF</7055 +2M,
Cowfrost is a re.istered trade!ark of 4he Cow Che!ical Co!any
4yfo@it +<n-iron!ental Process Syste!s Ltd,
/ 7 /
Figure 4- )erformance of Heat 7ranfer Flui>
0
0000
10000
10000
!0000
!0000
30000
30000
130 130 1!0 1!0 110 110 10 0
7emperature $
o
C(
H
e
a
t

7
r
a
n

f
e
r

C
o
e
f
f
&
9
F
r
i
c
t
i
o
n

F
a
c
t
o
r
+@C1!40)a
+@217100
+yc##l 40
Peka&#l 00
Ty)#Ait ("03!0
4!6 Pr#pyle%e ;lyc#l
(=#$)r#&t
006 Pr#pyle%e ;lyc#l
(=#$)r#&t
C@C1113
C@C111 3 +C@C1141b
NOMENCLATURE
&CGIH/&!erican Council of Go-ern!ental and
Industrial Hy.ienists
&IH&/&!erican Industrial Hy.iene &ssocation
C?4/Ceart!ent of 4ransortation
LCCP/ +Life Cycle Cli!ate Perfor!ance,,
?SH&/?ccuation Safety and Health &d!inistration
)C)&/)esource Conser-ation and )eco-ery &ct
S#&P/ Si.nificant #ew &lternati-es Pro.ra!
4SC&/4o@ic Su*stances Control &ct
:?C/:olatile ?r.anic Co!ound
'<<L/'orklace <n-iron!ental <@osure Li!it
<fficiency/ k'K4on, C?P +coefficient of erfor!ance,
<ner.y/ k' +kilowatt,
H, LH/ <nthaly, <nthaly chan.e, resecti-ely
Pressure/ kPa
)efri.eration Caacity/ k'
S/<ntroy
4, L4 /4e!erature, 4e!. chan.e, resecti-ely> GC
:olu!e/ !
2
+cu*ic !eters,
:olu!etric Flow )ate/ !
2
K!in.
/<ndnotes/
0. Honeywell Material Safety Cata Sheet, Genetron
M
136fa, Section 8, <@osure Guidelines.
1. ?utut *ased on #ational Institute of Standards and 4echnolo.y, )efro -.D.50.
2. Le!!on, <ric '., McLinden, Mark ?. and Hu*er, Marcia L., #IS4 )eference Fluid 4her!odyna!ic and
4ransort Proerties N )efro 7.5, #IS4 Std. Cata*ase, 1551
3. Carr, Mathew &., <@eri!ental and 4heoretical Study of Surface 4ension <ffects on <@tended Surface
Condensation, Catholic %ni-ersity of &!erica, Coctoral Cissertation, 'ashin.ton CC, 1551.
6. &twood, 4., Murhy, I.P, &n In-esti.ation of )efri.erants for Sin.le/Sta.e Centrifu.al 'ater Chillers,
&SH)&< 4ransactions, 0971 #o1020.
D. IPPC, Cli!ate Chan.e 1550/ 4he Scientific "asis, Inter.o-ern!ental Panel on Cli!ate Chan.e,
Ca!*rid.e %ni-ersity Press, 1550.
7. &rthur C. Little +&CL,, Glo*al Co!arati-e &nalysis of HFC and &lternati-e 4echnolo.y for
)efri.eration, &ir Conditionin., Foa!, Sol-ent, &erosol Proellant, and Fire Protection &lications,
1551.
8. Conald &. Mc Ouarrie, Statistical Mechanics, Harer and )ow, #ew $ork, 097D, . 027.
9. httFKKwww.ea..o-Ko(oneKtitleDKsnaKlistsK00cent.ht!l .
05. www.eere.ener.y..o-KderK!icrotur*inesKdfsKhau.htats.df, C?< &d-anced Microtur*ine Pro.ra!
%date, Ce**ie Hau.ht, First &4S &nnual Pro.ra! )e-iew Meetin., Cece!*er 3/D, 1555, &le@andria,
:ir.inia, .02
00. &ir Conditionin. and )efri.eration Institute, P'ater Chillin. Packa.es %sin. the :aor Co!ression
CycleQ, Standard 665/695. &rlin.ton :&. 0998.
Cisclai!er
&lthou.h all state!ents and infor!ation contained herein are *elie-ed to *e accurate and relia*le, they are
resented without .uarantee or warranty of any kind, e@ressed or i!lied. Infor!ation ro-ided herein does
not relie-e the user fro! the resonsi*ility of carryin. out its own tests and e@eri!ents, and the user assu!es
all risks and lia*ility for use of the infor!ation and results o*tained. State!ents or su..estions concernin. the
use of !aterials and rocesses are !ade without reresentation or warranty that any such use is free of atent
infrin.e!ent and are not reco!!endations to infrin.e on any atents. 4he user should not assu!e that all
to@icity data and safety !easures are indicated herein or that other !easures !ay not *e re=uired.
/ 8 /