ANTI-FENCING LAW

OF 1979 (PD NO. 1612)

DEFINITION

Fencing as defined in Sec. 2 of PD No. 1612 (Anti-Fencing La! is "t#e act of an$ %e&son #o' it# intent to
gain fo& #i(se)f o& fo& anot#e&' s#a)) *+$' &ecei,e' %ossess' -ee%' ac.+i&e' concea)' se)) o& dis%ose of' o& s#a)) *+$ and
se))' o& in an$ (anne& dea) in an$ a&tic)e' ite(' o*/ect o& an$t#ing of ,a)+e #ic# #e -nos o& s#o+)d *e -non to #i('
o& to #a,e *een de&i,ed f&o( t#e %&oceeds of t#e c&i(e of &o**e&$ o& t#eft. (Di0on-Pa(int+an ,s. Peo%)e' G1
111226' 11 3+)$ 42!.

BRIEF HISTORY OF PD 1612 OR THE ANTI-FENCING LAW
P&esidentia) Dec&ee No. 1612 o& co((on)$ -non as t#e Anti-Fencing La of 1454 as enacted +nde& t#e
a+t#o&it$ of t#e&ein P&esident Fe&dinand 6a&cos. T#e )a too- effect on 6a&c# 2' 1454. T#e I(%)e(enting 1+)es and
1eg+)ations of t#e Anti-FencingLa e&e s+*se.+ent)$ fo&(+)ated and it too- effect on 3+ne 17' 1454.

THE PURPOSE OF ENACTING PD 1612
T#e Anti-Fencing La as (ade to c+&tai) and %+t an end to t#e &a(%ant &o**e&$ of go,e&n(ent and %&i,ate
%&o%e&ties. Wit# t#e e8istence of "&ead$ *+$e&s9' t#e "*+siness9 of &o**ing and stea)ing #a,e *eco(e %&ofita*)e.
:ence' a )a as enacted to a)so %+nis# t#ose #o *+$ sto)en %&o%e&ties. Fo& if t#e&e a&e no *+$e&s t#en t#e
(a)efacto&s co+)d not %&ofit f&o( t#ei& &ong doings.

WHAT IS THE ANTI-FENCING LAW AND HOW IT CAN BE COMMITTED
"Fencing9 is t#e act of an$ %e&son #o' it# intent to gain fo& #i(se)f o& fo& anot#e&' s#a)) *+$ &ecei,e' %ossess'
-ee%' ac.+i&e' concea)' se)) o& dis%ose of' o& s#a)) *+$ and se))' o& in an$ ot#e& (anne& dea) in an$ a&tic)e'
ite(' o*/ect o& an$t#ing of ,a)+e#ic# #e -nos' o& s#o+)d *e -non to #i(' to #a,e *een de&i,ed f&o( t#e %&oceeds
oft#e c&i(e of &o**e&$ o& t#eft. A "Fence9 inc)+des an$ %e&son' fi&(' association co&%o&ation o& %a&tne&s#i% o& ot#e&
o&gani0ation #o; #ic# co((its t#e act of fencing.

WHO ARE LIABLE FOR THE CRIME OF FENCING; AND ITS PENALTIES:
T#e %e&son )ia*)e is t#e one *+$ing' -ee%ing' concea)ing and se))ing t#e sto)en ite(s. If t#e fence is a
co&%o&ation' %a&tne&s#i%' association o& fi&(' t#e one )ia*)e is t#e %&esident o& t#e (anage& o& t#e office& #o -nos
o& s#o+)d #a,e -no t#e fact t#at t#e offense as co((itted.
T#e )a %&o,ide fo& %ena)t$ &ange fo& %e&sons con,icted of t#e c&i(e of fencing. T#ei& %ena)t$ de%ends on
t#e ,a)+e of t#e goods o& ite(s sto)en o& *o+g#t<
1. T#e %ena)t$ of prision mayor' if t#e ,a)+e of t#e %&o%e&t$ in,o),ed is (o&e t#an 12'=== %esos *+t not e8ceeding
22'=== %esos> if t#e ,a)+e of s+c# %&o%e&t$ e8ceeds t#e )atte& s+(' t#e %ena)t$ %&o,ided in t#is %a&ag&a%# s#a)) *e
i(%osed in its (a8i(+( %e&iod' adding one $ea& fo& eac# additiona) 1='=== %esos> *+t t#e tota) %ena)t$ #ic# (a$ *e
i(%osed s#a)) not e8ceed tent$ $ea&s. In s+c# cases' t#e %ena)t$ s#a)) *e te&(ed &ec)+sion te(%o&a) and t#e
accesso&$ %ena)t$ %e&taining t#e&eto %&o,ided in t#e 1e,ised Pena) Code s#a)) a)so *e i(%osed.
1. T#e %ena)t$ of prision correccional in its (edi+( and (a8i(+( %e&iods' if t#e,a)+e of t#e %&o%e&t$ &o**ed o&
sto)en is (o&e t#an 6'=== %esos *+t not e8ceeding 12' === %esos>
1. T#e %ena)t$ of prision correccional in its (ini(+( and (edi+( %e&iods' if t#e,a)+e of t#e %&o%e&t$ in,o),ed
is (o&e t#an 2== %esos *+t not e8ceeding 6'=== %esos>
1. T#e %ena)t$ of a&&esto (a$o& in its (edi+( %e&iod to prision correccional in its (ini(+( %e&iod' if
t#e ,a)+e of t#e %&o%e&t$ in,o),ed is o,e& 7= *+t not e8ceeding 2== %esos>
1. T#e %ena)t$ of a&&esto (a$o& in its (edi+( %e&iod if s+c# ,a)+e is o,e& fi,e (7! %esos *+t not e8ceeding 7=
%esos.
1. T#e %ena)t$ of a&&esto (a$o& in its (ini(+( %e&iod if s+c# ,a)+e does not e8ceed 7 %esos.

RULES REGARDING BUY AND SELL OF GOODS PARTICULARLY SECOND HAND GOODS
T#e )a &e.+i&es t#e esta*)is#(ent engaged in t#e *+$ and se)) of goods to o*tain a c)ea&ance o& %e&(it
to se)) "+sed second #and ite(s9' to gi,e effect to t#e %+&%ose of t#e )a in %+tting an end to *+$ing and se))ing sto)en
ite(s. Fai)+&e of #ic# (a-es t#e one& o& (anage& )ia*)e as a fence.
T#e I(%)e(enting 1+)es %&o,ides fo& t#e g+ide)ines of iss+ance of c)ea&ances o& %e&(its to se)) +sed o&
second#and ite(s. It %&o,ided fo& t#e definition of t#e fo))oing te&(s<
1. "?sed second#and a&tic)e9 s#a)) &efe& to an$ goods' a&tic)e' ite(s' o*/ect o& an$t#ing of ,a)+e o*tained f&o(
an +n)icensed dea)e& o& s+%%)ie&' &ega&d)ess of #et#e& t#e sa(e #as act+a))$ o& in fact *een +sed.
1. "?n)icensed dea)e&;s+%%)ie&9 s#a)) &efe& to an$ %e&sons' %a&tne&s#i%' fi&(' co&%o&ation' association o& an$
ot#e& entit$ o& esta*)is#(ent not )icensed *$ t#e go,e&n(ent to engage in t#e *+siness of dea)ing in o& of s+%%)$ing
t#e a&tic)es defined in t#e %&eceding %a&ag&a%#>
1. "Sto&e9' "esta*)is#(ent9 o& "entit$9 s#a)) *e const&+ed to inc)+de an$ indi,id+a) dea)ing in t#e *+$ing and
se))ing +sed second#and a&tic)es' as defined in %a&ag&a%# #e&eof>
1. "@+$ and Se))9 &efe& to t#e t&ansaction #e&e*$ one %+&c#ases +sed second#and a&tic)es fo& t#e %+&%ose of
&esa)e to t#i&d %e&sons>
1. "Station Co((ande&9 s#a)) &efe& to t#e Station Co((ande& of t#e Integ&ated Nationa) Po)ice it#in t#e
te&&ito&ia) )i(its of t#e ton o& cit$ dist&ict #e&e t#e sto&e' esta*)is#(ent o& entit$ dea)ing in t#e *+$ing and se))ing of
+sed second#and a&tic)es is )ocated.
DECREE PENALIZING OBSTRUCTION OF APPREHENSION AND PROSECUTION OF CRIMINAL OFFENSES
(P.D. 1829)
P+&%ose<
As stated in t#e )a' its %+&%ose is to disco+&age %+*)ic indiffe&ence o& a%at#$ toa&ds t#e a%%&e#ension and
%&osec+tion of c&i(ina) offende&s' it is necessa&$ to %ena)i0e acts #ic# o*st&+ct o& f&+st&ate o& tend to o*st&+ct o&
f&+st&ate t#e s+ccessf+) a%%&e#ension and %&osec+tion of c&i(ina) offende&s.
Agp!" L#g! E$%&'() UP L* C#+$#,) 198- E.&$&"+. Pp.405-406)
Acts #ic# a(o+nt to o*st&+ction in t#e ad(inist&ation of /+stice (a$ ta-e (an$ fo&(s. T#e$ inc)+de s+c# acts
as inst&+cting a co(%)aining itness in a c&i(ina) action not to a%%ea& at t#e sc#ed+)ed #ea&ing so t#at t#e case
against t#e c)ient' t#e acc+sed' o+)d *e dis(issed. (Canto&ne ,s. D+casin s+%&a! as-ing a c)ient to %)ead g+i)t$ to a
c&i(e #ic# t#e )a$e& -nos #is c)ient did not co((it' (Nueno v. Santos, 7A P#i). 775 B14CCD! ad,ising a c)ient #o
is detained fo& a c&i(e to esca%e f&o( %&ison' (Cf. Medina v. Yan, G.. No. !0"#$, Sept. !0, %"#4), e(%)o$ing
di)ato&$ tactics to f&+st&ate satisfaction of c)ea&)$ ,a)id c)ai(s' Pa&ares vs. '(ad Santos, G.1. No. 2472C' No,e. 2='
1464' C= SC1A 52A! %&osec+ting c)ea&)$ f&i,o)o+s cases as a%%ea)s to d&ain t#e &eso+&ces of t#e ot#e& %a&t$ and
co(%e) #i( to s+*(it o+t of e8#a+stion (Sa(a& 6ining Co. ,s. A&nado' G1 No. 22C=2' 3+)$ C=' 146A! and finding
(+)ti%)e %etitions o& co(%)aints fo& ca+se t#at #as *een %&e,io+s)$ &e/ected in t#e fa)se e8%ectation of getting
fa,o&a*)e action. (Ga(riel vs. )ourt o* 'ppeals, G.. No. 4!#5#, +uly !0, %"#6, #, S)' %#!- amos vs.
Potenciano, G.. No. ,#%04, .ec. ,0, %"#6, #4 S)' !45- Macias v. /y 0im, G.. No. !%%#4, May !0, %"#,, 45
S)' ,5%) Acts of t#is o& si(i)a& nat+&e a&e g&o+nds fo& disci%)ina&$ action.9

/URISPRUDENCE0

P"(.( 1(. O234.(2+) (GR N". 151692) 29 S#p$#23#, 2---)

In t#is case' ce&tain officia)s of t#e ?ni,e&sit$ of t#e P#i)i%%ines (?P! e&e c#a&ged fo& ,io)ating PD 1A24. T#e
?P office&s o*/ected to t#e a&&ant)ess a&&est of ce&tain st+dents *$ t#e Nationa) @+&ea+ of In,estigation (N@I!.
Acco&ding to t#e S+%&e(e Co+&t' t#e %o)ice #ad no g&o+nd fo& t#e a&&ant)ess a&&est. T#e ?P Effice&s' t#e&efo&e' #ad
a &ig#t to %&e,ent t#e a&&est of t#e st+dents at t#e ti(e *eca+se t#ei& atte(%ted a&&est as i))ega). T#e "need to
enfo&ce t#e )a cannot *e /+stified *$ sac&ificing constit+tiona) &ig#ts.9

E+,&!# 1(. H"+. A2&+) (G.R. N". 95557) S#p$. 15) 199-)
In t#is case' Sen. 3+an Ponce En&i)e as c#a&ged +nde& PD 1A24' fo& a))eged)$ acco((odating Co). G&ego&io
:onasan *$ gi,ing #i( food and co(fo&t on 1 Dece(*e& 14A4 in #is #o+se. "Fnoing t#at Co)one) :onasan is a
f+giti,e f&o( /+stice' Sen. En&i)e a))eged)$ did not do an$t#ing to #a,e :onasan a&&ested o& a%%&e#ended.9 T#e
S+%&e(e Co+&t &+)ed t#at Sen. En&i)e co+)d not *e se%a&ate)$ c#a&ged +nde& PD 1A24' as t#is is a*so&*ed in t#e
c#a&ge of &e*e))ion a)&ead$ fi)ed against Sen. En&i)e.
On the Un!n"t#t$t#!n%&#t' !( Se) *6 +,- !( RA .16/
Sec. C6(g! of 1A 4167' as so+g#t to *e i(%)e(ented *$ t#e assai)ed CE6ELEC &eso)+tion' effecti,e)$ en)a&ges
t#e .+a)ification &e.+i&e(ents en+(e&ated in t#e Sec. C' A&t. GI of t#e Constit+tion. As co+c#ed' said Sec. C6 (g!
+n(ista-a*)$ &e.+i&es a candidate fo& senato& to *e ce&tified i))ega)-d&+g c)ean' o*,io+s)$ as a %&e-condition to t#e
,a)idit$ of a ce&tificate of candidac$ fo& senato& o&' it# )i-e effect' a condition sine .+anon to *e ,oted +%on and' if
%&o%e&' *e %&oc)ai(ed as senato&-e)ect. T#e CE6ELEC &eso)+tion co(%)etes t#e c#ain it# t#e %&o,iso t#at "no
%e&son e)ected to an$ %+*)ic office s#a)) ente& +%on t#e d+ties of #is office +nti) #e #as +nde&gone (andato&$ d&+g
test.9
Gieed' t#e&efo&e' in its %&o%e& conte8t' Sec. C6(g! of 1A 4167 and t#e i(%)e(enting CE6ELEC 1eso)+tion add
anot#e& .+a)ification )a$e& to #at t#e 14A5 Constit+tion' at t#e (ini(+(' &e.+i&es fo& (e(*e&s#i% in t#e Senate.
W#et#e& o& not #e d&+g-f&ee *a& set +% +nde& t#e c#a))enged %&o,ision is to *e #+&d)ed *efo&e o& afte& e)ection is
&ea))$ of no (o(ent' as getting e)ected o+)d *e of )itt)e ,a)+e if one cannot ass+(e office fo& non-co(%)iance it#
t#e d&+g-testing &e.+i&e(ent. (Pi(ente) ,. CE6ELEC' G.1. No. 16167A' No,. C' 2==A!
En t#e Constit+tiona)it$ of Sec. C6 (c!' (d!' and (f! of 1A 4167 fo& seconda&$ and te&tia&$ )e,e) st+dents and %+*)ic and
%&i,ate e(%)o$ees' #i)e (andato&$' is a &ando( and s+s%icion)ess a&&ange(ent. T#e o*/ecti,e is to sta(% o+t
i))ega) d&+g and safeg+a&d in t#e %&ocess "t#e e)) *eing of Bt#eD citi0en&$' %a&tic+)a&)$ t#e $o+t#' f&o( t#e #a&(f+)
effects of dange&o+s d&+gs.9 T#is stat+to&$ %+&%ose' %e& t#e %o)ic$-dec)a&ation %o&tion of t#e )a' can *e ac#ie,ed ,ia
t#e %+&s+it *$ t#e state of "an intensi,e and +n&e)enting ca(%aign against t#e t&affic-ing and +se of dange&o+s d&+gs
8 8 8 t#&o+g# an integ&ated s$ste( of %)anning' i(%)e(entation and enfo&ce(ent of anti-d&+g a*+se %o)icies'
%&og&a(s and %&o/ects.
G+ided *$ Ge&nonia and @oa&d of Ed+cation' t#e Co+&t is of t#e ,ie and so #o)ds t#at t#e %&o,isions of 1A
4167 &e.+i&ing (andato&$' &ando(' and s+s%icion)ess d&+g testing of st+dents a&e constit+tiona). Indeed' it is it#in
t#e %&e&ogati,e of ed+cationa) instit+tions to &e.+i&e' as a condition fo& ad(ission' co(%)iance it# &easona*)e
sc#oo)&+)es and &eg+)ations and %o)icies. To *e s+&e' t#e &ig#t to en&o)) is not a*so)+te> it is s+*/ect to fai&'
&easona*)e' and e.+ita*)e &e.+i&e(ents.
3+st as in t#e case of seconda&$ and te&tia&$ )e,e) st+dents' t#e (andato&$ *+t&ando( d&+g test %&esc&i*ed *$
Sec. C6 of 1A 4167 fo& office&s and e(%)o$ees of %+*)ic and %&i,ate offices is /+stifia*)e' a)*eit not e8act)$ fo& t#e
sa(e &eason. T#e Co+&t notes in t#is &ega&d t#at %etitione& S3S' ot#e& t#at sa$ing t#at "s+*/ecting a)(ost e,e&$*od$
tod&+g testing' it#o+t %&o*a*)e ca+se' is +n&easona*)e' an +na&&anted int&+sion of t#e indi,id+a) &ig#t to %&i,ac$'
#as fai)ed to s#o #o t#e (andato&$' &ando(' and s+s%icion)ess d&+g testing +nde& Sec. C6(c! and (d! of 1A 4167
,io)ates t#e &ig#t to %&i,ac$ and constit+tes +n)af+) and;o& +nconsented sea&c# +nde& A&t. III' Secs. 1 and 2 of t#e
Constit+tion.
Nota*)$' 1A 4167 does not o*)ige t#e e(%)o$e& conce&ned to &e%o&t to t#e %&osec+ting agencies an$ info&(ation
o& e,idence &e)ating to t#e ,io)ation of t#e)ompre1ensive .an2erous .ru2s 'ct &ecei,ed as a &es+)t of t#e o%e&ation
of t#e d&+g testing. A)) to)d' t#e&efo&e' t#e int&+sion into t#e e(%)o$eesH %&i,ac$' +nde& 1A 4167' is acco(%anied *$
%&o%e& safeg+a&ds' %a&tic+)a&)$ against e(*a&&assing )ea-ages of test &es+)ts' and is &e)ati,e)$ (ini(a). (Socia)
3+stice Societ$ ,. PDEA' G.1. No. 175A5=' No,. C' 2==A!
?n)i-e t#e sit+ation co,e&ed *$ Sec. C6(c! and (d! of 1A 4167' t#e Co+&t finds no ,a)id /+stification fo&
(andato&$ d&+g testing fo& %e&sons acc+sed of c&i(es. In t#e case of st+dents' t#e constit+tiona) ,ia*i)it$ of t#e
(andato&$' &ando(' and s+s%icion)ess d&+g testing fo& st+dents e(anates %&i(a&i)$ f&o( t#e ai,e& *$ t#e st+dents
of t#ei& &ig#t to %&i,ac$ #en t#e$ see- ent&$ to t#e sc#oo)' and f&o( t#ei& ,o)+nta&i)$ s+*(itting t#ei& %e&sons to t#e
%a&enta) a+t#o&it$ of sc#oo) a+t#o&ities. In t#e case of %&i,ate and %+*)ic e(%)o$ees' t#e constit+tiona) so+ndness of
t#e (andato&$' &ando(' and s+s%icion)essd&+g testing %&oceeds f&o( t#e &easona*)eness of t#e d&+g test %o)ic$ and
&e.+i&e(ent.
W#en %e&sons s+s%ected of co((itting a c&i(e a&e c#a&ged' t#e$ a&e sing)ed o+t and a&e i(%)eaded against
t#ei& i)). T#e %e&sons t#+s c#a&ged' *$ t#e *a&e fact of *eing #a)ed *efo&e t#e %&osec+to&Hs office and %eacea*)$
s+*(itting t#e(se),es to d&+g testing' if t#at *e t#e case' do not necessa&i)$ consent to t#e %&oced+&e' )et a)one
ai,e t#ei& &ig#t to %&i,ac$. To i(%ose (andato&$ d&+g testing on t#e acc+sed is a *)atant atte(%t to #a&ness a
(edica) test a too) fo& c&i(ina) %&osec+tion' cont&a&$ to t#e stated o*/ecti,es of 1A 4167. D&+g testing in t#is case
o+)d ,io)ate a %e&sonsH &ig#t to %&i,ac$ g+a&anteed +nde& Sec. 2' A&t. III of t#e Constit+tion. Wo&se sti))' t#e acc+sed
d&+gs' %)ant so+&ces of dange&o+s d&+gs' cont&o))ed %&ec+&so&s and essentia) c#e(ica)s' as e)) as
inst&+(ents;%a&a%#e&na)ia and;o& )a*o&ato&$ e.+i%(ent so confiscated' sei0ed and;o& s+&&ende&ed' fo& %&o%e&
dis%osition in t#e fo))oing (anne&<
(1! T#e a%%&e#ending tea( #a,ing initia) c+stod$ and cont&o) of t#e d&+gs s#a))' i((ediate)$ afte& sei0+&e and
confiscation' %#$sica))$ in,ento&$ and %#otog&a%# t#e sa(e in t#e %&esence of t#e acc+sed o& t#e %e&son;s f&o(
#o( s+c# ite(s e&e confiscated and;o& sei0ed' o& #is;#e& &e%&esentati,e o& co+nse)' a &e%&esentati,e f&o( t#e
(edia and t#e De%a&t(ent of 3+stice (DE3!' and an$ e)ected %+*)ic officia) #o s#a)) *e &e.+i&ed to sign t#e co%ies of
t#e in,ento&$ and *e gi,en a co%$ t#e&eof.
Non-co(%)iance *$ t#e a%%&e#ending;*+$-*+st tea( it# Section 21 is not fata) as )ong as t#e&e is /+stifia*)e
g&o+nd t#e&efo&' and as )ong as t#e integ&it$ and t#e e,identia&$ ,a)+e of t#e confiscated;sei0ed ite(s' a&e %&o%e&)$
%&ese&,ed *$ t#e a%%&e#ending office&;tea(. Its non-co(%)iance i)) not &ende& an acc+sedHs a&&est i))ega) o& t#e
ite(s sei0ed;confiscated f&o( #i( inad(issi*)e. W#at is of +t(ost i(%o&tance is t#e %&ese&,ation of t#e integ&it$ and
t#e e,identia&$ ,a)+e of t#e sei0ed ite(s' as t#e sa(e o+)d *e +ti)i0ed in t#e dete&(ination of t#e g+i)t o& innocence
of t#e acc+sed. (Peo%)e ,. De) 6onte' G.1. No. 15442=' A%&i) 2C' 2==A> Peo%)e ,. C)e(ente' et.a).' G.1. No. 15AA56'
3+ne 25' 2==A> Peo%)e ,. 6acatingag' G.1. No. 1A1=C5' 3an+a&$ 14' 2==4!
Ass+(ing t#at Sections 21 and A6 e&e indeed *&eac#ed' a%%e))ant s#o+)d #a,e &aised t#ese iss+es *efo&e
t#e t&ia) co+&t. T#is' #e did not do. Ne,e& did #e .+estion t#e c+stod$ and dis%osition of t#e ite(s t#at e&e
s+%%osed)$ ta-en f&o( #i(. It as on)$ on a%%ea) *efo&e t#e Co+&t of A%%ea)s t#at #e &aised t#e(. T#is' #e cannot
do. We #e)d<
T#e )a e8c+ses non-co(%)iance +nde& /+stifia*)e g&o+nds. :oe,e&' #ate,e& /+stifia*)e g&o+nds (a$ e8c+se
t#e %o)ice office&s in,o),ed in t#e *+$-*+st o%e&ation in t#is case f&o( co(%)$ing it# Section 21 i)) &e(ain +n-non'
*eca+se a%%e))ant did not .+estion d+&ing t&ia) t#e safe-ee%ing of t#e ite(s sei0ed f&o( #i(. Indeed' t#e %o)ice
office&sH a))eged ,io)ations of Sections 21 and A6 of 1e%+*)ic Act 4167 e&e not &aised *efo&e t#e t&ia) co+&t *+t e&e
&aised instead fo& t#e fi&st ti(e on a%%ea). In no instance did a%%e))ant )east inti(ate at t#e t&ia) co+&t t#at e&e )a%ses
in t#e sa-e-ee%ing of t#e sei0ed ite(s t#at affected t#ei& integ&it$ and e,identia&$ ,a)+e. E*/ection t e,idence cannot
*e &aised fo& t#e fi&st ti(e on a%%ea)> #en a %a&t$ desi&es t#e co+&t to &e/ect t#e e,idence offe&ed' #e (+st so state
in t#e fo&( of o*/ection. Wit#o+t s+c# o*/ection #e cannot &aise t#e .+estion fo& t#e fi&st ti(e on a%%ea). +Pe!0&e 1)
P2#n,%"3 G)R) N!) 14/.253 A$,$"t *13 2664-

T2%n"(e2 !( D2$,-Re&%te7 %"e" t! PDEA +Set#!n" 21 8 56 !( R)A) .16/-

To &eca%it+)ate' t#e c#a))enged *+$-*+st o%e&ation' a)*eit (ade it#o+t t#e %a&tici%ation of PDEA' did not ,io)ate
a%%e))antHs constit+tiona) &ig#t to *e %&otected f&o( i))ega) a&&est. T#e&e is not#ing in 1e%+*)ic Act No. 4167 #ic#
e,en &e(ote)$ indicate t#e intention of t#e )egis)at+&e to (a-e an a&&est (ade it#o+t t#e %a&tici%ation of t#e PDEA
i))ega) and e,idence o*tained %+&s+ant to s+c# an a&&est inad(issi*)e. 6o&eo,e&' t#e )a did not de%&i,e t#e PNP of
t#e %oe& to (a-e a&&ests. +Pe!0&e 1) St%) M%2#%3 G)R) N!) 14161.3 Fe92$%2' 2*3 2664-
Ne,%t#1e A&&e,%t#!n

T#e gene&a) &+)e is t#at if a c&i(ina) c#a&ge is %&edicated on a negati,e a))egation' o& a negati,e a,e&(ent is an
essentia) e)e(ent of a c&i(e' t#e %&osec+tion #as t#e *+&den to %&o,e t#e c#a&ge. :oe,e&' t#is &+)e ad(its of
e8ce%tions. W#e&e t#e negati,e of an iss+e does not %e&(it of di&ect %&oof' o& #e&e t#e IIIII onus
pro(andi &ests +%on #i(. Stated ot#e&ise' it is not inc+(*ent on t#e %&osec+tion to add+ce %ositi,e e,idence to
s+%%o&t a negati,e a,e&(ent t#e t&+t# of #ic# is fai&)$ indicated *$ esta*)is#ed ci&c+(stances and #ic#' if +nt&+e'
co+)d &eadi)$ *e dis%&o,ed *$ t#e %&od+ction of doc+(ents o& ot#e& e,idence it#in t#e defendantHs -no)edge o&
cont&o). Fo& e8a(%)e' #e&e a c#a&ge is (ade t#at a defendant ca&&ied on a ce&tain *+siness it#o+t a )icense (as in
t#e case at *a&' #et#e& t#e acc+sed is c#a&ged it# t#e sa)e of a &eg+)ated d&+g it#o+t a+t#o&it$!' t#e fact t#at #e
#as a )icense is a (atte& #ic# is %ec+)ia&)$ it#in #is -no)edge and #e (+st esta*)is# t#at fact o& s+ffe& con,iction.
8 8 8 (ita)ics in t#e o&igina)! +S$ :h# Sh%n ; A&1#n Ch#n, S!3 1) Pe!0&e G)R) N!) 16..**3 M%2h .3 2664-
L#<#te7 A00&#%t#!n !( the RPC !n R)A) .16/

Wit# t#e afo&esaid section' t#e %&o,isions of t#e 1e,ised Pena) Code s#a)) no )onge& a%%)$ to t#e %&o,isions of
t#e D&+gs )a e8ce%t #en t#e offende& is a (ino&. T#+s' A&tic)e 6C(2! of t#e 1e,ised Pena) Code s#a)) not *e +sed
in t#e dete&(ination of t#e %ena)t$ to *e i(%osed on t#e acc+sed. Since Section 4A of t#e D&+gs )a contains t#e
o&d "s#a))'9 t#e non-a%%)ica*i)it$ of t#e 1e,ised Pena) Code %&o,isions is (andato&$' s+*/ect on)$ to t#e e8ce%tion in
case t#e offende& is a (ino&. +Pe!0&e 1) N#!&%"3 G)R) N!) 1462*=3 Fe92$%2' 53 2664-
In acco&dance it# Section 4A' A&tic)e JIII of 1e%+*)ic Act No. 4167' t#e %&o,isions of t#e 1e,ised Pena) Code find
)i(ited a%%)ica*i)it$ it# &es%ect to t#e %&o,isions of t#e said Act. Section 4A &eads<
Sec. 4A. 3imited 'pplica(ility o* t1e evised Penal )ode. K Notit#standing an$ )a' &+)e o& &eg+)ation to t#e
cont&a&$' t#e %&o,isions of t#e 1e,ised Pena) Code (Act No. CA17!' as a(ended' s#a)) not a%%)$ to t#e %&o,isions of
t#is Act' e8ce%t in t#e case of (ino& offende&s. W#e&e t#e offende& is a (ino&' t#e %ena)t$ fo& acts %+nis#a*)e *$ )ife
i(%&ison(ent to deat# %&o,ided #e&ein s#a)) *e reclusion perpetua to deat#.
T#+s' in dete&(ining t#e i(%osa*)e %ena)t$' A&tic)e 6C(2! of t#e 1e,ised Pena) Code s#a)) not *e a%%)ied. ?nde&
t#is a&tic)e' in a)) cases in #ic# t#e )a %&esc&i*es a %ena)t$ co(%osed of to indi,isi*)e %ena)ties' t#e )esse& %ena)t$
s#a)) *e a%%)ied #en t#e&e a&e neit#e& (itigating no& agg&a,ating ci&c+(stances. Since Section 4A of t#e D&+gs La
contains t#e o&d "s#a))'9 t#e non-a%%)ica*i)it$ of t#e 1e,ised Pena) Code %&o,isions is (andato&$' s+*/ect to
e8ce%tion on)$ in case t#e offende& is a (ino&. +Pe!0&e 1) S%nt!"3 G)R) N!) 1464*/3 >$ne 263 2665-
RECENT CASES !n Set#!n 21 !( RA .16/

AC?UITTAL:
- C%%! 1) Pe!0&e3 G)R) N!) 1565463 >%n$%2' 223 2616

T#e %atent inconsistenc$ *eteen t#e testi(onies of 6anga%it and Pang-ag' on one #and' and t#e testi(on$ of
Anc#eta on t#e ot#e& #and' necessa&i)$ )eads to do+*t t#at t#e %)astic sac#et of s#a*+ identified in co+&t is t#e sa(e
ite( t#at as a))eged)$ sei0ed and confiscated f&o( %etitione&. At an$ &ate' t#e identification (ade *$ t#e itnesses
on t#e ite( a))eged)$ sei0ed f&o( %etitione& is &ende&ed (eaning)ess and *e&eft of %&o*ati,e ,a)+e in ,ie of t#e
catego&ica) denia) of t#e e,idence c+stodian t#at #e &ecei,ed t#e sa(e f&o( 6anga%it. :ence' t#e&e can *e no c&i(e
of i))ega) %ossession of a %&o#i*ited d&+g #en nagging do+*ts %e&sist on #et#e& t#e ite( confiscated as t#e sa(e
s%eci(en e8a(ined and esta*)is#ed to *e t#e %&o#i*ited d&+g.
- Pe!0&e 1) @%<%73 G)R) N!) 14=1.53 >%n$%2' 1.3 2616

T#e fo))oing )in-s (+st *e esta*)is#ed ion t#e c#ain of c+stod$ in a *+$-*+st sit+ation< fi&st' t#e sei0+&e and
(a&-ing' if %&actica*)e' of t#e i))ega) d&+g &eco,e&ed f&o( t#e acc+sed *$ t#e a%%&e#ending office&> second' t#e
t+&no,e& of t#e i))ega) d&+g sei0ed *$ t#e a%%&e#ending office& to t#e in,estigating office&> t#i&d' t#e t+&no,e& *$ t#e
in,estigating office& of t#e i))ega) d&+g to t#e fo&ensic c#e(ist fo& )a*o&ato&$ e8a(ination> and fo+&t#' t#e t+&no,e& and
s+*(ission of t#e (a&-ed i))ega) d&+g sei0ed f&o( t#e fo&ensic c#e(ist to t#e co+&t. In t#is case' #oe,e&' SPE2
Sanc#e0H testi(on$ )ac-s s%ecifics on #o t#e sei0ed s#a*+ as #and)ed i((ediate)$ afte& t#e acc+sed-a%%e))antHs
a&&est. SPE2 Sanc#e0H testi(on$ &ega&ding t#e %ost-a&&est %o)ice in,estigation fai)ed to %&o,ide %a&tic+)a&s on
#et#e& t#e s#a*+ as t+&ned o,e& to t#e in,estigato&. T#e %ieces of e,idence nota*)$ fai) to identif$ t#e %e&son #o
%e&sona))$ *&o+g#t t#e sei0ed s#a*+ to t#e PNP C&i(e La*o&ato&$. T#e$ a)so fai) to c)ea&)$ identif$ t#e %e&son #o
&ecei,ed t#e s#a*+ at t#e fo&ensic )a*o&ato&$.
T#e&e as a)so non-co(%)iance it# t#e %&esc&i*ed %&oced+&e +nde& Sec. 21 of 1A 4167. SPE2 Sanc#e0 fai)ed to
%&o,ide s%ecific detai)s on #o t#e sei0ed s#a*+ as (a&-ed a)t#o+g# t#e e,idence s#os t#at t#e s#a*+ as
(a&-ed as "ES-1-161==49 *efo&e it as sent to a fo&ensic )a*o&ato&$. :is testi(on$ a)so fai)ed to state #et#e& t#e
(a&-ing of t#e s#a*+ as done i((ediate)$ afte& its sei0+&e (as Section 21 of 1A 4167 &e.+i&es! o& d+&ing t#e
in,estigation. :is testi(on$ )i-eise fai)ed to disc)ose if a %#$sica) in,ento&$ and %#otog&a%#$ of t#e sei0ed ite(s
#ad ta-en %)ace' o& if t#e$ #ad' #et#e& t#ese e&e +nde&ta-en in t#e %&esence of t#e acc+sed o& #is co+nse)' o& a
&e%&esentati,e f&o( t#e (edia and t#e De%a&t(ent of 3+stice' and of an e)ecti,e officia).
- Pe!0&e 1) F2!n7!A!3 G)R) N!) 14416=3 >$ne *63 266.

To esta*)is# t#e identit$ of t#e s#a*+ sei0ed f&o( F&ondo0o' t#e %&oced+&es )aid don in 1e%. Act No. 4167 s#o+)d
*e co(%)ied it#. Section 21 of t#e I(%)e(enting 1+)es and 1eg+)ations of 1e%. Act No. 4167 c)ea&)$ o+t)ines t#e
%ost-sei0+&e %&oced+&e in ta-ing c+stod$ of sei0ed d&+gs. It states< (1! T#e a%%&e#ending tea( #a,ing initia)
c+stod$ and cont&o) of t#e d&+gs s#a))' i((ediate)$ afte& sei0+&e and confiscation' %#$sica))$ in,ento&$ and
%#otog&a%# t#e sa(e in t#e %&esence of t#e acc+sed o& t#e %e&son;s f&o( #o( s+c# ite(s e&e confiscated and;o&
sei0ed' o& #is;#e& &e%&esentati,e o& co+nse)' a &e%&esentati,e f&o( t#e (edia and t#e De%a&t(ent of 3+stice (DE3!'
and an$ e)ected %+*)ic officia) #o s#a)) *e &e.+i&ed to sign t#e co%ies of t#e in,ento&$ and *e gi,en a co%$ t#e&of.
In t#is case' t#e a&&esting office&s fai)ed to st&ict)$ co(%)$ it# t#e %&oced+&es fo& t#e c+stod$ and dis%osition of
confiscated dange&o+s d&+gs as %&esc&i*ed *$ 1e%. Act No. 4167. T#e a&&esting office&s did not (a&- t#e s#a*+
i((ediate)$ afte& t#e$ a&&ested F&ondo0o. F+&t#e&' #i)e t#e&e as testi(on$ &ega&ding t#e (a&-ing of t#e s#*+ afte&
it as t+&ned o,e& to t#e %o)ice in,estigato&' no e,idence as %&esented to %&o,e t#at t#e (a&-ing t#e&of as done in
t#e %&esence of F&ondo0o. A)so' fata) in t#e %&osec+tionHs case is t#e fai)+&e of t#e a&&esting office&s to ta-e a
%#otog&a%# and (a-e an in,ento&$ of t#e confiscated (ate&ia)s in t#e %&esence of F&ondo0o. Li-eise' t#e&e as no
(ention t#at an$ &e%&esentati,e f&o( t#e (edia' DE3 o& an$ e)ected %+*)ic officia) #ad *een %&esent d+&ing t#e
in,ento&$ o& t#at an$ of t#ese %e&sons #ad *een &e.+i&ed to sign t#e co%ies of t#e in,ento&$.
IMPLICATION BY RA 52.= ON PD 1566 +ILLEGAL POSSESSION OF FIREARMS-

P.D. 1A66' #ic# codified t#e )as on i))ega) %ossession of fi&ea&(s' as a(ended on 3+ne 6' 1445 *$ 1e%+*)ic Act
A262. Aside f&o( )oe&ing t#e %ena)t$ fo& said c&i(e' 1.A. A242 a)so %&o,ided t#at #( h!<##7e !2 <$27e2 #"
!<<#tte7 B#th the $"e !( %n $n&#en"e7 (#2e%2<3 "$h $"e "h%&& 9e !n"#7e2e7 %" % "0e#%&
%,,2%1%t#n,#2$<"t%ne. T#is a(end(ent #as to (2! i(%)ications< (#2"t' t#e +se of an +n)icensed fi&ea&( in
t#e co((ission of #o(icide o& (+&de& s#a)) not *e t&eated as a se%a&ate offense' *+t (e&e)$ as a s%ecia)
agg&a,ating ci&c+(stance> "e!n7' as on)$ asing)e c&i(e (#o(icide o& (+&de& it# t#e
agg&a,ating ci&c+(stance of i))ega) %ossessionof fi&ea&(! is co((itted +nde& t#e )a' on)$ one %ena)t$ s#a)) *e
i(%osed on t#e acc+sed.
P&escinding t#e&ef&o(' and conside&ing t#at t#e %&o,isions of t#e a(endato&$ )a a&e fa,o&a*)e to #e&ein a%%e))ant'
t#e ne )a s#o+)d *e &et&oacti,e)$ a%%)ied in t#e case at *a&. It as t#+s e&&o& fo& t#e t&ia) co+&t to con,ict t#e
a%%e))ant of to (2! se%a&ate offenses' i.e.' :o(icide and I))ega) Possession of Fi&ea&(s' and %+nis# #i( se%a&ate)$
fo& eac# c&i(e. @ased on t#e facts of t#e case' t#e c&i(e fo& #ic# t#e a%%e))ant (a$ *e c#a&ged is h!<##7e3
%,,2%1%te7 9' #&&e,%& 0!""e""#!n !( (#2e%2<' t#e co&&ect deno(ination fo& t#e c&i(e'
and n!t #&&e,%& 0!""e""#!n !( (#2e%2<3 %,,2%1%te7 9'h!<##7e as &+)ed *$ t#e t&ia) co+&t' as it is t#e fo&(e&
offense #ic# agg&a,ates t#e c&i(e of #o(icide +nde& t#e a(endato&$ )a.


ECEN IF ACCUSED ADMITTED THAT HE HAS NO LICENSE3 SUCH ADMISSION IS NOT SUFFICIENT PROOF
OF ILLEGAL POSSESSION OF FIREARM

:ence' in t#e case at *a&' %&th!$,h the %00e&&%nt h#<"e&( %7<#tte7 th%t he h%7 n! &#en"e (!2 the ,$n 2e!1e2e7
(2!< h#" 0!""e""#!n3 h#" %7<#""#!n B#&& n!t 2e&#e1e the 02!"e$t#!n !( #t" 7$t' t! e"t%9&#"h 9e'!n7
2e%"!n%9&e 7!$9t the %00e&&%ntD" &%E !( &#en"e !2 0e2<#t t! 0!""e"" the ,$n. In Pe!0&e 1") S!&%'%!' e
e8%o+nded on t#is doct&ine' t#+s<
"8 8 8 *$ its ,e&$ nat+&e' an ad(ission is t#e (e&e ac-no)edge(ent of a fact o& of ci&c+(stances f&o( #ic# g+i)t
(a$ *e infe&&ed' tending to inc&i(inate t#e s%ea-e&' *+t not s+fficient of itse)f to esta*)is# #is g+i)t.9 In ot#e& o&ds' it
is a state(ent *$ defendant of fact o& facts %e&tinent to iss+es %ending' in connection it# %&oof of ot#e& facts o&
ci&c+(stances' to %&o,e g+i)t' *+t #ic# is' of itse)f' ins+fficient to a+t#o&i0e con,iction. F&o( t#e a*o,e %&inci%)es'
t#is Co+&t can infe& t#at %n %7<#""#!n #n 2#<#n%& %"e" #" #n"$((##ent t! 02!1e 9e'!n7 7!$9t
the !<<#""#!n !( the 2#<e h%2,e7)

"6o&eo,e&' "%#7 %7<#""#!n #" eFt2%G$7##%& #n n%t$2e. As s+c#' it does not fa)) +nde& Section 2 of 1+)e 124 of t#e
1e,ised 1+)es of Co+&t #ic# states<
An ad(ission' ,e&*a) o& &itten' (ade *$ a %a&t$ in t#e co+&se of t#e t&ia) o& ot#e& %&oceedings in t#e sa(e case does
not &e.+i&e %&oof.
"Not *eing a /+dicia) ad(ission' said "t%te<ent 9' %$"e7-%00e&&%nt 7!e" n!t 02!1e 9e'!n7 2e%"!n%9&e 7!$9t
the "e!n7 e&e<ent !( #&&e,%& 0!""e""#!n !( (#2e%2<. It does not e,en esta*)is# a %&i(a facie case. It (e&e)$
*o)ste&s t#e case fo& t#e %&osec+tion *+t 7!e" n!t "t%n7 %" 02!!( !( the (%t !( %9"ene !2 &%E !( % &#en"e.9
(e(%#asis s+%%)ied! 4PP -vs- +/35'N )'S65337 Y 3/M'Y7, G.. No. %!%5",-"!, 8e(. %5, ,000)

ELEMENTS OF ILLEGAL POSSESSION OF FIREARMS
To con,ict an acc+sed fo& i))ega) %ossession of fi&ea&(s and e8%)osi,e +nde& P.D. 1A66 as a(ended' to (2!
essentia) e)e(ents (+st *e ind+*ita*)$ esta*)is#ed' ,i0< (a! t#eeF#"tene !( the "$9Get
(#2e%2< o& eF0&!"#1e #ic# (a$ *e %&o,ed *$ t#e %&esentation of t#e s+*/ect fi&ea&( o& e8%)osi,e o& *$ t#e testi(on$
of itnesses #o sa acc+sed in %ossession of t#e sa(e' and (*! the ne,%t#1e (%t th%t the %$"e7 h%7 n!
&#en"e !2 0e2<#t t! !Bn !2 0!""e"" the (#2e%2< !2 eF0&!"#1e #ic# fact (a$ *e esta*)is#ed *$ t#e testi(on$ o&
ce&tification of a &e%&esentati,e of t#e PNP Fi&ea&(s and E8%)osi,es ?nit t#at t#e acc+sed #as no )icense o& %e&(it to
%ossess t#e s+*/ect fi&ea&( o& e8%)osi,e.
In t#e case at *a&' t#e %&osec+tion fai)ed to %&o,e t#e second e)e(ent of t#e c&i(e' i.e.' t#e )ac- of )icense o& %e&(it of
a%%e))ant Co&te0 to %ossess t#e #and g&enade. A)t#o+g# t#e #and g&enade sei0ed *$ PE2 Santos f&o( a%%e))ant
as %&esented in co+&t' t#e &eco&ds *ea& t#at PE2 Santos 7#7 n!t "$9<#t the ,2en%7e t! the PNP F#2e%2<" %n7
EF0&!"#1e" Un#t fo& ,e&ification. T#is e8%)ains #$ n! e2t#(#%t#!n !2 te"t#<!n' B%" %77$e7 9' the
02!"e$t#!n %t the t2#%& t! 02!1e th%t %00e&&%nt C!2teA B%" n!t &#en"e7 t! 0!""e"" the eF0&!"#1e) T#e fai)+&e
of t#e %&osec+tion to add+ce t#is fact is fata) to its ca+se. We st&ess t#at t#e essence of t#e c&i(e %ena)i0ed +nde&
P.D. 1A66 is %&i(a&i)$ t#e %$"e7D" &%E !( &#en"e !2 0e2<#t t! %22' !2 0!""e"" the (#2e%2<3 %<<$n#t#!n !2
eF0&!"#1e %"0!""e""#!n 9' #t"e&( #" n!t 02!h#9#te7 9' &%B)

MAY EHPLOSICES BE GICEN A PERMIT OR LICENSEI
In t#e case of an e8%)osi,e' a %e&(it o& )icense to %ossess it is +s+a))$ g&anted to (ining co&%o&ations' (i)ita&$
%e&sonne) and ot#e& )egiti(ate +se&s. 4PP -vs- 9:N5: )76:; Y N'6'N57, :6 '3., G.. Nos. %!%6%"-,0,
8e(. %, ,000)
UNDER R)A) 52.= A SEPARATE CONCICTION FOR ILLEGAL POSSESSIONOF FIREARMS AND
FOR HOMICIDE IS NOT ALLOWED
Wit# &es%ect to t#e con,iction of acc+sed-a%%e))ant fo& i))ega) %ossession of fi&ea&(s +nde& P.D. No. 1A66' it
as #e)d in t#e case of Pe!0&e 1") M!&#n%and &eite&ated in t#e &ecent case of Pe!0&e 1") R!n%&7! C%&7eA3 t#at in
cases #e&e (+&de& o& #o(icide is co((itted it# t#e +se of an +n)icensed fi&ea&(' t#e&e can *e no se%a&ate
con,iction fo& t#e c&i(e of i))ega) %ossession of fi&ea&(s +nde& P.D. No. 1A66 in ,ie of t#e a(end(ents int&od+ced
*$ 1e%+*)ic Act No. A242. T#e&e+nde&' t#e +se of +n)icensed fi&ea&( in (+&de& o& #o(icide is si(%)$ conside&ed as
an agg&a,ating ci&c+(stance in t#e (+&de& o& #o(icide and no )onge& as a se%a&ate offense. F+&t#e&(o&e'
t#e %ena)t$fo& i))ega) %ossession of fi&ea&(s s#a)) *e i(%osed %&o,ided t#at no c&i(e is co((itted. In ot#e& o&ds'
#e&e (+&de& o& #o(icide as co((itted' t#e %ena)t$ fo& i))ega)%ossession of fi&ea&(s is no )onge& i(%osa*)e since it
*eco(es (e&e)$ a s%ecia) agg&a,ating ci&c+(stance. 4PP -vs- '/G/S67 37:67 5NG7, +., G.. No.
%,!"%$, .ec. ", %""")

>URISPRUDENCE:
P#"p!# 1(. M'(!&+g) 257 SCRA 299
Intent t! P!""e""3 !2 An#<$" P!""#7en7# #" E""ent#%&)
A distinction s#o+)d *e (ade *eteen c&i(ina) intent and intent to %ossess. W#i)e (e&e %ossession it#o+t
c&i(ina) intent is s+fficient to con,ict a %e&son fo& i))ega)%ossession of fi&ea&(s' it (+st sti)) *e s#os t#at t#e&e as
ani(+s %ossidendi o& an intent to %ossess on t#e %a&t of t#e acc+sed.
T#e&e is no e,idence of ani(+s %ossedendi if t#e offende& as in %ossession of an +n)icensed fi&ea&( on)$ on
t#e occasion of t#e s#ooting fo& t&ansito&$ %+&%ose and fo& t#e s#o&t (o(ent in connection it# t#e s#ooting.
Lac- of e,idence is an essentia) e)e(ent of t#e c&i(e and t#at t#e sa(e (+st *e a))eged in t#e Info&(ation and
d+)$ %&o,ed.

P#"p!# 1( R#8+!." C,49) G.R. N". 76728) A4g4($ 5) 1988
Ene&s#i% of t#e g+n is i((ate&ia) o& i&&e)e,ant in ,io)ation of PD 1A66' as a(ended. Ene (a$ *e con,icted
of %ossession of an +n)icensed fi&ea&( e,en if #e is not t#e one& t#e&eof.

P#"p!# 1( F&!#2"+ R2"() 222SCRA 777

E,en if t#e g+n is "%a)ti-9' t#e&e is a need to sec+&e )icense fo& t#e g+n' and if fo+nd it#o+t an$ )icense
t#e&efo&' t#e offende& is )ia*)e fo& ,io)ation of PD 1A66.

P#"p!# 1(. :!p+ L.;2!2) #$ !.) G.R. N". 156169<71) S#p$#23#, 19) 2---

If an +n)icensed fi&ea&( is +sed to co((it a c&i(e ot#e& t#an #o(icide o& (+&de&' s+c# a di&ect assa+)t it#
atte(%ted #o(icide' t#e +se of +n)icensed fi&ea&( is neit#e& an agg&a,ating ci&c+(stances no& a se%a&ate offenses.
Since t#e )a +sed t#e o&d:o(icide of 6+&de&' %ossession of an +n)icensed fi&ea&( is not agg&a,ating in
Atte(%ted:o(icide.
N!te< ?nde& 1e%+*)ic Act A242' t#e %ena)t$ de%ends +%on t#e ca)i*e& of t#e g+n. S+%%ose t#e&e is no testi(on$ as
to t#e ca)i*e& of t#e g+nL

E,+#($" C4#+' 1(. P#"p!#) 55 SCRA 722

W#e&e a sec+&it$ g+a&d as gi,en *$ #is e(%)o$e&' a sec+&it$ agenc$' a fi&ea&(' and t#e acc+sed ass+(ed
t#at t#e e(%)o$e& sec+&ed t#e )icense fo& t#e fi&ea&( *+t it t+&ned o+t t#at t#e e(%)o$e& fai)ed to get an$ )icense' t#e
sec+&it$ g+a&d is not c&i(ina))$ )ia*)e. T#e sec+&it$ g+a&d #as t#e &ig#t to ass+(e t#at t#e sec+&it$ agenc$ sec+&ed
t#e )icense.

P#"p!# 1(. P#,!&$" S"8+g) #$ !.) 11- P%&!. 767) 785
If a consta*+)a&$ so)die& ent&+sted #is g+n to t#e acc+sed fo& safe-ee%ing and )ate& t#e acc+sed fo+nd in
%ossession of t#e g+n' t#e acc+sed is g+i)t$ of %ossession of +n)icensed fi&ea&(. To e8c+)%ate #i(se)f' t#e acc+sed
(+st %&o,e a*sence of ani(+s %ossidendi.

P#"p!# "= $%# P%&!&pp&+#( 1(. B#,+&# C",$#9 8 N$+&") #$.!.) G.R. N"(. 151619<2-) F#3. 1) 2---


M%' EF0&!"#1e" 9e G#1en % Pe2<#t !2 L#en"eI
In t#e case of an e8%)osi,e' a %e&(it o& )icense to %ossess it is +s+a))$ g&anted to (ining co&%o&ations' (i)ita&$
%e&sonne) and ot#e& )egiti(ate +se&s.
P#"p!# "= $%# P%&!&pp&+#( 1(. A4g4($" L",#$" R&+g",) G.R. N". 125918) D#'#23#, 9) 1999

?nde& 1.A. A242' a se%a&ate con,iction fo& i))ega) %ossession of fi&ea&(s and fo& #o(icide is not a))oed.

Wit# &es%ect to t#e con,iction of acc+sed-a%%e))ant fo& i))ega) %ossession of fi&ea&(s +nde& P.D. No. 1A66' it
as #e)d in t#e case of Peo%)e ,s. 6o)ina and &eite&ated in t#e &ecent case of Peo%)e ,s. 1ona)do Ga)de0' t#at in
cases #e&e (+&de& o& #o(icide is co((itted it# t#e +se of an +n)icensed fi&ea&(' t#e&e can *e no se%a&ate
con,iction fo& t#e c&i(e of i))ega) %ossession of fi&ea&(s +nde& P.D. No. 1A66 in ,ie of t#e a(end(ents int&od+ced
*$ 1e%+*)ic Act No. A242. T#e&e+nde&' t#e +se of +n)icensed fi&ea&( in (+&de& o& #o(icide is si(%)$ conside&ed as
an agg&a,ating ci&c+(stance in t#e (+&de& o& #o(icide and no )onge& as a se%a&ate offense. F+&t#e&(o&e' t#e
%ena)t$ fo& i))ega) %ossession of fi&ea&(s s#a)) *e i(%osed %&o,ided t#at no c&i(e is co((itted. In ot#e& o&ds'
#e&e (+&de& o& #o(icide as co((itted' t#e %ena)t$ fo& i))ega) %ossession of fi&ea&(s is no )onge& i(%osa*)e since
it *eco(es (e&e)$ a s%ecia) agg&a,ating ci&c+(stance.
P.D. 755 OR ANTI<CATTLE RUSTLING LA:

De(#n#t#!n
C$$!#<,4($!&+g is t#e ta-ing aa$ *$ an$ (eans' (et#od o& sc#e(e' it#o+t t#e consent of t#e one& o& &aise&' of
an$ co' ca&a*ao' #o&se' (+)e' ass o& ot#e& do(esticated (e(*e& of t#e *o,ine fa(i)$' #et#e& o& not fo& %&ofit o&
gain' o& #et#e& co((itted it# o& it#o+t ,io)ence against o& inti(idation of an$ %e&son o& fo&ce +%on t#ings> and it
inc)+des t#e -i))ing of )a&ge catt)e' o& ta-ing its (eat o& #ide it#o+t t#e consent of t#e one& o& &aise&. 4Pil-:y vs.
People, G.. No. %54"4%, +uly ", ,00#)
C#!&%t#!n !( Ant#-C%tt&e R$"t&#n, L%B; E&e<ent"

1. La&ge catt)e is ta-en
2. It *e)ongs to anot#e&
C. T#e ta-ing is done it#o+t t#e consent of t#e one& o& &aise&
2. T#e ta-ing is done *$ an$ (eans' (et#od o& sc#e(e
7. T#e ta-ing is done it# o& it#o+t intent to gain
6. T#e ta-ing is acco(%)is#ed it# o& it#o+t ,io)ence o& inti(idation against %e&son o& fo&ce +%on t#ings. 4Pil-
:y vs. People, G.. No. %54"4%, +uly ", ,00#)
DEEMED AS AN AMENDMENT OF THE RECISED PENAL CODE
:oe,e&' as e #a,e dec)a&ed in Canta' t#e co(%+tation of t#e %ena)t$ s#o+)d *e in acco&dance it# o+& disc+ssion
in People v. Macatanda 4%"5 S)' 604)' #ic# e .+ote #e&ein fo& e(%#asis' t#+s<
We do not ag&ee it# t#e So)icito& Gene&a) t#at P.D. No. 7CC is a s%ecia) )a' enti&e)$ distinct f&o( and +n&e)ated to
t#e 1e,ised Pena) Code. F&o( t#e nat+&e of t#e %ena)t$ i(%osed #ic# is in te&(s of t#e c)assification and d+&ation
of %ena)ties as %&esc&i*ed in t#e 1e,ised Pena) Code' #ic# is not fo& %ena)ties as a&e o&dina&i)$ i(%osed in s%ecia)
)as' t#e intent see(s c)ea& t#at P.D. 7CC s#a)) *e dee(ed as an a(end(ent of t#e 1e,ised Pena) Code' it#
&es%ect to t#e offense of t#eft of )a&ge catt)e (A&t. C1=!' o& ot#e&ise to *e s+*/ect to a%%)ica*)e %&o,isions t#e&eof
s+c# as A&tic)e 1=2 of t#e 1e,ised Pena) Code on ci,i) )ia*i)it$ of t#e offende&' a %&o,ision #ic# is not fo+nd in t#e
dec&ee' *+t #ic# co+)d not #a,e *een intended to *e disca&ded o& e)i(inated *$ t#e dec&ee. A&tic)e 62 of t#e sa(e
Code s#o+)d' )i-eise' *e a%%)ica*)e 8 8 8.
:ence' in t#e instant case' conside&ing t#at neit#e& agg&a,ating no& (itigating ci&c+(stance attended t#e
co((ission of t#e c&i(e' t#e %ena)t$ to *e i(%osed s#o+)d *e it#in t#e &ange of prision correccional in its (a8i(+(
%e&iod to prision mayor in its (edi+( %e&iod' as (ini(+(' to reclusion temporal in its (ini(+( %e&iod' as (a8i(+(.
We' t#+s' (odif$ t#e (ini(+( %ena)t$ i(%osed *$ t#e t&ia) co+&t to *e fo+& (2! $ea&s' to (2! (ont#s and one (1! da$
of prision correccional. 4Pil-:y vs. People, G.. No. %54"4%, +uly ", ,00#)
R.A. 7-8-0 AN ACT DEFINING AND PENALIZING THE CRIME OF PLUNDER
>URISPRUDENCE:
In t#e case of .:P'0'0597 G')5' vs. S'N.5G'N9'Y'N and :P/935) it as #e)d *$ t#e S+%&e(e Co+&t
t#at "T#e action of fo&feit+&e a&ises #en a "%+*)ic office& o& e(%)o$ee Bac.+i&esD d+&ing #is inc+(*enc$ an a(o+nt of
%&o%e&t$ #ic# is (anifest)$ o+t of %&o%o&tion of #is sa)a&$ 8 8 8 and to #is ot#e& )af+) inco(e 8 8 8.9 S+c# a(o+nt of
%&o%e&t$ is t#en %&es+(ed prima *acie to #a,e *een +n)af+))$ ac.+i&ed. T#+s' "if t#e &es%ondent B%+*)ic officia)D is
+na*)e to s#o to t#e satisfaction of #e co+&t #at #e #as )af+))$ ac.+i&ed t#e %&o%e&t$ in .+estion' t#en t#e co+&t
s#a)) dec)a&e s+c# %&o%e&t$ fo&feited in fa,o& of t#e State' and *$ ,i&t+e of s+c# /+dg(ent t#e %&o%e&t$ afo&esaid s#a))
*eco(e %&o%e&t$ fo&feited in fa,o& of t#e Stat.9


FRATERNITIES) SORORITIES) AND ORGANIZATIONS AND PRO>IDING PENALTIES THEREFORE.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8-69.
P+&%ose<
Its %+&%ose is to %&e,ent t#e inc&easing n+(*e& of deat#s d+e to #a0ing and ot#e& fo&(s of initiation &ites.
CONDITIONS OF A LEGAL HA:ING OR INTITIATION RITES:

No #a0ing o& initiation &ites in an$ fo&( o& (anne& *$ a f&ate&nit$' so&o&it$ o& o&gani0ation se,en (5! da$s *efo&e
t#e cond+ct of s+c# initiations. T#e &itten notice s#a)) indicate t#e %e&iod of t#e initiation acti,ities #ic# s#a)) not
e8ceed t#&ee (C! da$s' s#a)) inc)+de t#e na(es of t#ose to *e s+*/ected to s+c# acti,ities' and s#a)) f+&t#e& contain an
+nde&ta-ing t#at no %#$sica) ,io)ence *e e(%)o$ed *$ an$*od$ d+&ing s+c# initiation &ites.
DECREE PENALIZING OBSTRUCTION OF APPREHENSION AND PROSECUTION OF CRIMINAL OFFENSES
(P.D. 1829)
P+&%ose<
As stated in t#e )a' its %+&%ose is to disco+&age %+*)ic indiffe&ence o& a%at#$ toa&ds t#e a%%&e#ension and
%&osec+tion of c&i(ina) offende&s' it is necessa&$ to %ena)i0e acts #ic# o*st&+ct o& f&+st&ate o& tend to o*st&+ct o&
f&+st&ate t#e s+ccessf+) a%%&e#ension and %&osec+tion of c&i(ina) offende&s.
Agp!" L#g! E$%&'() UP L* C#+$#,) 198- E.&$&"+. Pp.405-406)
Acts #ic# a(o+nt to o*st&+ction in t#e ad(inist&ation of /+stice (a$ ta-e (an$ fo&(s. T#e$ inc)+de s+c# acts
as inst&+cting a co(%)aining itness in a c&i(ina) action not to a%%ea& at t#e sc#ed+)ed #ea&ing so t#at t#e case
against t#e c)ient' t#e acc+sed' o+)d *e dis(issed. (Canto&ne ,s. D+casin s+%&a! as-ing a c)ient to %)ead g+i)t$ to a
c&i(e #ic# t#e )a$e& -nos #is c)ient did not co((it' (Nueno v. Santos, 7A P#i). 775 B14CCD! ad,ising a c)ient #o
is detained fo& a c&i(e to esca%e f&o( %&ison' (Cf. Medina v. Yan, G.. No. !0"#$, Sept. !0, %"#4), e(%)o$ing
di)ato&$ tactics to f&+st&ate satisfaction of c)ea&)$ ,a)id c)ai(s' Pa&ares vs. '(ad Santos, G.1. No. 2472C' No,e. 2='
1464' C= SC1A 52A! %&osec+ting c)ea&)$ f&i,o)o+s cases as a%%ea)s to d&ain t#e &eso+&ces of t#e ot#e& %a&t$ and
co(%e) #i( to s+*(it o+t of e8#a+stion (Sa(a& 6ining Co. ,s. A&nado' G1 No. 22C=2' 3+)$ C=' 146A! and finding
(+)ti%)e %etitions o& co(%)aints fo& ca+se t#at #as *een %&e,io+s)$ &e/ected in t#e fa)se e8%ectation of getting
fa,o&a*)e action. (Ga(riel vs. )ourt o* 'ppeals, G.. No. 4!#5#, +uly !0, %"#6, #, S)' %#!- amos vs.
Potenciano, G.. No. ,#%04, .ec. ,0, %"#6, #4 S)' !45- Macias v. /y 0im, G.. No. !%%#4, May !0, %"#,, 45
S)' ,5%) Acts of t#is o& si(i)a& nat+&e a&e g&o+nds fo& disci%)ina&$ action.9

/URISPRUDENCE0

P"(.( 1(. O234.(2+) (GR N". 151692) 29 S#p$#23#, 2---)

In t#is case' ce&tain officia)s of t#e ?ni,e&sit$ of t#e P#i)i%%ines (?P! e&e c#a&ged fo& ,io)ating PD 1A24. T#e
?P office&s o*/ected to t#e a&&ant)ess a&&est of ce&tain st+dents *$ t#e Nationa) @+&ea+ of In,estigation (N@I!.
Acco&ding to t#e S+%&e(e Co+&t' t#e %o)ice #ad no g&o+nd fo& t#e a&&ant)ess a&&est. T#e ?P Effice&s' t#e&efo&e' #ad
a &ig#t to %&e,ent t#e a&&est of t#e st+dents at t#e ti(e *eca+se t#ei& atte(%ted a&&est as i))ega). T#e "need to
enfo&ce t#e )a cannot *e /+stified *$ sac&ificing constit+tiona) &ig#ts.9

E+,&!# 1(. H"+. A2&+) (G.R. N". 95557) S#p$. 15) 199-)
In t#is case' Sen. 3+an Ponce En&i)e as c#a&ged +nde& PD 1A24' fo& a))eged)$ acco((odating Co). G&ego&io
:onasan *$ gi,ing #i( food and co(fo&t on 1 Dece(*e& 14A4 in #is #o+se. "Fnoing t#at Co)one) :onasan is a
f+giti,e f&o( /+stice' Sen. En&i)e a))eged)$ did not do an$t#ing to #a,e :onasan a&&ested o& a%%&e#ended.9 T#e
S+%&e(e Co+&t &+)ed t#at Sen. En&i)e co+)d not *e se%a&ate)$ c#a&ged +nde& PD 1A24' as t#is is a*so&*ed in t#e
c#a&ge of &e*e))ion a)&ead$ fi)ed against Sen. En&i)e.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8686
(T%# A''#(( D#1&'# R#g4!$&"+)
An act &eg+)ating t#e iss+ance and +se of access de,ices' %&o#i*iting f&a+d+)ent acts co((itted &e)ati,e t#e&eto'
%&o,iding %ena)ties and fo& ot#e& %+&%oses.
T#e &ecent ad,ances in (ode&n tec#no)og$ #a,e )ed to t#e e8tensi,e +se of ce&tain de,ices in co((e&cia)
t&ansactions' %&o(%ting t#e State to &eg+)ate t#e sa(e. #ence' on Fe*&+a&$ C' 144A' Cong&ess enacted 1e%+*)ic Act
N+(*e& A2A2' ot#e&ise -non as61e 'ccess .evices e2ulation 'ct o* %""$.
Te&(ed as "access de,ices9 *$ 1A No. A2A2' an$ ca&d' %)ate' code' acco+nt n+(*e&' e)ect&onic se&ia) n+(*e&'
%e&sona) identification n+(*e&' o& ot#e& te)eco((+nication se&,ice' e.+i%(ent' o& inst&+(enta) identifie&' o& ot#e&
(eans of acco+nt access t #at can *e +sed to o*tain (one$' good' se&,ices o& an$ ot#e& t#ing of ,a)+e o& to
initiate t&ansfe& of f+nds (ot#e& t#an t&ansfe& o&iginated so)e)$ *$ %a%e& inst&+(ent! is no s+*/ect to &eg+)ation. T#e
iss+ance and +se of access de,ices a&e o+g#t to &eg+)ate in o&de& to %&otect t#e &ig#ts and define t#e )ia*i)ities of
%a&ties in co((e&cia) t&ansactions in,o),ing t#e(.
Essentia))$' t#e )a i(%oses d+ties *ot# to t#e access de,ice iss+e& and #o)de&' and %ena)i0e ce&tain acts dee(ed
+n)af+) fo& *eing det&i(enta) to eit#e& t#e iss+e& o& #o)de&' o& *ot#.
T#e )a (andates an access de,ice iss+e&' o& "ca&d iss+e&'9 to disc)ose eit#e& in &iting o& o&a))$ in an$ a%%)ication o&
so)icitation to o%en a c&edit ca&d acco+nt t#e fo))oing< 1! ann+a) %e&centage &ate> 2! ann+a) and ot#e& fees> C! and
*a)ance ca)c+)ation (et#od> 2! cas# ad,ance fee> and 7!! o,e& t#e )i(it fee.
6o&eo,e&' t#e co(%+tation +sed in o&de& to a&&i,e at s+c# c#a&ges and fees &e.+i&ed' to t#e e8tent %&actica*)e' to *e
e8%)ained in detai) and a c)ea& i))+st&ation of t#e (anne& *$ #ic# it is (ade to a%%)$ is a)so necessa&$.
Nonet#e)ess' t#e&e a&e ce&tain e8ce%tions fo& t#e a*o,e &e.+i&e(ent of disc)os+&e not to a%%)$. T#is is #en
a%%)ication o& so)icitation is (ade t#&o+g# te)e%#one' %&o,ided t#at t#e iss+e& does not i(%ose an$ ann+a) fee' and
fee in connection it# te)e%#one so)icitation +n)ess t#e c+sto(e& signifies acce%tance *$ +sing t#e ca&d' and t#at a
c)ea& disc)os+&e of t#e info&(ation en+(e&ated in t#e %&eceding %a&ag&a%# is (ade in &iting it#in t#i&t$ (C=! afte&
t#e cons+(e& &e.+ests fo& t#e ca&d' *+t in no e,ent )ate& t#ant#e date of t#e de)i,e&$ of t#e ca&d' and t#at t#e
cons+(e& is not o*)igated to acce%t t#e ca&d o& acco+nt and t#e cons+(e& i)) not *e o*)igated to %a$ an$ fees o&
c#a&ges disc)osed +n)ess t#e cons+(e& acce%ts t#e ca&d o& acco+nt *$ +sing t#e ca&d.
Fai)+&e on t#e %a&t of t#e iss+e& to f+)fi)) t#e a*o,e &e.+i&e(ents i)) &es+)t in t#e s+s%ension o& cance))ation of its
a+t#o&it$ to iss+e c&edit ca&ds' afte& d+e notice and #ea&ing' *$ t#e @an-o Sent&a) ng Pi)i%inas' t#e Sec+&ities and
E8c#ange Co((ission and s+c# ot#e& go,e&n(ent agencies.
In s+( t#e&efo&e' t#e a*o,e o(ission is (ade %+nis#a*)e if t#e fo))oing e)e(ents occ+&. Ene' t#e&e is an a%%)ication
o& so)icitation. Second' s+c# a%%)ication o& so)icitation s#o+)d inc)+de t#e info&(ation &e.+i&ed *$ )a. and t#i&d' fai)+&e
on t#e %a&t of t#e iss+e& to disc)ose s+c# info&(ation.
In one case (E&(itano ,. G1 No. 125226' A%&i) 21' 1444!' t#e S+%&e(e Co+&t #ad t#e occasion to &+)e on t#e ,a)idit$
of cont&acts in,o),ing c&edit ca&ds. T#e c&edit ca&ds #o)de& contended t#at t#e c&edit ca&d co(%an$ s#o+)d *e *)a(ed
fo& t#e c#a&ges t#e sa(e *eing +na&&anted *$ t#e cont&act. As sti%+)ated' once a )ost ca&d #as *een &e%o&ted'
%+&c#ases (ade t#e&eafte& s#o+)d not acc&+e on t#e %a&t of t#e #o)de&.
T#e Co+&t said notit#standing t#e fact t#at t#e cont&act of t#e %a&ties is a cont&act of ad#esion t#e sa(e is ,a)id.
:oe,e&' if t#e sa(e s#o+)d inc)+de te&(s diffic+)t to inte&%&et as to #ide t#e t&+e intent to t#e det&i(ent of t#e #o)de&'
#o)ding it ,oid &e.+i&es no #esitation. T#+s' cont&acts #ic# %&o,ide fo& a(*ig+o+s te&(s of %a$(ent' i(%osition of
c#a&ges and fees (a$ *e #e)d ,oid in,o-ing t#e %&inci%)e of t#e cont&act of ad#esion.
C)ea&)$' in t#is case decided in 1444' t#e Co+&t as conce&ned a*o+t an access de,ice iss+e&Hs ,+)ne&a*i)it$ to a*+se
t#e %&o,isions of t#e cont&act. It is .+ite s+&%&ising' #oe,e&' t#at t#e Co+&t did not (a-e &efe&ence to 1A No. A2A2 to
t#in- t#at it as a)&ead$ in effect #en t#e &eso)+tion as %&o(+)gated.
Nonet#e)ess' in A(e&ican E8%&ess Inte&nationa) Co.' Inc. ,s. IAC (G1 NE. 5=566' No,e(*e& 4' 14AA! S+%&e(e Co+&t
t+&ned don t#e a&g+(ent of %&i,ate &es%ondent g&o+nded on t#e ad#esion %&inci%)e sa$ing indeed' in a cont&act of
ad#esion t#e (a-e& of t#e cont&act #as a)) t#e ad,antages' #oe,e&' t#e one to #o( it is offe&ed #as t#e a*so)+te
%&e&ogati,e to acce%t o& den$ t#e sa(e.
En t#e ot#e& #and' an access de,ice #o)de& (a$ *e %ena)i0ed #en #e o& s#e f&a+d+)ent)$ a%%)ied fo& s+c#
de,ice. An access de,ice f&a+d+)ent)$ a%%)ied fo& (eans an$ access de,ice t#at as a%%)ied fo& o& iss+ed on acco+nt
of t#e +se of fa)sified doc+(ent' fa)se info&(ation' fictitio+s identities and add&esses' o& an$ fo&( of fa)se %&etense o&
(is&e%&esentation. T#+s' t#e +se' t&affic-ing in' %ossession' and ind+cing' enticing o& in an$ (anne& a))oing one to
+se access de,ice f&a+d+)ent)$ a%%)ied fo& a&e conside&ed +n)af+).
T#e e)e(ent of f&a+d is indis%ensa*)e fo& t#is %&o,ision of 1A A2A2 to a%%)$. It is a condition sine .+a non *efo&e
one (a$ *e c#a&ged it# t#e defined offense.
T#+s' t#e )a %&o,ides fo& %&es+(%tions of Intent to def&a+d on t#e *asis of (e&e %ossession' cont&o) o& c+stod$
of< a! an access de,ice it#o+t )af+) a+t#o&it$> *! a co+nte&feit access de,ice> an$ de,ice (a-ing o& a)te&ing
e.+i%(ent> c! an access de,ice o& (edi+( on #ic# an access de,ice is &itten not in t#e o&dina&$ co+&se of t#e
%ossesso&Hs *+siness> o& d! an$ gen+ine access de,ice' not in t#e na(e of t#e %ossesso&.
A ca&d #o)de& #o a*andons o& s+&&e%titio+s)$ )ea,es t#e %)ace of e(%)o$(ent' *+siness o& &esidence stated in
#is a%%)ication fo& c&edit ca&d' it#o+t info&(ing t#e c&edit ca&d co(%an$ of t#e %)ace #e&e #e co+)d act+a))$ *e
fo+nd' if at t#e ti(e of s+c# a*andon(ent o& s+&&e%titio+s )ea,ing' t#e o+tstanding and +n%aid *a)ance is %ast d+e fo&
at )east ninet$ (4=! da$s and is (o&e t#an ten t#o+sand %esos (P1='===.==!' s#a)) *e %&i(a facie %&es+(ed to #a,e
+sed #is c&edit ca&d it# intent to def&a+d.
At fi&st g)ance' t#e a*o,e %&es+(%tions' #en a%%)ied in &ea) cases' (a$ s+ffe& f&o( constit+tiona) infi&(ities.
T#e constit+tion %&o,ides t#at a %e&son s#a)) not *e #e)d to anse& to a c&i(ina) offense it#o+t d+e %&ocess of )a. it
(a$ *e a&g+ed t#at s+c# %&es+(%tions a&e &e*+tta*)e ones. :oe,e&' t#e dange& )ies in t#e s#ifting of t#e *+&den of
%&oof f&o( t#e %&osec+tion to t#e defense.
T#e )a %&o,ides fo& si8teen (16! %&o#i*ited acts #ic# &efe& to t#e %&od+ction' +se' %ossession of o& t&affic-ing
in +na+t#o&i0ed o& co+nte&feit access de,ices. It a)so inc)+des acts dee(ed f&a+d+)ent t#at inc&ease t#e a(o+nt
in,o),ed in co((e&cia) t&ansactions +sing access de,ices. E*taining (one$ o& an$t#ing of ,a)+e t#&o+g# t#e +se of
an access de,ice it# intent to def&a+d o& gain' and f)eeing t#e&eafte&.
In t#e fina) ana)$sis' t#e )a *asica))$ see-s to add&ess t#e iss+e of f&a+d in t#e iss+ance and +se of access
de,ices' es%ecia))$ c&edit ca&ds. F&a+d (a$ *e co((itted *$ t#e iss+e& *$ (a-ing fa)se o& ,ag+e info&(ation in t#e
a%%)ication o& so)icitation to o%enc&edit ca&d acco+nts. T#e a%%)icant o& #o)de&' on t#e ot#e& #and' f&a+d+)ent)$
(is&e%&esents #i(se)f *$ gi,ing &ong identit$' fa)se %&ofession o& e(%)o$(ent' o& *)oated inco(e.
Ta-e t#e case fo& instance of Citi*an- ,. Gatc#a)ian (G1 No. 111222' 3an+a&$ 1A' 1447! #ic# s#os #o
c&edit ca&d a%%)icants t#&o+g# fa)se &e%&esentation e&e a*)e to a(ass in si(%)e te&(s P54='===.== f&o( %etitione&.
In t#is case' to e(%)o$ees of t#e Asian-Pacific @&oadcasting Co'. Inc. (A@CI! a%%)ied fo& nineteen (14( c&edit
ca&ds it# Citi*an- +sing diffe&ent na(es ot#e& t#an t#ei& &ea) na(es. T#e Citi*an- a%%&o,ed t#e a%%)ications and t#e
c&edit ca&ds e&e de)i,e&ed to t#e( fo& +se. :oe,e&' t#is case in,o),es an i))ega) dis(issa) case #e&e a Citi*an-
e(%)o$ee as fo+nd g+i)t$ of g&oss neg)igence fo& effecting t#e de)i,e&$ of t#e c&edit ca&ds. :e& dis(issa) as
affi&(ed in t#is case.
Insofa& as access de,ice iss+e&s a&e conce&ned' Ee&(itano ,. C.A.' (a$ *e a case in %oint. T#e c&edit ca&d
#o)de& )ost #is c&edit ca&d #ic# #e i((ediate)$ &e%o&ted to t#e ca&d iss+e&. T#e cont&act sti%+)ated t#at in case of
)ost' t#e sa(e s#o+)d *e &e%o&ted i((ediate)$' ot#e&ise %+&c#ases (ade s#a)) *e c#a&ged to t#e #o)de&. In t#is
case' des%ite t#e %&o(%t &e%o&ting of t#e #o)de&' t#e iss+e& sti)) c#a&ged t#e %+&c#ases against t#e fo&(e&. T#e Co+&t
in t#is case #e)d t#e iss+e& in *&eac# of t#e cont&act.
T#e %ena)ties %&o,ided fo& *$ 1A A2A2 a&e i(%&ison(ent and fine. I(%&ison(ent is f&o( si8 (6! $ea&s to ten (1=!
$ea&s and fine &anges f&o( ten t#o+sand %esos (1='===.==! o& tice t#e ,a)+e of t#e offense' #ic#e,e& is #ig#e&.
T#e %ena)ties a&e inc&eased in case t#e offende& #as a si(i)a& %&e,io+s con,iction' (eaning if #e as %&e,io+s)$
fo+nd ,io)ating 1A A2A2. In #ic# case' t#e acc+sed s#a)) s+ffe& i(%&ison(ent of not )ess t#an te),e (12! $ea&s and
not (o&e t#an tent$ (2=! $ea&s.
T#e to ot#e& stages of fe)on$' as defined *$ t#e 1e,ised Pena) Code is a)so (ade %+nis#a*)e. T#+s' atte(%ted
and f&+st&ated a&e (eted o+t it# t#e %ena)ties of i(%&ison(ent and fine a)*eit on)$ in f&actions of t#e a*o,e
%ena)ties.
1.A. A2A2 (a$ see( to fa,o& t#e iss+e&. A c&edit ca&d co(%an$ (a$ on)$ *e (eted o+t t#e %ena)t$ of
cance))ation o& s+s%ension' #ic# (a$ *e conside&ed as (e&e ad(inist&ati,e sanctions. In fact' it is not t#e co+&ts
#ic# i(%ose s+c# sanctions *+t ad(inist&ati,e agencies s+c# as t#e @ang-o Sent&a) and t#e Sec+&ities and
E8c#ange Co((ission.
En t#e ot#e& #and' a #o)de& o& (e&e %ossesso& of a co+nte&feit f&a+d+)ent)$ a%%)ied fo& access de,ice (a$ *e
con,icted and *e (ade to s+ffe& i(%&ison(ent and fine.


/URISPRUDENCE<
C&$&3+? 1 G$'%!&+, (G.R. N". 111222) /+4,8 18) 1997)
It s#os #o c&edit ca&d a%%)icants t#&o+g# fa)se &e%&esentation e&e a*)e to a(ass in si(%)e te&(s
P54='===.== f&o( %etitione&.
In t#is case' to e(%)o$ees of t#e Asian-Pacific @&oadcasting Co.' Inc. (A@CI! a%%)ied fo& nineteen (14! c&edit
ca&ds it# Citi*an- +sing diffe&ent na(es ot#e& t#an t#ei& &ea) na(es. T#e Cit*an- a%%&o,ed t#e a%%)ications and t#e
c&edit ca&ds e&e de)i,e&ed to t#e( fo& +se. :oe,e&' t#is case in,o),es an i))ega) dis(issa) case #e&e a Citi*an-
e(%)o$ee as fo+nd g+i)t$ of g&oss neg)igence fo& effecting t#e de)i,e&$ of t#e c&edit ca&ds. :e& dis(issa) as
affi&(ed in t#is case.
Insofa& as access de,ice iss+e&s a&e conce&ned' Ee&(itano ,. CA' (a$ *e a case in %oint. T#e c&edit ca&d
#o)de& )ost #is c&edit ca&d #ic# #e i((ediate)$ &e%o&ted to t#e ca&d iss+e&. T#e cont&act sti%+)ated t#at in case of
)ost' t#e sa(e s#o+)d *e &e%o&ted i((ediate)$' ot#e&ise %+&c#ase& (ade s#a)) *e c#a&ged to t#e #o)de&. In t#is
case' des%ite t#e %&o(%t &e%o&ting of t#e #o)de&' t#e iss+e& sti)) c#a&ged t#e %+&c#ases against t#e fo&(e&. T#e Co+&t
in t#is case #e)d t#at iss+e& in *&eac# of t#e cont&act.
FRATERNITIES) SORORITIES) AND ORGANIZATIONS AND PRO>IDING PENALTIES THEREFORE.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8-69.
P+&%ose<
Its %+&%ose is to %&e,ent t#e inc&easing n+(*e& of deat#s d+e to #a0ing and ot#e& fo&(s of initiation &ites.
CONDITIONS OF A LEGAL HA:ING OR INTITIATION RITES:

No #a0ing o& initiation &ites in an$ fo&( o& (anne& *$ a f&ate&nit$' so&o&it$ o& o&gani0ation se,en (5! da$s *efo&e
t#e cond+ct of s+c# initiations. T#e &itten notice s#a)) indicate t#e %e&iod of t#e initiation acti,ities #ic# s#a)) not
e8ceed t#&ee (C! da$s' s#a)) inc)+de t#e na(es of t#ose to *e s+*/ected to s+c# acti,ities' and s#a)) f+&t#e& contain an
+nde&ta-ing t#at no %#$sica) ,io)ence *e e(%)o$ed *$ an$*od$ d+&ing s+c# initiation &ites.
DECREE PENALIZING OBSTRUCTION OF APPREHENSION AND PROSECUTION OF CRIMINAL OFFENSES
(P.D. 1829)
P+&%ose<
As stated in t#e )a' its %+&%ose is to disco+&age %+*)ic indiffe&ence o& a%at#$ toa&ds t#e a%%&e#ension and
%&osec+tion of c&i(ina) offende&s' it is necessa&$ to %ena)i0e acts #ic# o*st&+ct o& f&+st&ate o& tend to o*st&+ct o&
f&+st&ate t#e s+ccessf+) a%%&e#ension and %&osec+tion of c&i(ina) offende&s.
Agp!" L#g! E$%&'() UP L* C#+$#,) 198- E.&$&"+. Pp.405-406)
Acts #ic# a(o+nt to o*st&+ction in t#e ad(inist&ation of /+stice (a$ ta-e (an$ fo&(s. T#e$ inc)+de s+c# acts
as inst&+cting a co(%)aining itness in a c&i(ina) action not to a%%ea& at t#e sc#ed+)ed #ea&ing so t#at t#e case
against t#e c)ient' t#e acc+sed' o+)d *e dis(issed. (Canto&ne ,s. D+casin s+%&a! as-ing a c)ient to %)ead g+i)t$ to a
c&i(e #ic# t#e )a$e& -nos #is c)ient did not co((it' (Nueno v. Santos, 7A P#i). 775 B14CCD! ad,ising a c)ient #o
is detained fo& a c&i(e to esca%e f&o( %&ison' (Cf. Medina v. Yan, G.. No. !0"#$, Sept. !0, %"#4), e(%)o$ing
di)ato&$ tactics to f&+st&ate satisfaction of c)ea&)$ ,a)id c)ai(s' Pa&ares vs. '(ad Santos, G.1. No. 2472C' No,e. 2='
1464' C= SC1A 52A! %&osec+ting c)ea&)$ f&i,o)o+s cases as a%%ea)s to d&ain t#e &eso+&ces of t#e ot#e& %a&t$ and
co(%e) #i( to s+*(it o+t of e8#a+stion (Sa(a& 6ining Co. ,s. A&nado' G1 No. 22C=2' 3+)$ C=' 146A! and finding
(+)ti%)e %etitions o& co(%)aints fo& ca+se t#at #as *een %&e,io+s)$ &e/ected in t#e fa)se e8%ectation of getting
fa,o&a*)e action. (Ga(riel vs. )ourt o* 'ppeals, G.. No. 4!#5#, +uly !0, %"#6, #, S)' %#!- amos vs.
Potenciano, G.. No. ,#%04, .ec. ,0, %"#6, #4 S)' !45- Macias v. /y 0im, G.. No. !%%#4, May !0, %"#,, 45
S)' ,5%) Acts of t#is o& si(i)a& nat+&e a&e g&o+nds fo& disci%)ina&$ action.9

/URISPRUDENCE0

P"(.( 1(. O234.(2+) (GR N". 151692) 29 S#p$#23#, 2---)

In t#is case' ce&tain officia)s of t#e ?ni,e&sit$ of t#e P#i)i%%ines (?P! e&e c#a&ged fo& ,io)ating PD 1A24. T#e
?P office&s o*/ected to t#e a&&ant)ess a&&est of ce&tain st+dents *$ t#e Nationa) @+&ea+ of In,estigation (N@I!.
Acco&ding to t#e S+%&e(e Co+&t' t#e %o)ice #ad no g&o+nd fo& t#e a&&ant)ess a&&est. T#e ?P Effice&s' t#e&efo&e' #ad
a &ig#t to %&e,ent t#e a&&est of t#e st+dents at t#e ti(e *eca+se t#ei& atte(%ted a&&est as i))ega). T#e "need to
enfo&ce t#e )a cannot *e /+stified *$ sac&ificing constit+tiona) &ig#ts.9

E+,&!# 1(. H"+. A2&+) (G.R. N". 95557) S#p$. 15) 199-)
In t#is case' Sen. 3+an Ponce En&i)e as c#a&ged +nde& PD 1A24' fo& a))eged)$ acco((odating Co). G&ego&io
:onasan *$ gi,ing #i( food and co(fo&t on 1 Dece(*e& 14A4 in #is #o+se. "Fnoing t#at Co)one) :onasan is a
f+giti,e f&o( /+stice' Sen. En&i)e a))eged)$ did not do an$t#ing to #a,e :onasan a&&ested o& a%%&e#ended.9 T#e
S+%&e(e Co+&t &+)ed t#at Sen. En&i)e co+)d not *e se%a&ate)$ c#a&ged +nde& PD 1A24' as t#is is a*so&*ed in t#e
c#a&ge of &e*e))ion a)&ead$ fi)ed against Sen. En&i)e.
:HEN OFFENDER IS NOT LIABLE UNDER
SEC. 5(E) BUT UNDER SEC. (F) OF RA 5-19
It o+)d a%%ea& t#at %etitione&Hs fai)+&e o& &ef+sa) to act on t#e co(%)ainantHs ,o+c#e&s' o& t#e de)a$ in #is acting on
t#e( (o&e %&o%e&)$ fa))s +nde& Sec. CBfD<
"(f! Neg)ecting o& &ef+sing' afte& d+e de(and o& &e.+est' it#o+t s+fficient /+stification' to act it#in a &easona*)e
ti(e on an$ (atte& %ending *efo&e #i( fo& t#e %+&%ose of o*taining' di&ect)$ o& indi&ect)$' f&o( an$ %e&son inte&ested
in t#e (atte& so(e %ec+nia&$ o& (ate&ia) *enefit o& ad,antage' o& fo& %+&%ose of fa,o&ing #is on inte&est o& gi,ing
+nd+e ad,antage in fa,o& of o& disc&i(inating against an$ ot#e& inte&ested %a&t$.9
:e&e' t#e neg)ect o& &ef+sa) to act it#in a &easona*)e ti(e is t#e c&i(ina) act' not t#e ca+sing of +nd+e in/+&$. T#+s'
its e)e(ents a&e<
"1! t#e offende& is a %+*)ic office&>
2! Said office& #as neg)ected o& #as &ef+sed to act it#o+t s+fficient /+stification afte& d+e de(and o& &e.+est #as
*een (ade on #i(>
C! 1easona*)e ti(e #as e)a%sed f&o( s+c# de(and o& &e.+est it#o+t t#e %+*)ic office& #a,ing acted on t#e (atte&
%ending *efo&e #i(> and
2! S+c# fai)+&e to so act is Mfo& t#e %+&%ose of o*taining' di&ect)$ o& indi&ect)$' f&o( an$ %e&son inte&ested in t#e
(atte& so(e %ec+nia&$ o& (ate&ia) *enefit o& ad,antage in fa,o& of an inte&ested %a&t$' o& disc&i(inating against
anot#e&.9
:oe,e&' %etitione& is not c#a&ged it# a ,io)ation of Sec. CBfD. :ence' f+&t#e& dis.+isition is not %&o%e&. Neit#e& (a$
t#is Co+&t con,ict %etitione& +nde& Sec. CBfD it#o+t ,io)ating #is constit+tiona) &ig#t to d+e %&ocess.
(L)o&ente ,.
Sandigan*a$an!


SUSPENSION +PRECENTICE- OF
LOCAL OFFICIALS SHALL ONLY
BE FOR 66 DAYS
En t#e ot#e& #and' e find (e&it in %etitione&Hs second assigned e&&o&. T#e Sandigan*a$an e&&ed in i(%osing a 4=
da$ s+s%ension +%on %etitione& fo& t#e sing)e case fi)ed against #i(. ?nde& Section 6C (*! of t#e Loca) Go,e&n(ent
Code' "an$ sing)e %&e,enti,e s+s%ension of )oca) e)ecti,e officia)s s#a)) not e8tend *e$ond si8t$ (6=! da$s.9
(1ios ,. Sandigan*a$an> G1 12441C' Set. 26' 1445!
'PP7='3 78 3:'=: 78 '9S:N):
N76 ' 9' 67 S/SP:NS57N

Since t#e %etitione& is an inc+(*ent %+*)ic officia) c#a&ged in a ,a)id info&(ation it# an offense %+nis#a*)e +nde& t#e
Constit+tion and t#e )as (1A C=14 and PD A=5!' t#e )aHs co((and t#at #e "s#a)) *e s+s%ended f&o( office9
%endente )ite (+st *e o*e$ed. :is a%%&o,ed )ea,e of a*sence is not a *a& to #is %&e,enti,e s+s%ension fo& as
indicated *$ t#e So)icito& Gene&a)' an a%%&o,ed )ea,e' #et#e& it *e fo& a fi8ed o& indefinite %e&iod' (a$ *e cance))ed
o& s#o&tened at i)) *$ t#e inc+(*ent. (Do&o(a) ,. Sandigan*a$an> G1 A726A' Se%&. 5' 14A4!
/N./: .:3'Y 5N P:35M5N'Y
5N=:S65G'657NS =573'65=: 78
./: P7):SS 'N. ' G7/N. 67 .5SM5SS
Afte& a ca&ef+) &e,ie of t#e facts and ci&c+(stances of t#is case' e a&e const&ained to #o)d t#at t#e ino&dinate de)a$
in te&(inating t#e %&e)i(ina&$ in,estigation and fi)ing t#e info&(ation in t#e instant case is ,io)ati,e of t#e
constit+tiona))$ g+a&anteed &ig#t of t#e %etitione& to d+e %&ocess and to a s%eed$ dis%osition of t#e cases against #i(.
Acco&ding)$' t#e info&(ations in C&i(ina) Cases Nos. 1=244' 1=7==' 1=7=1' 1=7=2 and 1=7=C s#o+)d *e dis(issed.
In ,ie of t#e fo&egoing' e find it +nnecessa&$ to &+)e on t#e ot#e& iss+es &aised *$ %etitione&. (Tatad ,.
Sandigan*a$an!
SECTION *+B-3 RA *61.

ELEMENTS

1. T#e offende& is a %+*)ic office&
2. W#o &e.+ested o& &ecei,ed a gift' a %&esent' a s#a&e' a %e&centage' o& a *enefit
C. En *e#a)f of t#e offende& o& an$ ot#e& %e&son
2. In connection it# a cont&act o& t&ansaction it# t#e go,e&n(ent
7. In #ic# t#e %+*)ic office&' in an officia) ca%acit$ +nde& t#e )a' #as t#e &ig#t to inte&,ene.
4Garcia vs. Sandi2an(ayan, G.. No. %555#4, Novem(er ,0, ,006)


SECTION *+h- !( the Ant#-G2%(t L%B

ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS

1. T#e acc+sed is a %+*)ic office&>
1. :e #as a di&ect o& indi&ect financia) o& %ec+nia&$ inte&est in an$ *+siness' cont&acto& t&ansaction>
1. :e eit#e&<
1. Inte&,enes o& ta-es %a&t in #is officia) ca%acit$ in connection it# s+c# inte&est> o&
2. Is %&o#i*ited f&o( #a,ing s+c# inte&est *$ t#e Constit+tion o& *$ )a.
TWO MODES BY WHICH A PUBLIC OFFICER MAY CIOLATE SEC) *+H- OF RA *61.

In ot#e& o&ds' t#e&e a&e to (odes *$ #ic# a %+*)ic office& #o #as a di&ect o& indi&ect financia) o& %ec+nia&$
inte&est in an$ *+siness cont&act o& t&ansaction (a$ ,io)ate Sec. C(#! of 1A C=14. T#e fi&st (ode is #en t#e %+*)ic
office& inte&,enes o& ta-es %a&t in #is officia) ca%acit$ in connection it# #is financia) o& %ec+nia&$ inte&est in an$
*+siness' cont&act o& t&ansaction. T#e second (ode is #en #e is %&o#i*ited f&o( #a,ing s+c# an inte&est *$ t#e
Constit+tion o& *$ )a. 4.omin2o vs. Sandi2an(ayan, G.. %4"%#5, 7cto(er ,5, ,005)


THE PRESCRIPTICE PERIOD FOR THE OFFENSES SHOULD BE COMPUTED FROM THE DISCOCERY OF
THE COMMISSION THEREOF
T#e iss+e of %&esc&i%tion #as )ong *een )aid to &est in t#e afo&e(entioned Presidential 'd >oc 8act-8indin2
)ommittee on 9e1est 3oans v. .esierto' #e&e t#e Co+&t #e)d<
8 8 8
it as e))-nig# i(%ossi*)e fo& t#e State' t#e agg&ie,ed %a&t$' to #a,e -non t#e ,io)ations of 1.A. No. C=14 at t#e
ti(e t#e .+estioned t&ansactions e&e (ade *eca+se' as a))eged' t#e %+*)ic officia)s conce&ned conni,ed o&
cons%i&ed it# t#e "*eneficia&ies of t#e )oans.H T#+s' e ag&ee it# t#e CE66ITTEE t#at t#e %&esc&i%ti,e %e&iod fo&
t#e offenses it# #ic# &es%ondents in E6@-=-46-=46A e&e c#a&ged s#o+)d *e co(%+ted f&o( t#e disco,e&$ of
t#e co((ission t#e&eof and not f&o( t#e da$ of s+c# co((ission.
T#e asse&tion *$ t#e E(*+ds(an t#at t#e %#&ase Mif t#e sa(e not *e -nonH in Section 2 of Act No. CC26 does not
(ean M)ac- of -no)edgeH *+t t#at t#e c&i(e Mis not &easona*)$ -noa*)eH is +nacce%ta*)e' as it %&o,ides an
inte&%&etation t#at defeats o& negates t#e intent of t#e )a' #ic# is &itten in a c)ea& and +na(*ig+o+s )ang+age and
t#+s %&o,ides no &oo( fo& inte&%&etation *+t on)$ a%%)ication.
As to #en t#e %e&iod of %&esc&i%tion as inte&&+%ted' t#e second %a&ag&a%# of Section 2' Act No. CC26' as a(ended'
%&o,ides t#at %&esc&i%tion is inte&&+%ted M#en %&oceedings a&e instit+ted against t#e g+i)t$ %e&son.
1eco&ds s#o t#at t#e act co(%)ained of as disco,e&ed in 1442. T#e co(%)aint as fi)ed it# t#e Effice of t#e
E(*+ds(an on A%&i) 7' 1447' o& it#in t#&ee (C! $ea&s f&o( t#e ti(e of disco,e&$. T#+s' t#e fi)ing of t#e co(%)aint
as e)) it#in t#e %&esc&i%ti,e %e&iod of 17 $ea&s. 4P)GG vs. .esierto, G.. No. %40,!%, +uly ", ,00#)
/URISPRUDENCE0
LINDA CADIAO<PALACIOS
>S.
PEOPLE
G.R. NO. 168766) MARCH 51) 2--9
Section C(*! %ena)i0es t#&ee distinct acts K 1! de(anding o& &e.+esting> 2! &ecei,ing> o& C! de(anding' &e.+esting
and &ecei,ing K an$ gift' %&esent' s#a&e' %e&centage' o& *enefit fo& onese)f o& fo& an$ ot#e& %e&son' in connection it#
an$ cont&act o& t&ansaction *eteen t#e go,e&n(ent and an$ ot#e& %a&t$' #e&ein a %+*)ic office& in an officia)
ca%acit$ #as to inte&,ene +nde& t#e )a. Eac# of t#ese (odes of co((itting t#e offense is distinct and diffe&ent f&o(
one anot#e&. P&oof of e8istence of an$ of t#e( s+ffices to a&&ant con,iction.
ANTI-WIRE TAPPING LAW
(RA 62--)

S#'. 1. It s#a)) *e +n)af+) fo& an$ %e&son' not *eing a+t#o&i0ed *$ a)) t#e %a&ties to an$ %&i,ate co((+nication o&
s%o-en o&d' to ta% an$ i&e o& ca*)e' o& *$ +sing an$ ot#e& de,ice o& a&&ange(ent' to sec&et)$ o,e&#ea&' inte&ce%t' o&
&eco&d s+c# co((+nication o& s%o-en o&d *$ +sing a de,ice co((on)$ -non as a dicta%#one o& dictag&a%# o&
decta%#one o& a)-ie-ta)-ie o& ta%e &eco&de&' o& #oe,e& ot#e&ise desc&i*ed<
It s#a)) a)so *e +n)af+) fo& an$ %e&son' *e #e a %a&tici%ant o& not in t#e act o& acts %ena)i0ed in t#e ne8t %&eceding
sentence' to -noing)$ %ossess an$ ta%e &eco&d' i&e &eco&d' disc &eco&d' o& an$ ot#e& s+c# &eco&d' o& co%ies t#e&eof'
of an$ co((+nication o& s%o-en o&d sec+&ed eit#e& *efo&e o& afte& t#e effecti,e date of t#is Act in t#e (anne&
%&o#i*ited *$ t#is )a> o& to &e%)a$ t#e sa(e fo& an$ ot#e& %e&son o& %e&sons> o& to co((+nicate t#e contents t#e&eof'
eit#e& ,e&*a))$ o& in &iting' o& to f+&nis# t&ansc&i%tions t#e&eof' #et#e& co(%)ete o& %a&tia)' to an$ ot#e& %e&son<
P&o,ided' T#at t#e +se of s+c# &eco&d o& an$ co%ies t#e&eof as e,idence in an$ ci,i)' c&i(ina) in,estigation o& t&ia) of
offenses (entioned in section C #e&eof' s#a)) not *e co,e&ed *$ t#is %&o#i*ition.

LISTENING TO CONCERSATION
IN EHTENSION LINE OF TELEPHONE
IS NOT WIRE-TAPPING
An e8tension te)e%#one cannot *e %)aced in t#e sa(e catego&$ as a dicta%#one' dictag&a%# o& t#e ot#e&
de,ices en+(e&ated in Section 1 of 1A 22== as t#e +se t#e&eof cannot *e conside&ed as ta%%ing t#e i&e o& ca*)e of
a te)e%#one )ine. T#e te)e%#one e8tension in t#is case as not insta))ed fo& t#at %+&%ose. It /+st #a%%ened to *e
t#e&e fo& o&dina&$ office +se. It is a &+)e in stat+to&$ const&+ction t#at in o&de& to dete&(ine t#e t&+e intent of t#e
)egis)at+&e' t#e %a&tic+)a& c)a+ses and %#&ases of t#e stat+te s#o+)d not *e ta-en as detac#ed and iso)ated
e8%&essions' *+t t#e #o)e and e,e&$ %a&t t#e&eof (+st *e conside&ed in fi8ing t#e (eaning of an$ of its %a&ts. (66
SC1A 11C'12=!

A PERSON CALLING ANOTHER BY PHONE
MAY SAFELY PRESUME THAT THE OTHER
MAY HACE AN EHTENSION LINE AND
RUNS THE RIS@ OF BEING HEARD BY A
*
RD
PARTY)

An e8tension te)e%#one is an inst&+(ent #ic# is ,e&$ co((on es%ecia))$ no #en t#e e8tended +nit does
not #a,e to *e connected *$ i&e to t#e (ain te)e%#one *+t can *e (o,ed f&o( %)ace to %)ace it#in a &adi+s of a
-i)o(ete& o& (o&e. A %e&son s#o+)d safe)$ %&es+(e t#at t#e %a&t$ #e is ca))ing at t#e ot#e& end of t#e )ine %&o*a*)$
#as an e8tension te)e%#one and #e &+ns t#e &is- of a t#i&d %a&t$ )istening as in t#e case of a %a&t$ )ine o& a te)e%#one
+nit #ic# s#a&es its )ine it# anot#e&.

MERE ACT OF LISTENING TO A
TELEPHONE CONCERSATION IN AN
EHTENSION LINE IS NOT PUNISHED BY
ANTI-WIRE TAPPING LAW
It can *e &eadi)$ seen t#at o+& )a(a-e&s intended to disco+&age t#&o+g# %+nis#(ent' %e&sons s+c# as
go,e&n(ent a+t#o&ities o& &e%&esentati,es of o&gani0ed g&o+%s f&o( insta))ing de,ices in o&de& to gat#e& e,idence fo&
+se in co+&t o& to inti(idate' *)ac-(ai) o& gain so(e +na&&anted ad,antage o,e& t#e te)e%#one +se&s.
Conse.+ent)$' t#e (e&e act of )istening' in o&de& to *e %+nis#a*)e (+st st&ict)$ *e it# t#e +se of t#e en+(e&ated
de,ices in 1A 22== o& ot#e&s of si(i)a& nat+&e. We a&e of t#e ,ie t#at an e8tension te)e%#one is not a(ong s+c#
de,ices o& a&&ange(ents.
SEHUAL HARASSMENT LAW
(RA 7877)


WOR@3 EDUCATION OR TRAINING-RELATED
SEHUAL HARASSMENT DEFINED)
Wo&-' ed+cation o& t&aining-&e)ated se8+a) #a&ass(ent is co((itted *$ an e(%)o$e&' e(%)o$ee' (anage&' s+%e&,iso&'
agent of t#e e(%)o$e&' teac#e&' inst&+cto&' %&ofesso&' coac#' t&aino&' o& an$ ot#e& %e&son #o' #a,ing a+t#o&it$'
inf)+ence o& (o&a) ascendanc$ o,e& anot#e& in a o&- o& t&aining o& ed+cation en,i&on(ent' de(ands' &e.+ests o&
ot#e&ise &e.+i&es an$ se8+a) fa,o& f&o( t#e ot#e&' &ega&d)ess of #et#e& t#e de(and' &e.+est o& &e.+i&e(ent fo&
s+*(ission is acce%ted *$ t#e o*/ect of said Act.

WHEN SEHUAL HARASSMENT IS COMMITTED<
?or@, :ducation or 6rainin2-related SeAual >arassment .e*ined

Wo&-' ed+cation o& t&aining-&e)ated se8+a) #a&ass(ent is co((itted *$ an e(%)o$e&' e(%)o$ee' (anage&' s+%e&,iso&'
agent of t#e e(%)o$e&' teac#e&' inst&+cto&' %&ofesso&' coac#' t&aino&' o& an$ ot#e& %e&son #o' #a,ing a+t#o&it$'
inf)+ence o& (o&a) ascendanc$ o,e& anot#e& in a o&- o& t&aining o& ed+cation en,i&on(ent' de(ands' &e.+ests o&
ot#e&ise &e.+i&es an$ se8+a) fa,o& f&o( t#e ot#e&' &ega&d)ess of #et#e& t#e de(and' &e.+est o& &e.+i&e(ent fo&
s+*(ission is acce%ted *$ t#e o*/ect of said Act.
In B!2E-2e&%te7 !2 e<0&!'<ent en1#2!n<ent<
(1! T#e se8+a) fa,o& is (ade as a condition in t#e #i&ing o& in t#e e(%)o$(ent' &e-e(%)o$(ent o&
contin+ed e(%)o$(ent of said indi,id+a)' o& in g&anting said indi,id+a) fa,o&a*)e co(%ensation' te&(s' conditions'
%&o(otions' o& %&i,i)eges> o& t#e &ef+sa) to g&ant t#e se8+a) fa,o& &es+)ts in )i(iting' seg&egating o& c)assif$ing t#e
e(%)o$ee #ic# in an$ a$ o+)d disc&i(inate' de%&i,e o& di(inis# e(%)o$(ent o%%o&t+nities o& ot#e&ise ad,e&se)$
affect said e(%)o$ee>
(2! T#e a*o,e acts o+)d i(%ai& t#e e(%)o$eeHs &ig#ts o& %&i,i)eges +nde& e8isting)a*o& )as> o&
(C! T#e a*o,e acts o+)d &es+)t in an inti(idating' #osti)e' o& offensi,e en,i&on(ent fo& t#e e(%)o$ee.
In %n e7$%t#!n !2 t2%#n#n, en1#2!n<ent<
(1! Against one #o is +nde& t#e ca&e' c+stod$ o& s+%e&,ision of t#e offende&>
(2! Against one #ose ed+cation' t&aining' a%%&entices#i% o& t+to&s#i% is ent&+sted to t#e offende&>
(C! W#en t#e se8+a) fa,o& is (ade a condition to t#e gi,ing of a %assing g&ade' o& t#e g&anting of #ono&s and
sc#o)a&s#i%s o& t#e %a$(ent of a sti%end' a))oance o& ot#e& *enefits' %&i,i)eges' o& conside&ations> o&
(2! W#en t#e se8+a) ad,ances &es+)t in an inti(idating' #osti)e o& offensi,e en,i&on(ent fo& t#e st+dent' t&ainee o&
a%%&entice.
An$ %e&son #o di&ects o& ind+ces anot#e& to co((it an$ act of se8+a) #a&ass(ent as #e&ein defined' o& #o
coo%e&ates in t#e co((ission t#e&eof *$ anot#e& it#o+t #ic# it o+)d not #a,e *een co((itted' s#a)) a)so *e #e)d
)ia*)e +nde& t#is Act.

>URISPRUDENCE:

F!",!.# 1(. C"4,$ "== App#!() (G.R. N". 125-68) A4g4($ 8) 2---)

"Se8+a) #a&ass(ent in t#e o&-%)ace is not a*o+t a (an ta-ing ad,antage of a o(an *$ &eason of se8+a)
desi&e> it is a*o+t %oe& *eing e8e&cised *$ as s+%e&io& office& o,e& #is o(en s+*o&dinates. T#e %oe& e(anates
f&o( t#e fact t#at t#e s+%e&io& can &e(o,e t#e s+*o&dinate f&o( #is o&-%)ace if t#e )atte& o+)d &ef+se #is a(o&o+s
ad,ances.
D"2&+g" 1. R8!) G)R) N!) 1//5*13 Fe9) 53 2666
Se8+a) #a&ass(ent is an i(%osition of (is%)aced "s+%e&io&it$9 #ic# is eno+g# to da(%en an e(%)o$eeHs s%i&it
and #e& ca%acit$ fo& ad,ance(ent. It effects #e& sense of /+dg(ent.
5n .omin2o v. ayala, it as #e)d. "It is t&+e t#at t#is %&o,ision ca))s fo& a de(and' &e.+est o& &e.+i&e(ent of a
se8+a) fa,o& *e a&tic+)ated in a catego&ica) o&a) o& &itten state(ent. It (a$ *e disce&ned' it# e.+a) ce&tit+de' f&o(
t#e acts of t#e offende&.9
B'(&+ 1(. :%&2+, (G.R. N". 166-75) Ap,&! 5-) 2--8)

In t#is case' it as #e)d t#at< "In g&a,e (iscond+ct' t#e e)e(ents of co&&+%tion' c)ea& intent to ,io)ate t#e )a' o&
f)ag&ant dis&ega&d of esta*)is#ed &+)e (+st *e (anifest. T#e act of %etitione& of fond)ing one of #is st+dents is against
)a' 1A 5A55' and is do+*t)ess ine8c+sa*)e. T#e %a&tic+)a& act of %etitione& cannot in an$ a$ *e const&+ed as a
case of si(%)e (iscond+ct. Se8+a))$ (o)esting a c#i)d is' *$ an$ no&(' a &e,o)ting act t#at it cannot *e catego&i0ed
as a g&a,e offense. Pa&ents ent&+st t#e ca&e and (o)ding of t#ei& c#i)d&en to teac#e&s' and e8%ect t#e( to *e t#ei&
g+a&dians #i)e in sc#oo). Petitione& #as ,io)ated t#at t&+st. T#e c#a&ge of g&a,e (iscond+ct %&o,en against
%etitione& de(onst&ates #is +nfitness to &e(ain as a teac#e& and contin+e to disc#a&ge t#e f+nctions of #is office.9
E($#3+ 1(. S+.&g+38+ 4G.. Nos. %46646-4"), Marc1 %%, ,005

In t#is case' t#e S+%&e(e Co+&t #e)d t#at< W#i)e it is t&+e' as %etitione& a&g+es' t#at %+*)ic office is not an
e)e(ent of t#e c&i(e of acts of )asci,io+sness' defined and %ena)i0ed +nde& A&tic)e CC6 of t#e 1e,ised Pena) Code'
nonet#e)ess' #e co+)d not #a,e co((itted t#e c&i(es c#a&ged e&e it not fo& t#e fact t#at t#e P&esiding 3+dge of t#e
6TCC' @&anc# 1' Ca*anat+an Cit$' #e #as t#e a+t#o&it$ to &eco((end t#e a%%oint(ent of Ana 6a$ as *oo-*inde&.
In ot#e& o&ds' t#e c&i(es a))eged)$ co((itted a&e inti(ate)$ connected it# #is office.
Ant#-C#!&ene A,%#n"t W!<en %n7 The#2 Ch#&72en At +RA .262-
:%$ &( R#p43!&' A'$ N". 9262@
1A 4262 is t#e Anti-Gio)ence Against Wo(en and T#ei& C#i)d&en Act of 2==2. It see-s to add&ess t#e %&e,a)ence of
,io)ence against o(en and c#i)d&en (GAWC!' a*+ses on o(en and t#ei& c#i)d&en *$ t#ei& %a&tne&s )i-e<
:+s*and o& e8-#+s*and
Li,e-in %a&tne& o& e8-)i,e in %a&tne&
@o$f&iend;gi&)f&iend o& e8-*o$f&iend;e8-gi&)f&iend
Dating %a&tne& o& e8-dating %a&tne&
T#e Act c)assifies ,io)ence against o(en and c#i)d&en (GAWC! as a %+*)ic c&i(e.
:%$ &( >A:C 4+.#, $%# !*@
It &efe&s to "an$ act o& a se&ies of acts co((itted *$ an$ %e&son against a o(an #o is #is ife' fo&(e& ife' o&
against a o(an it# #o( t#e %e&son #as o& #ad a se8+a) o& dating &e)ations#i%' o& it# #o( #e #as a co((on
c#i)d' o& against #e& c#i)d #et#e& )egiti(ate o& i))egiti(ate' it#in o& it#o+t t#e fa(i)$ a*ode' #ic# &es+)t in o& is
)i-e)$ to &es+)t in %#$sica)' se8+a)' %s$c#o)ogica) #a&( o& s+ffe&ing' o& econo(ic a*+se inc)+ding t#&eats of s+c# acts'
*atte&$' assa+)t' coe&cion' #a&ass(ent o& a&*it&a&$ de%&i,ation of )i*e&t$.
It inc)+des' *+t is not )i(ited to' t#e fo))oing acts<
Ph'"#%& 1#!&ene &efe&s to acts t#at inc)+de *odi)$ o& %#$sica) #a&(>
SeF$%& 1#!&ene &efe&s to an act #ic# is se8+a) in nat+&e' co((itted against a o(an o& #e& c#i)d. It inc)+des *+t is
not )i(ited to<
1. 1a%e' se8+a) #a&ass(ent' acts of )asci,io+sness' t&eating a o(an o& #e& c#i)d as a se8 o*/ect' (a-ing
de(eaning and se8+a))$ s+ggesti,e &e(a&-s' %#$sica))$ attac-ing t#e se8+a) %a&ts of t#e ,icti(Hs *od$' fo&cing
#e&;#i( to atc# o*scene %+*)ications and indecent s#os o& fo&cing t#e o(an o& #e& c#i)d to do indecent acts
and;o& (a-e fi)(s t#e&eof' fo&cing t#e ife and (ist&ess;)o,e& to )i,e in t#e con/+ga) #o(e o& s)ee% toget#e& in t#e
sa(e &oo( it# t#e a*+se&>
2. Acts' ca+sing o& atte(%ting to ca+se t#e ,icti( to engage in an$ se8+a) acti,it$ *$ fo&ce' t#&eat of fo&ce'
%#$sica) o& ot#e& #a&( o& t#&eat of %#$sica) o& ot#e& #a&( o& coe&cion>
C. P&ostit+ting t#e o(an o& #e& c#i)d.
P"'h!&!,#%& 1#!&ene &efe&s to acts o& o(issions ca+sing o& )i-e)$ to ca+se (enta) o& e(otiona) s+ffe&ing of t#e
,icti( s+c# as *+t not )i(ited to inti(idation' #a&ass(ent' sta)-ing' da(age to %&o%e&t$' %+*)ic &idic+)e o& #+(i)iation'
&e%eated ,e&*a) a*+se and (a&ita) infide)it$. It inc)+des ca+sing o& a))oing t#e ,icti( to itness t#e %#$sica)' se8+a)
o& %s$c#o)ogica) a*+se of a (e(*e& of t#e fa(i)$ to #ic# t#e ,icti( *e)ongs' o& to itness %o&nog&a%#$ in an$ fo&(
o& to itness a*+si,e in/+&$ to %ets o& to +n)af+) o& +nanted de%&i,ation of t#e &ig#t to c+stod$ and;o& ,isitation of
co((on c#i)d&en.
E!n!<# %9$"e &efe&s to acts t#at (a-e o& atte(%t to (a-e a o(an financia))$ de%endent. T#is inc)+des *+t is
not )i(ited to t#e fo))oing<
1. Wit#d&aa) of financia) s+%%o&t o& %&e,enting t#e ,icti( f&o( engaging in an$ )egiti(ate %&ofession'
occ+%ation' *+siness o& acti,it$' e8ce%t in cases #e&ein t#e ot#e& s%o+se;%a&tne& o*/ects on ,a)id' se&io+s and
(o&a) g&o+nds as defined in A&tic)e 5C of t#e Fa(i)$ Code>
2. De%&i,ation o& t#&eat of de%&i,ation of financia) &eso+&ces and t#e &ig#t to t#e +se and en/o$(ent of t#e
con/+ga)' co((+nit$ o& %&o%e&t$ oned in co((on>
C. Dest&o$ing #o+se#o)d %&o%e&t$>
2. Cont&o))ing t#e ,icti(Hs on (one$ o& %&o%e&ties o& so)e)$ cont&o))ing t#e con/+ga) (one$ o& %&o%e&ties.
C#i)d&en a&e t#ose *e)o 1A $ea&s of age o& t#ose' &ega&d)ess of age' #o a&e inca%a*)e of ta-ing ca&e of t#e(se),es
(as stated in 1e%+*)ic Act 561=!. It inc)+des t#e *io)ogica) c#i)d&en of t#e ,icti( and ot#e& c#i)d&en +nde& #e& ca&e. A
dating &e)ations#i% is one #ic# #as a &o(antic in,o),e(ent. It (eans t#at a &e)ations#i% e8isted *eteen a o(an
and a %a&tne& #o is a*+si,e o& #as %&e,io+s)$ a *+sed #e&' #et#e& o& not t#e &e)ations#i% as fo&(a).
Se8+a) &e)ations &efe& to a sing)e se8+a) act #ic# (a$o& (a$ not &es+)t to a *ea&ing of a c#i)d.
:%" g#$( p,"$#'$#. 4+.#, $%# !*@
T#e )a &ecogni0es t#e +ne.+a) &e)ations of a (an and a o(an in an a*+si,e &e)ations#i% #e&e it is
+s+a))$ t#e o(an #o is disad,antaged. T#+s' t#e )a %&otects t#e o(an and #e& c#i)d&en.
T#e ,icti(' t#e c#i)d #o is a (ino& ()egiti(ate and i))egiti(ate!' and a %e&son aged 1A $ea&s and *e$ond
#o doesnHt #a,e t#e a*i)it$ to decide fo& #e&se)f;#i(se)f *eca+se of an e(otiona)' %#$sica) and (enta) i))ness can
(a-e f+)) +se of t#e )a.
An$ c#i)d +nde& t#e ca&e of a o(an is a)so %&otected +nde& t#e )a.
I( >A:C '"22&$$#. 38 2#+ !"+#@
Wo(en can a)so *e )ia*)e +nde& t#e )a. T#ese a&e t#e )es*ian %a&tne&s;gi&)f&iends o& fo&(e& %a&tne&s of t#e ,icti(
it# #o( s#e #as o& #ad a se8+a) o& dating &e)ations#i%. 4Source< 9aran2ay Protection 7rder ' ",6,< ' Primer.
.epartment o* 5nterior and 3ocal Government, National 9aran2ay 7perations 7**ice, ,004.)
:%$ &= $%# =#2!# 1&'$&2 '"22&$( 1&"!#+'# g&+($ %#, p,$+#,@
T#e )a ac-no)edges t#at o(en #o #a,e &eta)iated against t#ei& %a&tne&s o& #o co((it ,io)ence as a fo&( of
se)f-defense (a$ #a,e s+ffe&ed f&o( *atte&ed o(en s$nd&o(e (@WS!.
@WS is a "scientifica))$ defined %atte&n of %s$c#o)ogica) and *e#a,io&a) s$(%to(s fo+nd in o(en )i,ing in *atte&ing
&e)ations#i%s as a &es+)t of c+(+)ati,e a*+se.9 4Source< Salient 8eatures< ' Guide to 'nti-=iolence '2ainst ?omen
and t1eir )1ildren B' ",6,C. P1ilippine 5n*ormation '2ency and National )ommission on t1e ole o* 8ilipino
?omen, ,004. )
An$ ,icti( #o s+ffe&s f&o( @WS s#o+)d *e diagnosed *$ a %s$c#iat&ic e8%e&t o& a c)inica) %s$c#o)ogist. T#is i)) a)so
#e)% t#e ,icti( in o*taining a /+st decision in #e& case.
:%$ &= $%# 2!# (p"4(#Ap,$+#, '"2p!&+( 3"4$ 34(#( '"22&$$#. 38 %&( *&=#Ap,$+#,@
:e (a$ fi)e a co(%)aint o& case +nde& t#e 1e,ised Pena) Code.
:%$ ,# $%# p#+!$&#( =", '"22&$$&+g >A:C@
If t#e co+&ts #a,e %&o,en t#at t#e offende& is g+i)t$ of t#e c&i(e' #e (a$ *e i(%&isoned and i)) *e o*)iged to %a$
P1=='=== to PC==' === in da(ages. T#e )engt# of i(%&ison(ent de%ends on t#e g&a,it$ of t#e c&i(e.
:%$ '+ *"2#+ +. '%&!.,#+ ." 4+.#, $%# !*@
T#e )a a))os o(en and t#ei& c#i)d&en to sec+&e *a&anga$ %&otection o&de& and;o& te(%o&a&$ o& %e&(anent
%&otection o&de& f&o( t#e co+&ts.
T#e$ can a)so fi)e an inde%endent ci,i) action fo& da(ages and c&i(ina) action fo& t#e ,io)ation of anti-GAWC Act.
:%$ &( p,"$#'$&"+ ",.#,@
It is an o&de& %&esc&i*ed in t#e Anti-GAWC Act to %&e,ent f+&t#e& a*+se of o& ,io)ence against a o(an and #e& c#i)d.
It a)so %&o,ides t#e( &e)ief f&o( said a*+se o& ,io)ence.
:%" 28 =&!# $%# p,"$#'$&"+ ",.#,@
An$one of t#e fo))oing (a$ a)so fi)e t#e %&otection o&de& in *e#a)f of t#e ,icti(;s<
Pa&ent o& g+a&dian
G&and%a&ents
C#i)d&en and g&andc#i)d&en
1e)ati,es (a+nts' +nc)es' co+sins' in-)as!
Loca) officia)s and DSWD socia) o&-e&s
Po)ice
La$e&s
Co+nse)o&s
T#e&a%ists
:ea)t# ca&e %&o,ide&s (n+&ses' docto&s' *a&anga$ #ea)t# o&-e&s!
An$ to %eo%)e #o ca(e f&o( t#e cit$ o& (+nici%a)it$ #e&e GAWC #a%%ened and #o #a,e %e&sona)
-no)edge of t#e c&i(e.
D"+B$ 3# =,&. $" (##? %#!p
C!$n"e&#n, %n7 Re(e22%& Se21#e"
De0%2t<ent !( S!#%& We&(%2e %n7 De1e&!0<ent +DSWD-
C&isis Inte&,ention ?nit (CI?!
1e#a*i)itation ?nit Te) No.< (=2! 5C2A6C7
Socia) P&otection ?nit Te) No.< (=2! 4C141CC' 4C2275C
@ALA@ASAN
Te)efa8< (=2! 5C77777
e(ai)< -a)a-asanNg(ai).co(
Me7#%& %n7 He%&th Se21#e"
W!<enD" C2#"#" Cente2
Wo(en and C#i)d&en C&isis Ca&e O P&otection ?nit K East A,en+e 6edica) CEnte& (WCCCP?-EA6C!
Te) Nos.< (=2! 4265522' 42272C7
Ph#&#00#ne Gene2%& H!"0#t%& +PGH-
Wo(enHs Des-
Te) Nos.< (=2! 722244=' 721A27= )oc C=52' CA16